scholarly journals Detecting regional variability in sources and sinks of carbon dioxide: a synthesis

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 2331-2355 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Dolman ◽  
C. Gerbig ◽  
J. Noilhan ◽  
C. Sarrat ◽  
F. Miglieta
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Concentration Field ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Model Errors ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Induced Flow ◽  
Made In

Abstract. The papers of this special issue are put into the context of progress made in experiments and modelling aimed at understanding the carbon balance at regional scale. Mesoscale meteorological effects such as seas breezes and topographically induced flow have the potential to generate significant heterogeneities in the CO2 concentration fields. This has consequences for the interpretation or inverse modelling, of sources and sinks from these concentrations. Results of experiments executed in South West France in 2005 and 2007 are described and subsequent analysis of modelling results. Overall we conclude that we now have capability to model with mesoscale models realistic CO2 concentration fields, within the constraint of other model errors, such as in boundary layer characteristics. We show that progress has been made in inverting concentration field at regional scale and indicate the direction of future research efforts.

GSWP-2: Multimodel Analysis and Implications for Our Perception of the Land Surface

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 1381-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Dirmeyer ◽  
Xiang Gao ◽  
Mei Zhao ◽  
Zhichang Guo ◽  
Taikan Oki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Good Description ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Spatial Gradients ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Regional Flow

Quantification of sources and sinks of carbon at global and regional scales requires not only a good description of the land sources and sinks of carbon, but also of the synoptic and mesoscale meteorology. An experiment was performed in Les Landes, southwest France, during May–June 2005, to determine the variability in concentration gradients and fluxes of CO2 The CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES; see also http://carboregional.mediasfrance.org/index) aimed to produce aggregated estimates of the carbon balance of a region that can be meaningfully compared to those obtained from the smallest downscaled information of atmospheric measurements and continental-scale inversions. We deployed several aircraft to sample the CO2 concentration and fluxes over the whole area, while fixed stations observed the fluxes and concentrations at high accuracy. Several (mesoscale) meteorological modeling tools were used to plan the experiment and flight patterns. Results show that at regional scale the relation between profiles and fluxes is not obvious, and is strongly influenced by airmass history and mesoscale flow patterns. In particular, we show from an analysis of data for a single day that taking either the concentration at several locations as representative of local fluxes or taking the flux measurements at those sites as representative of larger regions would lead to incorrect conclusions about the distribution of sources and sinks of carbon. Joint consideration of the synoptic and regional flow, fluxes, and land surface is required for a correct interpretation. This calls for an experimental and modeling strategy that takes into account the large spatial gradients in concentrations and the variability in sources and sinks that arise from different land use types. We briefly describe how such an analysis can be performed and evaluate the usefulness of the data for planning of future networks or longer campaigns with reduced experimental efforts.

scholarly journals Mesoscale modelling of the CO<sub>2</sub> interactions between the surface and the atmosphere applied to the April 2007 CERES field experiment

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Sarrat ◽  
J. Noilhan ◽  
P. Lacarrère ◽  
E. Ceschia ◽  
P. Ciais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Mesoscale Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Model Errors ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Aircraft Observations

Abstract. This paper describes a numerical interpretation of the April 2007, CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES) campaign, devoted to the study of the CO2 cycle at the regional scale. Four consecutive clear sky days with intensive observations of CO2 concentration, fluxes at the surface and in the boundary layer have been simulated with the Meso-NH mesoscale model, coupled to ISBA-A-gs land surface model. The main result of this paper is to show how aircraft observations of CO2 concentration have been used to identify surface model errors and to calibrate the CO2 driving component of the surface model. In fact, the comparisons between modelled and observed CO2 concentrations within the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) allow to calibrate and correct not only the parameterization of respired CO2 fluxes by the ecosystem but also the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of the dominating land cover. After this calibration, the paper describes systematic comparisons of the model outputs with numerous data collected during the CERES campaign, in April 2007. For instance, the originality of this paper is the spatial integration of the comparisons. In fact, the aircraft observations of CO2 concentration and fluxes and energy fluxes are used for the model validation from the local to the regional scale. As a conclusion, the CO2 budgeting approach from the mesoscale model shows that the winter croplands are assimilating more CO2 than the pine forest, at this stage of the year and this case study.

scholarly journals Rational design of photocatalysts for ammonia production from water and nitrogen gas

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seokwoo Choe ◽  
Sung Min Kim ◽  
Yeji Lee ◽  
Jin Seok ◽  
Jiyong Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ammonia Production ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Made In

AbstractPhotocatalytic N2 reduction has emerged as one of the most attractive routes to produce NH3 as a useful commodity for chemicals used in industries and as a carbon-free energy source. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding, exploring, and designing efficient photocatalyst. In this review, we outline the important mechanistic and experimental procedures for photocatalytic NH3 production. In addition, we review effective strategies on development of photocatalysts. Finally, our analyses on the characteristics and modifications of photocatalysts have been summarized, based on which we discuss the possible future research directions, particularly on preparing more efficient catalysts. Overall, this review provides insights on improving photocatalytic NH3 production and designing solar-driven chemical conversions.

scholarly journals Implantable Thin Film Devices as Brain-Computer Interfaces: Recent Advances in Design and Fabrication Approaches

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Yuhao Zhou ◽  
Bowen Ji ◽  
Minghao Wang ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Shuaiqi Huangfu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nano Fabrication ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Continuous Progress ◽  
Open Mesh ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Thin Film Devices ◽  
Made In

Remarkable progress has been made in the high resolution, biocompatibility, durability and stretchability for the implantable brain-computer interface (BCI) in the last decades. Due to the inevitable damage of brain tissue caused by traditional rigid devices, the thin film devices are developing rapidly and attracting considerable attention, with continuous progress in flexible materials and non-silicon micro/nano fabrication methods. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically summarize the recent development of implantable thin film devices for acquiring brain information. This brief review subdivides the flexible thin film devices into the following four categories: planar, open-mesh, probe, and micro-wire layouts. In addition, an overview of the fabrication approaches is also presented. Traditional lithography and state-of-the-art processing methods are discussed for the key issue of high-resolution. Special substrates and interconnects are also highlighted with varied materials and fabrication routines. In conclusion, a discussion of the remaining obstacles and directions for future research is provided.

scholarly journals Developing Recommendations for Cumulative Endpoints and Lifetime Use for Research Animals

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2031
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Nunamaker ◽  
Shawn Davis ◽  
Carly I. O’Malley ◽  
Patricia V. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Welfare Assessment ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Scientific Advancement ◽  
Institutional Strategies ◽  
Made In ◽  
Use Of Research

Research animals are important for scientific advancement, and therefore, their long-term welfare needs to be monitored to not only minimize suffering, but to provide positive affective states and experiences. Currently, there is limited guidance in countries around the world on cumulative and experimental endpoints. This paper aims to explore current opinions and institutional strategies regarding cumulative use and endpoints through a scoping survey and review of current regulations and welfare assessment tools, and ultimately to provide recommendations for assessment of cumulative and lifetime use of research animals. The survey found that only 36% of respondents indicated that their institution had cumulative use endpoint policies in place, but these policies may be informal and/or vary by species. Most respondents supported more specific guidelines but expressed concerns about formal policies that may limit their ability to make case-by-case decisions. The wide diversity in how research animals are used makes it difficult for specific policies to be implemented. Endpoint decisions should be made in an objective manner using standardized welfare assessment tools. Future research should focus on robust, efficient welfare assessment tools that can be used to support planning and recommendations for cumulative endpoints and lifetime use of research and teaching animals.

scholarly journals Sources and sinks of acetone, methanol, and acetaldehyde in North Atlantic marine air

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 1963-1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Lewis ◽  
J. R. Hopkins ◽  
L. J. Carpenter ◽  
J. Stanton ◽  
K. A. Read ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Oh Radical ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Atmospheric Lifetime ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Marine Air ◽  
Made In

Abstract. Measurements of acetone, methanol, acetaldehyde and a range of non-methane hydrocarbons have been made in North Atlantic marine air at the Mace Head observatory. Under maritime conditions the combination of OVOCs (acetone, methanol and acetaldehyde) contributed up to 85% of the total mass of measured non methane organics in air and up to 80% of the OH radical organic sink, when compared with the sum of all other organic compounds including non-methane hydrocarbons, DMS and OH-reactive halocarbons (trichloromethane and tetrachloroethylene). The observations showed anomalies in the variance and abundance of acetaldehyde and acetone over that expected for species with a remote terrestrial emission source and OH controlled chemical lifetime. A detailed model incorporating an explicit chemical degradation mechanism indicated in situ formation during air mass transport was on timescales longer than the atmospheric lifetime of precursor hydrocarbons or primary emission. The period over which this process was significant was similar to that of airmass motion on intercontinental scales, and formation via this route may reproduce that of a widespread diffuse source. The model indicates that continued short chain OVOC formation occurs many days from the point of emission, via longer lived intermediates of oxidation such as organic peroxides and long chain alcohols.

scholarly journals LANGOS RESPONDS TO SPYROU: CHANGING GROUP NORMS MAY FOSTER POSITIVE RESPONSES TO VICTIMISATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colette Langos
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
Bystander Intervention ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Group Norms ◽  
Made In

This article is a comment on Peta Spyrou’s article in this volume entitled ‘Civil Liability for Negligence: An Analysis of Cyberbullying Policies in South Australian Schools’. It highlights some of the original contributions made in the primary article before moving on to consider the importance of changing student norms about cyberbullying and victimisation generally. It identifies themes for future research that aims to change social norms around bystander intervention in instances of bullying and cyberbullying.

Looking to the future: what next for the dingo?

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-653
Author(s):  
Thomas Newsome
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Zoological Society ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Independent Panel ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Made In

Few animals in Australia evoke as much controversy as the dingo. There are debates about its cultural significance, what to call it, and its ecological and economic impacts. Resolving these debates requires consensus and agreement among researchers, land managers and other stakeholders. To aid this, I briefly summarise how far we have come in terms of increasing our knowledge of the ecology and behaviour of dingoes since the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales held its first symposium on the dingo in 1999. I summarise the key debates that have arisen during this period, and then summarise some of the key recommendations made in papers that were written following the 2019 symposium. I finish with some suggestions for future dingo research, focusing on (1) how we can better understand and appropriately acknowledge the cultural significance of the dingo through research, broader consultations and appropriate representations on national, state and local pest planning committees, (2) produce taxonomic consensus through the appointment of an independent panel and future research using genome-wide DNA technology, and (3) resolving ecological and economic debates via reintroduction experiments in both conservation and managed agricultural landscapes. Without such efforts, I see a future for the dingo that continues to be steeped in controversy and debate.

Recent advancements in lignin valorization and biomedical applications: A patent review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandana Prasad ◽  
Lubna Siddiqui ◽  
Pawan Kumar Mishra ◽  
Adam Ekielski ◽  
Sushama Talegaonkar
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Lignin Valorization ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Cleaning Agents ◽  
Patent Review ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Made In

Background: Synthetic polymers present disadvantages such as high cost, limited availability, safety concerns, environmental hazards and overtime accumulation in body. Lignin, an aromatic biopolymer, is highly abundant and offers various advantages including cost effectiveness, biocompatibility and biodegradability. It also possesses various pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer and UV protection, thus lignin has become a popular biopolymer in recent years and is no more considered as bio-waste rather an extensive research is been carried out on developing it as drug carrier. Lignin also has non-biomedical applications including dispersing agents, surfactants, detergent/cleaning agents, energy storage, etc. Methods: This review compiles patents granted on production of technical lignin, different lignin therapeutic carriers and its biomedical and non-biomedical applications. The literature is collected from recent years including both articles as well as patents and is carefully analyzed and compiled in an easy to comprehend pattern for guiding future research. Results: The reviewed patents and articles highlighted the advancement made in lignin isolation and valorization. Numerous lignin nanoformulations as drug delivery agents or as standalone entities with various pharmacological actions like antibacterial, antioxidant or UV protectant have been reported. As well as industrial applications of lignin as adhesives, insulators or supercapacitors have also made lignin a biopolymer of choice. Conclusion: Lignin being a bio-inspired polymer has huge potential in commercial applications. New methods of lignin isolation from lignocellulosic biomass including physical pretreatments, solvent fraction, and chemical and biological pretreatment have been widely patented. Several micro/nano lignin formulations with improved and controllable reactivity like nanocontainers, nanocapsules, nanoparticles have also been reported recently. Also various pharmacological properties of lignin have also been explored, thus valorization of lignin is a hot topic of hour.

A Research Agenda for the Study of Peaceful Change in World Politics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Welch Larson ◽  
T.V. Paul ◽  
Harold A. Trinkunas ◽  
Anders Wivel ◽  
Ralf Emmers
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
World Order ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Mechanisms Of Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

This concluding chapter offers a summary and evaluation of the key ideas contained in the chapters of this Handbook. The chapter discusses peaceful change in terms of conceptual clarity; historical evolution of scholarship in the area, especially the interwar, Cold War, and post–Cold War era efforts at analyzing the concepts; and the policy innovations in this realm. This is followed by an evaluation of the key umbrella theories of international relations—realism, liberalism, and constructivism—and how they approach peaceful change. Some important sources and mechanisms of change are analyzed. This is followed by discussion of the policy contributions of selected great and rising powers toward peaceful change. The chapter then offers a summary of contributions and progress that various regions have made in the area of peaceful change. It concludes with some ideas for future research while highlighting the significance of the subject matter for international relations and the world order.

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