scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Variation, Sources, and Secondary Transformation Potential of VOCs in Xi’an, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengdi Song ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Suding Yang ◽  
Xuena Yu ◽  
Songxiu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Grid Sampling ◽  
Transformation Potential

Abstract. As a critical precursors of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a vital role in air quality, human health, and climate change. In this study, a campaign of comprehensive field observations and VOC grid sampling was conducted in Xi’an, China from June 20 to July 20, 2019 to identify the spatiotemporal concentration levels, sources, and secondary transformation potential of VOCs. During the observation period, the average VOC concentrations at the Chanba (CB), Di Huan Suo (DHS), Qinling (QL), and gridded sampling sites were 27.8 ± 8.9, 33.8 ± 10.5, 15.5 ± 5.8, and 29.1 ± 8.4 ppb, respectively. Vehicle exhaust was the primary source of VOC emissions in Xi’an, and the contributions of vehicle exhaust to VOCs at the CB, DHS, and QL sites were 41.3 %, 30.6 %, and 23.6–41.4 %, respectively. While industrial emissions were the second-largest source of VOCs in urban areas, contributions from ageing sources were high in rural areas. High potential source contribution function values primarily appeared in eastern and southern Xi’an near the sampling site, which indicates that Xi'an exhibits a strong local VOC source. Moreover, alkenes, aromatics, and oxygenated VOCs played a dominant role in secondary transformation, which is a major concern in reducing O3 pollution in Xi’an.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal variation, sources, and secondary transformation potential of volatile organic compounds in Xi'an, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 4939-4958
Author(s):  
Mengdi Song ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Suding Yang ◽  
Xuena Yu ◽  
Songxiu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Transformation Potential

Abstract. As critical precursors of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a vital role in air quality, human health, and climate change. In this study, a campaign of comprehensive field observations and VOC grid sampling was conducted in Xi'an, China, from 20 June to 20 July 2019 to identify the spatiotemporal concentration levels, sources, and secondary transformation potential of VOCs. During the observation period, the average VOC concentrations at the Chanba (CB), Di Huan Suo (DHS), Qinling (QL), and gridded sampling sites were 27.8 ± 8.9, 33.8 ± 10.5, 15.5 ± 5.8, and 29.1 ± 8.4 ppb, respectively. Vehicle exhaust was the primary source of VOC emissions in Xi'an, and the contributions of vehicle exhaust to VOCs at the CB, DHS, and QL sites were 41.3 %, 30.6 %, and 23.6 %–41.4 %, respectively. While industrial emissions were the second-largest source of VOCs in urban areas, contributions from aging sources were high in rural areas. High potential source contribution function values primarily appeared in eastern and southern Xi'an near the sampling site, which indicates that Xi'an exhibits a strong local VOC source. Moreover, alkenes, aromatics, and oxygenated VOCs played a dominant role in secondary transformation, which is a major concern in reducing O3 pollution in Xi'an.

scholarly journals Effect of Car Rear Shape on Pollution Dispersion in Near Wake Region

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing-Jun Hu ◽  
Han-Bo Yang ◽  
Bo Yang ◽  
Xiu-Cheng Li ◽  
Yu-Long Lei
Keyword(s):  
Turbulence Model ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Wake Flow ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Tracer Gas ◽  
Near Wake ◽  
Pollution Dispersion ◽  
Wake Field

Dispersion of vehicle exhaust gas is a primary source of air pollution in urban areas. Thus, it has become an important subject in the automotive field. This paper consists of two parts. First, the fastback MIRA model was selected as study object and a standardκ-εtwo-equation turbulence model was used. The simulation results were compared and analyzed with experimental data. The feasibility of the turbulence model and grid strategy was then verified, and the results were used in the next research step. Second, we used propane as tracer gas while ignoring the effect of the vehicle wake field force on this gas. The tracer gas diffusion in the wake flow field was then simulated through fastback, notchback, and square-back MIRA models. This study focuses on analyzing the characteristics of wake field diffusion effects, particularly in the near wake of a vehicle.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Urban Areas of Xiangtan, Central South China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyao Ma ◽  
Zhenghui Xiao ◽  
Lizhi He ◽  
Zongbo Shi ◽  
Yunjiang Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
South China ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Wind Speeds

Xiangtan, South China, is characterized by year-round high relative humidity and very low wind speeds. To assess levels of PM2.5, daily samples were collected from 2016 to 2017 at two urban sites. The mass concentrations of PM2.5 were in the range of 30–217 µg/m3, with the highest concentrations in winter and the lowest in spring. Major water-soluble ions (WSIIs) and total carbon (TC) accounted for 58–59% and 21–24% of the PM2.5 mass, respectively. Secondary inorganic ions (SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+) dominated the WSIIs and accounted for 73% and 74% at the two sites. The concentrations of K, Fe, Al, Sb, Ca, Zn, Mg, Pb, Ba, As, and Mn in the PM2.5 at the two sites were higher than 40 ng/m3, and decreased in the order of winter > autumn > spring. Enrichment factor analysis indicates that Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Tl, and Pb mainly originates from anthropogenic sources. Source apportionment analysis showed that secondary inorganic aerosols, vehicle exhaust, coal combustion and secondary aerosols, fugitive dust, industrial emissions, steel industry are the major sources of PM2.5, contributing 25–27%, 21–22%, 19–21%, 16–18%, 6–9%, and 8–9% to PM2.5 mass.

scholarly journals National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
Mamoni Das
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Life Styles ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
National Bank ◽  
The Government

Indian economy is agricultural economy and real India lies in villages. Without the development of the rural economy, the objectives of economic planning cannot be achieved. Hence, banks and other financial institutions are considered to be a vital role for the development of the rural economy in India. NABARD are playing a pivotal role in the economy development of the rural India. In the Indian context rural development assumes greater significance as nearly 70% of its population lives in rural areas. Most of the people living in rural area draw their livelihood from agriculture and allied sectors. Such areas are distinct from more intensively settled urban and suburban areas. Life styles in rural area are different than those in urban areas, mainly because limited services are available. Governmental services like law enforcement, schools, fire departments may be distant, limited in scope, or unavailable. Rural development is a national necessity and has considerable importance in India. The main objective of the rural development programme is to raise the economic and social level of the rural people. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is set up as an apex institution by the Government of India with the main objective of providing and regulating credit and other facilities for the promotion of rural development. It is a single integrated organisation which looks after the credit requirements of all types of agricultural and rural development activities. The present study is a modest attempt to the credit potential for agriculture during the year 2021-22. The study covered aspects such as functions, objectives, management and organizational structure, sources of funds, activities achieved, loan assistance to various institutions, Methodology for preparation of potential linked credit plans (PLPs) and Development Projects in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Keywords: NABARD, Rural Development, RBI and SHGs..

scholarly journals A SURVEY ON RURAL SCHOOL STUDENTS EDUCATION PERFORMANCE USING DATA MINING TECHNIQUES

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-212
Author(s):  
Suresh Solomon. G ◽  
Nancy Jasmine Goldina
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Rural School ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
School Students ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Education Performance

In India there exists a lot of Rural areas in which the educational performance of the rural school students are inferior when compared it to the performance of the urban areas due to the lack of facilities, environment, income, employment opportunities and exposure. Equality is one among the basic principle of our country, so it’s a mere responsibility of any research study to perform a detailed analysis towards the performance of rural school students by focusing on to the factors to be monitored and improved so that the Rural areas also raise to the equilant level of competition with the Urban areas. For this goal Data mining plays a vital role in order to handle the data in proper way for analysis and prediction of performances for the improvement of rural school student’s education domain results. This paper presents a survey on Data Mining strategies used for prediction and performance analysis of rural school students education improvements. KEYWORDS—Data Mining, Rural, Urban, Prediction, Performance

scholarly journals INTRODUCTION TO HYPERLIPIDEMIA AND ITS TREATMENT: A REVIEW

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niharika Verma
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Blood Levels

Hyperlipidemia is a family of disorders that are characterised by abnormally high levels of lipida (fats) in the blood. While fats play a vital role in the body’s metabolic processes, high blood levels of fats increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary heart disease (CHD), are epidemic in India. According to American Heart Association, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health and other government sources, cardiovascular disease is the leading global cause of death, accounting for more than 17.3 million deaths per year, a number that is expected to grow to more than 23.6 million by 2030. India has seen a rapid transition in its heart disease burden over the past couple of decades. Of the 30 million heart patients in India, 14 million reside in urban areas and 16 million in rural areas. If the current trend continues, by the year 2020, the burden of atherothrombotic cardiovascular diseases in India will surpass that of any other country in the world. The Registrar General of India reported that CHD led to 17% of total deaths and 26% of adult deaths in 2001-2003, which increased to 23% of total and 32% of adult deaths in 2010-2013. The global increase in the prevalence of hyperlipidemia is due to unhealthy eating habits, obesity and physical inactivity. The emergencies, risk factors and remedies are described in the literature. Hyperlipidemia, Coronary heart disease, lipoproteins

scholarly journals Is the Traditional Handloom Industry in Assam in Trouble? Evidence from the Weavers in Barpeta District

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1934-1937
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Market Requirements

The handloom industry, one of the largest traditional unorganised economic activities after agriculture, occupies an integral part of the rural livelihood. Growth and sustainability of this industry is based on the transfer of skill from one generation to the next as well as their ability to adapt to market requirements. As per the Third Handloom Census of India (2009-2010), about 2.38 million handloom units provided employment to 4.33 million persons of which, 3.63 million workers are in rural areas and .698 million workers in urban areas, respectively. In Assam, by providing livelihood to millions of weavers and craftsmen in rural areas, a vital role has been being played by this industry in the economic development of the rural masses. However, over the last couple of years, it has been noticed that the situation has changed and this age-old tradition of handloom weaving as an activity is in deep crisis. Considering such a critical juncture faced by both the industry and the weavers alike, this paper aims at exploring the present situation of the handloom industry in Assam. An attempt of in-depth primary study of 200 weavers in Barpeta district has been performed and descriptive statistics has been used to analyse the primary data. Results show that the continuation of this tradition in future is under question in the district. A very less percentage of weavers’ children are interested in continuing their hereditary occupation of weaving in future.

scholarly journals Survey of the Culicide community (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Caatinga Biome, Bom Jesus City, Piauí, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e46110111814
Author(s):  
Ornela Silva Gomes ◽  
Lilian Silva Catenacci ◽  
Sinevaldo Gonçalves de Moura ◽  
Jaqueline Zanon Moura
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Frequency Diversity ◽  
Caatinga Biome

Mosquitoes are insects of great medical importance, acting as vectors of arboviruses and other pathogens that could be transmitted to humans. With the climate change many species of mosquitoes have adapted to survive in these altered conditions. The goal of this study was to describe the community of Culicidae in three gradients of environment within the Caatinga biome in the Bom Jesus municipality, Brazil. The environmental gradients included ​​native forest, rural and urban areas. Mosquitoes were collected and the following variables were analyzed: total and relative species abundance, total and relative species frequency, diversity, domain, the correlation among meteorological data, genus and the similarity between areas. The captures were made monthly for three consecutive days for a one-year period. Passive capture was performed using CDC traps placed a minimum distance of 50 meters apart in each sampling site. The mosquitoes collected were identified as: Aedeomyia spp., Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Culex spp., Coquillettidia spp., Psorophora spp. and Uranotaenia spp. The genres Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Coquillettidia and Psorophora were present year-round in at least one of the areas. The most abundant genres were the Anopheles and Culex, respectively. The native forest contained the highest diversity. However, the highest abundance of individuals was found in the rural areas, suggesting species adaptation to anthropized environments.  Overall, the high abundance of the genus Anopheles and Culex is a public health concern as these genres are known to be involved in the transmission of malaria, human filariasis, and arboviruses.

Digitalization of Rural India: Digital Village

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 3952-3953
Author(s):  
Mr. Omkar Adhikrao Pawar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Internet User ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Rural Part

Digitalization of rural part of India is one of the most important factors to create opportunities in India. The number of internet users are rapidly increasing in the country this leads to making India digitally active. Indian Government playing vital role by proposing crucial projects like Smart City, Make in India and Digital India. The speed of increasing number of internet user in rural part of India is less than the urban areas. The purpose of this paper is that how to make aware people living in rural area about internet. The paper explores the Digital village scheme and Digital Village 3.0 campaign and its impact on villagers after its application in selected villages. There is need of digitalization as the rural part of India lagging behind as compared to urban areas. The paper also explores about the scope and applications of digitalization in the rural areas.

scholarly journals Migration and Fertility in Pakistan

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-589
Author(s):  
M. Framurz Khan Kiani
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Female Migrants ◽  
Proximate Determinants ◽  
And Migration

The phenomena of migration and fertility has not drawn much attention in Pakistan. A few studies based on census data, the National impact Survey 1968-69 and the Population Growth Survey 1968-71 showed higher crude birth rates for rural areas than for urban areas. However, recent studies showed higher urban fertility in Pakistan. In view of the increasing rate of rural migration to the urban areas it is important to understand the contribution of migration to population growth. The main objective of the present study is to explore differentials in fertility between migrants and non-migrants along with the socio-economic and proximate determinants and to investigate whether these show statistically significant variation in fertility between migrants and non-migrants. The primary source of data for this study is the Population Labour Force and Migration Survey (PLM) 1979-80. Migration and fertility questionnaires were merged to determine the migration status of husband and wife to relate it to the fertility of women. A total of 33S female migrants in urban areas and 480 in rural areas were identified.

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