Effects of clay type on soil hydraulic and mechanical properties - a global perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lehmann ◽  
Ben Leshchinsky ◽  
Ben Mirus ◽  
Ning Lu ◽  
Surya Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Soil Hydraulic ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Clay Type

<p>Clay fraction affects soil hydraulic and mechanical properties and dominates specific surface area. Clay fraction is used for soil classification and in pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate soil hydraulic functions from simpler soil properties (texture). Remarkably, despite large variations in composition and properties of clay minerals, PTFs use this attribute in undifferentiated manner, applied similarly to soils in the tropics dominated by Kaolinite and temperate soils with Montmorillonite. The large specific surface area of Montmorillonite compared to Kaolinite reduces both the soil hydraulic conductivity and the residual friction angle. We develop PTFs informed by clay-type via soil specific surface area effects on saturated hydraulic conductivity and residual friction angle. For friction angle, PTFs were fitted to experimental data using information on clay content and clay type. For hydraulic conductivity, analytical models based on surface area and particle size were adapted to capture conductivity data from different climatic regions. Global distributions of clay types are used to map soil specific surface area and related hydro-mechanical properties to improve land-surface models (especially in the tropics) and refine natural hazard risk assessment (landslides and debris flows).</p>

Clays are not created equal – effects of clay mineral type on soil hydraulic and mechanical properties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lehmann ◽  
Ben Leshchinsky ◽  
Surya Gupta ◽  
Ben Mirus ◽  
Samuel Bickel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Internal Friction ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Mineral Type

<p>Clay minerals dominate the soil colloidal fraction and often carry the largest specific surface area – a property that controls various soil hydraulic and mechanical properties (SHMPs; e.g. water retention, permeability, and internal friction). Differences in microscale structure among clay mineral types in tropical and temperate regions affect the specific surface area and result in higher permeability and internal friction angle values for tropical soils with inactive kaolinite clay minerals. Presently, the soil clay size fraction used to parameterize SHMPs with pedotransfer functions (PTFs) ignores clay mineral type, leading to inconsistent parameter representation. In this study, we present new PTFs informed by clay minerals, enabling enhanced estimation of friction angle and saturated hydraulic conductivity. To capture higher conductivity and lower air entry values in tropical soils, we developed a hierarchical packing model and validated this new PTF approach using literature data from various tropical regions. We leveraged recent global maps of clay minerals to demonstrate that a strong climatic and spatial segregation of active and inactive clays enable spatially resolved consideration of clay mineral type in SHMP estimation. We applied these clay-informed PTFs to improve SHMP representation regionally with implications for a wide range of hydrological and geomechanical Earth surface processes.</p>

scholarly journals Nanoporous Quasi-High-Entropy Alloy Microspheres

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianzan Yang ◽  
Yongyan Li ◽  
Zhifeng Wang ◽  
Weimin Zhao ◽  
Chunling Qin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Solid Solution ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
High Entropy Alloy ◽  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Hierarchical Porous

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) present excellent mechanical properties. However, the exploitation of chemical properties of HEAs is far less than that of mechanical properties, which is mainly limited by the low specific surface area of HEAs synthesized by traditional methods. Thus, it is vital to develop new routes to fabricate HEAs with novel three-dimensional structures and a high specific surface area. Herein, we develop a facile approach to fabricate nanoporous noble metal quasi-HEA microspheres by melt-spinning and dealloying. The as-obtained nanoporous Cu30Au23Pt22Pd25 quasi-HEA microspheres present a hierarchical porous structure with a high specific surface area of 69.5 m2/g and a multiphase approximatively componential solid solution characteristic with a broad single-group face-centered cubic XRD pattern, which is different from the traditional single-phase or two-phase solid solution HEAs. To differentiate, these are named quasi-HEAs. The synthetic strategy proposed in this paper opens the door for the synthesis of porous quasi-HEAs related materials, and is expected to promote further applications of quasi-HEAs in various chemical fields.

scholarly journals Effect of Secondary Carbon Nanofillers on the Electrical, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Conductive Hybrid Composites Based on Epoxy Resin and Graphite

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4169
Author(s):  
Marcel Zambrzycki ◽  
Krystian Sokolowski ◽  
Maciej Gubernat ◽  
Aneta Fraczek-Szczypta
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Carbon Nanofillers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Secondary Carbon

In this work, we present a comparative study of the impact of secondary carbon nanofillers on the electrical and thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of hybrid conductive polymer composites (CPC) based on high loadings of synthetic graphite and epoxy resin. Two different carbon nanofillers were chosen for the investigation—low-cost multi-layered graphene nanoplatelets (GN) and carbon black (CB), which were aimed at improving the overall performance of composites. The samples were obtained by a simple, inexpensive, and effective compression molding technique, and were investigated by the means of, i.a., scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, electrical conductivity measurements, laser flash analysis, and thermogravimetry. The tests performed revealed that, due to the exceptional electronic transport properties of GN, its relatively low specific surface area, good aspect ratio, and nanometric sizes of particles, a notable improvement in the overall characteristics of the composites (best results for 4 wt % of GN; σ = 266.7 S cm−1; λ = 40.6 W mK−1; fl. strength = 40.1 MPa). In turn, the addition of CB resulted in a limited improvement in mechanical properties, and a deterioration in electrical and thermal properties, mainly due to the too high specific surface area of this nanofiller. The results obtained were compared with US Department of Energy recommendations regarding properties of materials for bipolar plates in fuel cells. As shown, the materials developed significantly exceed the recommended values of the majority of the most important parameters, indicating high potential application of the composites obtained.

scholarly journals Effects of Hydraulic Gradient and Clay Type on Permeability of Clay Mineral Materials

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1064
Author(s):  
Masanori Kohno
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Hydraulic Gradient ◽  
Consistency Index ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mineral Type

Considering the relevance of clay mineral-bearing geomaterials in landslide/mass movement hazard assessment, various engineering projects for resource development, and stability evaluation of underground space utilization, it is important to understand the permeability of these clay mineral-based geomaterials. However, only a few quantitative data have been reported to date regarding the effects of the clay mineral type and hydraulic gradient on the permeability of clay mineral materials. This study was conducted to investigate the permeability of clay mineral materials based on the clay mineral type, under different hydraulic gradient conditions, through a constant-pressure permeability test. Comparative tests have revealed that the difference in the types of clay mineral influences the swelling pressure and hydraulic conductivity. In addition, it has been found that the difference in water pressure (hydraulic gradient) affects the hydraulic conductivity of clay mineral materials. The hydraulic conductivity has been found to be closely associated with the specific surface area of the clay mineral material. Furthermore, the hydraulic conductivity value measured is almost consistent with the value calculated theoretically using the Kozeny–Carman equation. Moreover, the hydraulic conductivity is also found to be closely associated with the hydrogen energy, calculated from the consistency index of clay. This result suggests that the hydraulic conductivity of clay mineral materials can be estimated based on the specific surface area and void ratio, or consistency index of clay.

scholarly journals The referential grain size and effective porosity in the Kozeny–Carman model

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Urumović ◽  
K. Urumović Sr.
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Effective Porosity ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Saturated Porous Media ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Mean Grain Size

Abstract. In this paper, the results of permeability and specific surface area analyses as functions of granulometric composition of various sediments (from silty clays to very well-graded gravels) are presented. The effective porosity and the referential grain size are presented as fundamental granulometric parameters expressing an effect of the forces operating on fluid movement through the saturated porous media. This paper suggests procedures for calculating referential grain size and determining effective (flow) porosity, which result in parameters that reliably determine the specific surface area and permeability. These procedures ensure the successful application of the Kozeny–Carman model up to the limits of validity of Darcy’s law. The value of effective porosity in the referential mean grain size function was calibrated within the range of 1.5 μm to 6.0 mm. The reliability of the parameters applied in the KC model was confirmed by a very high correlation between the predicted and tested hydraulic conductivity values (R2=0.99 for sandy and gravelly materials; R2=0.70 for clayey-silty materials). The group representation of hydraulic conductivity (ranging from 10–12 m/s up to 10–2 m/s) presents a coefficient of correlation of R2=0.97 for a total of 175 samples of various deposits. These results present new developments in the research of the effective porosity, the permeability and the specific surface area distributions of porous materials. This is important because these three parameters are critical conditions for successful groundwater flow modeling and contaminant transport. Additionally, from a practical viewpoint, it is very important to identify these parameters swiftly and very accurately.

scholarly journals The Effects of Silica-Based Fillers on the Properties of Epoxy Molding Compounds

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitja Linec ◽  
Branka Mušič
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Fused Silica ◽  
Spiral Flow ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Molding Compounds ◽  
Material Development ◽  
The Impact

Global design and manufacturing of the materials with superb properties remain one of the greatest challenges on the market. The future progress is orientated towards researches into the material development for the production of composites of better mechanical properties to the existing materials. In the field of advanced composites, epoxy molding compounds (EMCs) have attained dominance among the common materials due to their excellent properties that can be altered by adding different fillers. One of the main fillers is often based on silicon dioxide (SiO2). The concept of this study was to evaluate the effects of the selected silica-based fillers on the thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of EMCs. Various types of fillers with SiO2, including crystalline silica and fused silica, were experimentally studied to clarify the impact of filler on final product. Fillers with different shape (scanning electron microscope, SEM), along with different specific surface area (specific surface area analyzer, BET method) and different chemical structure, were tested to explore their modifications on the EMCs. The influence of the fillers on the compound materials was determined with the spiral flow length (spiral flow test, EMMI), glass transition temperature (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC), and the viscosity (Torque Rheometer) of the composites.

Mineralogy, chemistry, and physical properties interrelationships of some sensitive clays from Eastern Canada

1984 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 530-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Locat ◽  
Guy Lefebvre ◽  
Gérard Ballivy
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Index Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Quantitative Mineralogy

This paper describes the use of quantitative mineralogy and specific surface area in interpreting the index properties of clayey soils from nine sites in Eastern Canada. Samples representative of the Tyrrell, Laflamme, Champlain, and Goldthwait marine seas and Lac Barlow–Ojibway have been studied.Quantitative X-ray diffraction analyses may be satisfactorily obtained using potassium metaperiodate (Foscal-Mella 1976) as an internal standard in these soils. Determination of contained amorphous matter requires extraction procedures less brutal than those employed in the Ségalen method.Correlations between Atterberg limits and specific surface area are believed to be more useful than those between specific surface area and the grain size or clay fraction. Increases in plasticity and specific surface area are related to increases in the amount of contained phyllosilicates and amorphous matter.The mineralogical composition of the soils studied is dominated, even in the clay fraction, by felsic minerals (plagioclase, quartz, microcline, and hornblende). Samples close to the Canadian Shield contain relatively more felsic minerals than those away from it. Key words: mineralogy, index properties, sensitive clays, physicochemistry.

Influence of Zinc Oxide Nanograins on Properties of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

2017 ◽  
Vol 748 ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudeerat Suntako
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Permanent Set

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanograins are synthesized by precipitation method filled epoxidized natural rubber compared to conventional ZnO. The synthesized ZnO nanograins are characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy and found that average primary size of ZnO synthesized around 40 nm and the specific surface area of 28.72 m2 g-1. Furthermore, the cure characteristics, rubber mechanical properties and permanent set were investigated. The obtained results are found that the ZnO nanograins significantly affected to cure characteristics, rubber mechanical properties and permanent set. This is due to small grain size and large specific surface area.

scholarly journals Thermal conductivity of polyvinylpolymethylsiloxane aerogels with high specific surface area

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 7833-7841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukai Wang ◽  
Junzong Feng ◽  
Yonggang Jiang ◽  
Liangjun Li ◽  
Jian Feng
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Heat Insulation ◽  
High Specific Surface Area

The traditional SiO2 aerogels are difficult to apply in the fields of energy storage and heat insulation due to their poor mechanical properties.

Effect of Crosslink Density and Mechanical Properties on the Wear of Silica-Filled Styrene-Butadiene Rubbers

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Uchiyama ◽  
Tomoaki Iwai ◽  
Naoya Amino ◽  
Kiichiro Shimosaka
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Silane Coupling Agent ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

In this study the effects of silica size (or specific surface area), mechanical properties and crosslink density on the wear of silica-filled SBRs (styrene butadiene rubbers) were examined. The modulus of each silica-filled SBR examined was proportional to crosslink density. The wear rate of silica-filled SBRs was reduced as the modulus and crosslink density increased. The wear rates increased as the specific surface area of the silica fill particles decreased, when the content of silane coupling agent was constant. As a result, the wear rate was shown to be lower as the modulus and crosslink density increased.

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