The impact of urban policy scenarios on local climate: a multi-model intercomparison

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Valmassoi ◽  
Jan D. Keller ◽  
Rita Glowienka-Hense
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Urban Greening ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Policy Scenarios

<p>Understanding the impact of urban environments on the local climate has been a crucial topic in recent years. Changes in the cities structure are expected due to the ongoing urbanization trends and climate-aware mitigation planning. These policy implementations are expected to affect the local urban surface and its interaction with the climate system. Here, we are interested in investigating these impacts coupled to a heatwave condition, due to its adverse impact on human health. </p> <p>In the presented work, we investigate the multi-model response to different urbanization and urban greening scenarios. We employ two NWP models at the 2.1 km convection-permitting resolution: ICON-LAM (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic Model in Limited Area Mode)  and WRF-ARW (Weather Research and Forecasting Model). Our one-month experiments comprise the 2019 ``record-breaking'' heatwave in Western Europe and they are all a downscaling of ICON-EU (6.5km resolution).</p> <p>The urban policy scenarios are built from the CORINE land use dataset and they include two urbanization and two urban greening settings, for each model. Urbanization is represented as a sprawl of the main urban areas within the domain towards the natural surrounding areas. To increase the urban green fraction within the main cities, we increase the number of green areas within each city.</p> <p>Our analysis shows the multi-model comparison of the effects of the mentioned urban policies on the urban heat island (UHI) under heatwave conditions. Further, we quantify the effects of urban greening as an efficient tool to mitigate expected climate impacts in terms of the Discomfort Index, and not just for the UHI.<br />Further, we evaluate the similarities and dissimilarities between the two models in terms of multiple correlation decomposition accordingly to Glowienka-Hense et al. 2020.</p>

scholarly journals A New Framework to Evaluate Urban Design Using Urban Microclimatic Modelling in Future Climatic Conditions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dasaraden Mauree ◽  
Silvia Coccolo ◽  
Dasun Perera ◽  
Vahid Nik ◽  
Jean-Louis Scartezzini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

Building more energy efficient and sustainable urban areas that will both mitigate the effect of climate change and adapt for the future climate, requires the development new tools and methods that can help urban planners, architect and communities achieve this goal. In the current study, we designed a workflow that links different methodologies developed separately, to derive the energy consumption of a university school campus for the future. Three different scenarios for typical future years (2039, 2069, 2099) were run as well as a renovation scenario (Minergie-P). We analyse the impact of climate change on the heating and cooling demand of the buildings and determined the relevance of the accounting of the local climate in this particular context. The results from the simulations showed that in the future there will a constant decrease in the heating demand while for the cooling demand there will be a significant increase. It was further demonstrated that when the local climate was taken into account there was an even higher rise in the cooling demand but also that the proposed renovations were not sufficient to design resilient buildings. We then discuss the implication of this work on the simulation of building energy consumption at the neighbourhood scale and the impact of future local climate on energy system design. We finally give a few perspective regarding improved urban design and possible pathways for the future urban areas.

Climate Integration in Sustainable Urban Planning

2022 ◽  
pp. 152-173
Author(s):  
Asia Lachir
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Tools And Methods

Currently, cities are home to more than half of the world's population. The increasing urbanization rates create an unprecedented urban sprawl that worsens the urban climate situation. Urban areas modify their local climate and face the consequent urban climate impacts, which are particularly exacerbated by global climate change. This chapter shares scientific knowledge on how cities affect their climate and how urban spatial planning can mitigate the negative impacts of urban climate. Focus is given on the urban heat island, the most documented aspect of urban climate, directly linked to city spatial characteristics and functions. This phenomenon is explained, and tools and methods to assess it and mitigate its intensity are introduced in an attempt to help urban planners and designers to use climatic knowledge in urban planning to build more sustainable and climate-resilient cities.

The Study Air temperature Annual Rates Effect for Urban of Baghdad City by Using Remote Sensing Data Techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2B) ◽  
pp. 66-73
Author(s):  
Ali K. Mohammed Ali ◽  
Fouad K. Mashee Al Ramahi
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
The Impact

Within a short amount of years, urban land in Baghdad governorate increased as a result of the improvement of the economic factor of human beings, the speedy enlargement Buildings method brought many negative climate issues, for instance, the violent modification of land use and the growth UHI, which led to a decrease in vegetation cover, where influenced the temperature averages, Accordingly, we conducted the following study to find solutions, From 2008 to 2018, Landsat Information 5 and 8 were adopted in this analysis, show that urbanization is increasing rapidly as well as the impact of degrees Temperature in this change, was the source of temperature data (ECMWF) for the province of the study, and the results of the method (IDW) used for temperature mapping showed a change in the rates of temperature in urban areas, where the decline of vegetation impact on temperature rates, As well as commercial activities developed by people, which occupied some agricultural land, which led to negative results ,Several previous kinds of research show that the developed lands by humans will affect the local climate. The satellites used were Landsat 5 and 8, where the images of the study area were taken by these satellites during the study period and were entered into a program (ArcGIS) for the objective of modification and clear output. From the information obtained from the results, there is an inverse correlation between increasing urbanization and air temperature rates and positive correlation with solar radiation and wind speed. We conclude from this...

Regeneration of urban and post-industrial areas within the context of adaptation to climate change – the Polish perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Gorgoń
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Urban Issues ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAdaptation to climate change has become an important element of urban policy development in the member states of the European Union. These issues are dealt with in EU documents, as well as in national and local strategies and city adaptation plans. In Poland, the challenge of preparing for climate change has been presented in the Strategic Adaptation Plan for Sectors and Areas Sensitive to Climate Change in Poland within the Perspective of 2030 referring to sectors and areas sensitive to the impact of climate change. Adaptation to climate change is a key element in creating spatial policy for cities and urbanised areas at different levels. One of the most important issues of this policy is the quality of the renovated urban areas and its role in connecting-up and strengthening adaptation capacity. Among the strategic areas indicated in the above-mentioned document, there is also urban policy taking climate change into consideration. One of the selected problem areas relating to the development of urban policy is the renewal and strengthening of the development potential of towns and cities via the regeneration of degraded urban areas and post-industrial land in cities. Both local authorities, entities whose professional role is to deal with urban issues, and the inhabitants of urbanised areas face a twofold challenge. This consists of enhancing the quality of urban areas via regeneration and strengthening the city’s potential for adaptation. That is why it is extremely important to notice the interconnections and opportunities provided by urban renewal and regeneration programmes and projects in the context of adaptation to climate change. Synergy of activities in those two areas of urban policy may bring about very measurable benefits and may enable a cohesive solution to be adopted with regard to many crucial environmental, social, and economic problems.

scholarly journals Global biosphere–climate interaction: a causal appraisal of observations and models over multiple temporal scales

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 4851-4874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Claessen ◽  
Annalisa Molini ◽  
Brecht Martens ◽  
Matteo Detto ◽  
Matthias Demuzere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Cmip5 Models ◽  
Climate Control ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. Improving the skill of Earth system models (ESMs) in representing climate–vegetation interactions is crucial to enhance our predictions of future climate and ecosystem functioning. Therefore, ESMs need to correctly simulate the impact of climate on vegetation, but likewise feedbacks of vegetation on climate must be adequately represented. However, model predictions at large spatial scales remain subjected to large uncertainties, mostly due to the lack of observational patterns to benchmark them. Here, the bidirectional nature of climate–vegetation interactions is explored across multiple temporal scales by adopting a spectral Granger causality framework that allows identification of potentially co-dependent variables. Results based on global and multi-decadal records of remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI) and observed atmospheric data show that the climate control on vegetation variability increases with longer temporal scales, being higher at inter-annual than multi-month scales. Globally, precipitation is the most dominant driver of vegetation at monthly scales, particularly in (semi-)arid regions. The seasonal LAI variability in energy-driven latitudes is mainly controlled by radiation, while air temperature controls vegetation growth and decay in high northern latitudes at inter-annual scales. These observational results are used as a benchmark to evaluate four ESM simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Findings indicate a tendency of ESMs to over-represent the climate control on LAI dynamics and a particular overestimation of the dominance of precipitation in arid and semi-arid regions at inter-annual scales. Analogously, CMIP5 models overestimate the control of air temperature on seasonal vegetation variability, especially in forested regions. Overall, climate impacts on LAI are found to be stronger than the feedbacks of LAI on climate in both observations and models; in other words, local climate variability leaves a larger imprint on temporal LAI dynamics than vice versa. Note however that while vegetation reacts directly to its local climate conditions, the spatially collocated character of the analysis does not allow for the identification of remote feedbacks, which might result in an underestimation of the biophysical effects of vegetation on climate. Nonetheless, the widespread effect of LAI variability on radiation, as observed over the northern latitudes due to albedo changes, is overestimated by the CMIP5 models. Overall, our experiments emphasise the potential of benchmarking the representation of particular interactions in online ESMs using causal statistics in combination with observational data, as opposed to the more conventional evaluation of the magnitude and dynamics of individual variables.

scholarly journals The impact of the building envelope with the green living systems on the built environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (Suppl. 4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1045
Author(s):  
Predrag Zivkovic ◽  
Dragana Dimitrijevic-Jovanovic ◽  
Zana Stevanovic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Urban Ecosystems ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Run Off ◽  
The Impact

Altering the surface cover of an area causes the change in the environment. By erecting buildings change in the flow of energy and matter through the urban ecosystems occurs creating multiple environmental problems. Built areas exert considerable influence over their local climate, amplifying problems such as heat waves, air pollution, and flooding. Greening the building envelope these problems can be partially mitigated. By combining nature and built areas in their designs, architects and urban planners can respond to these serious human health and welfare issues and restore the environmental quality of dense urban areas. Green living systems are not the only solution for new designs. Retrofitting existing buildings by altering the buildings' surficial properties can reduce buildings' energy consumption in case of older buildings with poor existing insulation. Implementation of green living systems in the building envelope, greening horizontal surfaces with intensive and extensive green roofs or using vegetation in vertical greening systems for fa?ades, is a strategy that provides ecological, economic, and social benefits. This review paper presents collected evidence of effects and explores the important role that the green living systems can play in the dense urban areas. Benefits such as heat island amelioration, reduction of buildings energy consumption, air quality and indoor and outdoor comfort conditions improvement, stormwater management and improved water run-off quality, will be mainly considered.

scholarly journals A New Framework to Evaluate Urban Design Using Urban Microclimatic Modelling in Future Climatic Conditions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dasaraden Mauree ◽  
Silvia Coccolo ◽  
Amarasinghage Tharindu Perera ◽  
Vahid Nik ◽  
Jean-Louis Scartezzini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

Building more energy efficient and sustainable urban areas that will both mitigate the effect of climate change and adapt for the future climate, requires the development new tools and methods that can help urban planners, architect and communities achieve this goal. In the current study, we designed a workflow that links different methodologies developed separately, to derive the energy consumption of a university school campus for the future. Three different scenarios for typical future years (2039, 2069, 2099) were run as well as a renovation scenario (Minergie-P). We analyse the impact of climate change on the heating and cooling demand of the buildings and determined the relevance of the accounting of the local climate in this particular context. The results from the simulations showed that in the future there will a constant decrease in the heating demand while for the cooling demand there will be a significant increase. It was further demonstrated that when the local climate was taken into account there was an even higher rise in the cooling demand but also that the proposed renovations were not sufficient to design resilient buildings. We then discuss the implication of this work on the simulation of building energy consumption at the neighbourhood scale and the impact of future local climate on energy system design. We finally give a few perspective regarding improved urban design and possible pathways for the future urban areas.

scholarly journals Combining Satellite Data and Spatial Analysis to Assess the UHI Amplitude and Structure within Urban Areas: The Case of Moroccan Cities

Urban Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Laila El Ghazouani ◽  
Lahouari Bounoua ◽  
Joseph Nigro ◽  
Majid Mansour ◽  
Hassan Radoine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The Impact

Landsat-8 surface temperature and the European Space Agency land cover are used to assess the impact of land cover on the Urban Heat Island (UHI) and Urban Heat Sink (UHS). We analyzed five Moroccan cities selected for their different local climate, size, and typology during summer at three different spatial scales. The results show multiple causes defining the different forms and amplitudes of the UHI, namely: the ambient climate, the proximity to the sea, the presence of landscaped areas, and the color of building roofs and walls. Contrary to what was expected, the vegetation was not systematically an island of coolness, either because of its typology or its irrigation status. In the coastal cities of Tangier and Casablanca, UHIs around 20 °C are observed on the seaside, whereas a UHS of up to 11 °C is observed between the city center and the southern periphery of Casablanca. A moderate amplitude UHI of 7 °C is formed in the mountainous city of Ifrane. For cities built in desert-like environments, well-defined UHSs between 9 °C and 12 °C are observed in Smara and Marrakech, respectively. At a finer scale, towns recorded lower temperatures than their immediate surroundings, which are attributed to evaporation from irrigated plants.

Revitalisation of Postindustrial and Tourist Areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (0) ◽  
pp. 0-0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylwia Kaczmarek ◽  
Andrzej Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Space Management ◽  
The World ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Geographical Locations

Purpose. The aim of this paper is to characterize the process of revitalization of post-industrial urban areas as well as the tourist areas in the context of the stages of the tourist area life cycle (TALC) and to find the mutual relations between these processes. Method. Theoretical considerations illustrated with examples from different geographical locations in the world. Findings. In the context of revitalization of postindustrial urban areas, the scope and dimension of the process has been analyzed, as well as the relationship between the course and the place it occurs. In addition, the authors stressed the important feature of the revitalization process i.e. the impact on the development of cultural tourism in cities. Additionally, in the context of the revitalization of tourist areas - using examples from different countries and geographical locations in the world – the authors identified the different variants of the process associated with the stages of the tourism area life cycle (TALC). Research and conclusion limitations. An essential element to be taken into account by making comparisons of different geographic locations is the diversity of the space management system and decision-making in urban policy occurring in the individual countries. Practical implications. The article is addressed to practitioners, policy-makers working in different locations in Poland as well as the managers, who are engaged in the process of urban revitalization. Originality. Analysis of the phases of stagnation, rejuvenation or decline in the tourist area life cycle and the the development of cycle tourist areas, as well as the issue of revitalization of postindustrial urban areas in the context of their use for tourism is an innovative element of the work. Type of paper. Developing and modifying existing theories.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Radiative and Thermal Properties of Building Material in the Urban Atmosphere

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Vinicius Bueno de Morais ◽  
Viviana Vanesa Urbina Guerrero ◽  
Edmilson Dias de Freitas ◽  
Edson R. Marciotto ◽  
Hugo Valdés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Material ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Atmospheric Model ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Urban Atmosphere ◽  
Radiative Properties ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Cold Surface ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
The Impact

In the context of the impact of urbanization on climate change, this work aims to evaluate the sensitivity of the thermal and radiative properties of building surfaces in urban areas to the urban heat island intensity, a local scale meteorological phenomenon. For this, variations of albedo values, emissivity, thermal conductivity and heat capacity of roofs, streets and walls were simulated through an urban scheme coupled with the BRAMS mesoscale atmospheric model for the metropolitan area of São Paulo, considering two main urban types. The simulations show that, in general, looking for cold surface situations, the change of building material can contribute to a reduction of up to 3 °C for São Paulo. In addition, the role of orientation and the typological characteristics of constructions should be taken into account. In this sense, it is expected that this work guides civil engineers and builders to search for new materials in order to reduce the effects of urbanization on the local climate.

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