Testing PFAS Immobilization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Bierbaum ◽  
Juergen Braun ◽  
Norbert Klaas ◽  
Claus Haslauer ◽  
Frank Thomas Lange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Source Term ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Column Experiment ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Analytical Strategy ◽  
Treated Soil

<p>In the region Rastatt/Baden-Baden in the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany, approximately 1000 ha of predominantly agricultural land has been contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) about one decade ago when paper-fiber biosolids mixed with compost was applied. These substances affect various land uses (agriculture, open pit gravel quarries, and urban planning) and the underlying aquifer as the main drinking water resource for surrounding cities and municipalities.</p><p>Remediation attempts have been limited to date, particularly due to the large spatial extent of the contamination and the related high costs. One strategy currently being investigated is to immobilize the PFASs in the soil in-situ. Substances with a high sorption capacity would be applied on the ground surface and mixed with the soil. The then altered soil should still fulfill its original purpose (e.g., for agriculture). Another strategy could be to remove the contaminated soil and use it for construction (e.g., noise protection embankment) after treatment with the immobilization agents.</p><p>The purpose of this research is to develop a test strategy to evaluate the long-term leaching characteristics of soil treated with substances to increase its sorption capacity. Treated soil is tested on three different scales (batch experiments, column experiments, lysimeters) and under different saturation conditions (saturated, variably saturated). Effluent concentrations are monitored over time with different analytical methods (target analysis, determination of sum parameters (EOF/AOF), Total Oxidizable Precursor Assay (TOP)). Mathematical models are employed to evaluate the appropriateness of various processes (e.g., equilibrium sorption) and the leaching behavior for time scales larger than possible in laboratory experiments.</p><p>A special challenge for both the analytical strategy and the numerical modeling poses the fact that PFASs consist of a more than 4700 compounds (according to OECD), from which currently only about 20 usually are quantified in routine analysis. A number of these analytical targets are breakdown products, derived from larger precursors by microbial activity, which makes the source term undefined.</p><p>The current data illustrate significant reductions in PFAS desorption rates in some of the treated soils. In comparison to the control material (N-1), eluate concentrations in a treated soil (R-1) are found to be lowered by a factor of 1000. The desorbed PFAS mass in the column experiment with R-1 is less than 4%, relative to N-1. In the lysimeter experiments (variably saturated), delayed increasing eluate concentrations indicate additional processes (source term).</p><p>The measured and modelled time-series of effluent concentrations serve as the basis for a simple and cost-effective method for the experimental testing of immobilization measures for PFASs.</p>

Experimental testing of open pit dump trucks in operating conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 530-542
Author(s):  
A. G. Zhuravlev ◽  
M. V. Isakov
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Dump Truck ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Special Unit ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Dump Trucks

The high importance of optimizing the operation of quarry transport is confirmed by the leading share of its costs in the total cost of mining. The current direction of optimization is the development and implementation of digital technologies for processing complex data on the parameters of transport vehicles. The solution of the above issues should be based on the results of scientific research on the collection and processing of information. Developed a set of techniques to perform experimental measurements of working parameters of mining dump trucks as part of a special unit experiments, and long monitoring measurements. A set of equipment for performing experimental measurements, as well as its installation on a dump truck is presented. The data of experimental measurements and a methodical approach to their analysis are presented. In particular, it shows the identification of operating modes of the power plant and the construction of the load diagram, the identification of elements of the transport cycle, etc. The approach to substantiation of innovative designs of power plants adapted to the conditions of a particular quarry is shown on the example of calculated schedules of energy consumption and reserve of recovery of braking energy. The proposed hardware-methodical complex is a research model for the development of methods for automated data collection and processing in the formation of elements of digital mining production.

Geologic and related effects of the Taltal earthquake, Chile, of December 28, 1966

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-859
Author(s):  
Richard W. Lemke ◽  
Ernest Dobrovolny ◽  
Leonardo Alvarez S. ◽  
Francisco Ortiz O.
Keyword(s):  
Ground Surface ◽  
Surface Effects ◽  
Fault Zones ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Open Pit Mines ◽  
Deep Focus ◽  
The Town ◽  
Natural Slopes

abstract Surface effects of the Taltal earthquake were comparatively small, probably because of the deep focus, although the magnitude was 7 ¾. Small fractures broke the ground surface along fault zones in the vicinity of Taltal. Minor slumping occurred on a few steep natural slopes and in some cuts and fills along highways. There was minor damage at a few open pit mines. At Taltal, the town most affected by the earthquake, 250 buildings out of a total of 1,100 were heavily damaged.

scholarly journals Modern Solution for Fast and Accurate Inventorization of Open-Pit Mines by the Active Remote Sensing Technique—Case Study of Mikoszów Granite Mine (Lower Silesia, SW Poland)

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6853
Author(s):  
Jaroslaw Wajs ◽  
Paweł Trybała ◽  
Justyna Górniak-Zimroz ◽  
Joanna Krupa-Kurzynowska ◽  
Damian Kasza
Keyword(s):  
Computer Software ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Sw Poland ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cloud Of Points ◽  
Lower Silesia

Mining industry faces new technological and economic challenges which need to be overcome in order to raise it to a new technological level in accordance with the ideas of Industry 4.0. Mining companies are searching for new possibilities of optimizing and automating processes, as well as for using digital technology and modern computer software to aid technological processes. Every stage of deposit management requires mining engineers, geologists, surveyors, and environment protection specialists who are involved in acquiring, storing, processing, and sharing data related to the parameters describing the deposit, its exploitation and the environment. These data include inter alia: geometries of the deposit, of the excavations, of the overburden and of the mined mineral, borders of the support pillars and of the buffer zones, mining advancements with respect to the set borders, effects of mining activities on the ground surface, documentation of landslide hazards and of the impact of mining operations on the selected elements of the environment. Therefore, over the life cycle of a deposit, modern digital technological solutions should be implemented in order to automate the processes of acquiring, sharing, processing and analyzing data related to deposit management. In accordance with this idea, the article describes the results of a measurement experiment performed in the Mikoszów open-pit granite mine (Lower Silesia, SW Poland) with the use of mobile LiDAR systems. The technology combines active sensors with automatic and global navigation system synchronized on a mobile platform in order to generate an accurate and precise geospatial 3D cloud of points.

Mapping soil phosphorus sorption capacity in four depths with uncertainty propagation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Bjørn Møller ◽  
Goswin Johann Hechrath ◽  
Cecilie Hermansen ◽  
Trine Nørgaard ◽  
Maria Knadel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Depth Interval ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Phosphorus Sorption ◽  
Aeolian Deposits ◽  
Phosphorus Sorption Capacity ◽  
Extractable Iron

<p>Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important plant nutrients, and farmers regularly apply P as mineral fertilizer and with animal manures. Typically, reactions with amorphous aluminum and iron oxides or carbonates retain P in the soil. However, if P additions exceed the soil’s ability to bind them, P may leach from soil to surface waters, where it causes eutrophication. The phosphorus sorption capacity (PSC) is thus an inherent soil property that, when related to bound P, can describe the P saturation of the soil. Detailed knowledge of the spatial distribution of the PSC is therefore important information for assessing the risk of P leaching from agricultural land.</p><p>In weakly acidic soils predominant in Denmark, the PSC depends mainly on the oxalate-extractable contents of aluminum and iron. In this study, we aimed to map PSC in four depth intervals (0 – 25; 25 – 50; 50 – 75; 75 – 100 cm) for Denmark using measurements of oxalate-extractable aluminum and iron from 1,623 locations.</p><p>We mapped both elements using quantile regression forests. Predictions of oxalate-extractable aluminum had a weighted RMSE of 13.9 mmol kg<sup>-1</sup>. For oxalate-extractable iron, weighted RMSE was 33.5 mmol kg<sup>-1</sup>.</p><p>We included depth as a covariate and therefore trained one model for each element. For each element in each depth interval, we predicted the mean prediction value as well as 100 quantiles ranging from 0.5% to 99.5% in 1% intervals. The maps had a 30.4 m resolution. We then calculated PSC by convoluting the prediction quantiles of the two elements, using every combination of quantiles, in order to obtain the prediction uncertainty for PSC.</p><p>Oxalate-extractable aluminum was roughly normal distributed, while oxalate-extractable iron had a large positive skew. The age and origin of the parent material had a large effect on oxalate-extractable aluminum, and soil-forming processes such as weathering and podzolization had clear effects on the distribution in depth. Meanwhile, organic matter, texture and wetland processes were the main factors affecting oxalate-extractable iron, so much so that they obscured any trends with depth.</p><p>The weighted RMSE of the predicted PSC was 19.1 mmol kg<sup>-1</sup>. PSC was highest in wetland areas and lowest in young upland deposits, such as aeolian deposits and the loamy Weichselian moraines of eastern Denmark. The sandy glaciofluvial plains and Saalian moraines of western Denmark had intermediate PSC. In most cases, PSC was highest in the top soil, but in the sandy soils of western Denmark, PSC was highest in the depth interval 25 – 50 cm due to podzolization.</p>

The Use of Phosphorus Sorption Parameters in the Monitoring of Potential Emissions of this Component from the Arable Lands

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Szara ◽  
Tomasz Sosulski
Keyword(s):  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Phosphorus Leaching ◽  
Phosphorus Sorption ◽  
Soil Saturation ◽  
Sorption Parameters ◽  
Sorption Index

Abstract The study assesses the usefulness of different methods of determining the sorption properties of soils in relation to phosphorus in the agricultural soils from Central Poland in terms of the risk of environmental pollution posed by this component. As a reference parameter necessary to achieve the study.s objective, the sorption capacity of soils for phosphorus determined on the basis of the Langmuir model was used. The results of the tests were used to calculate the degrees of soil saturation with phosphorus: PE-R/Smax (Psat1); PE-R/PSI36 (Psat2), PM3/AlM3 + FeM3 (Psat3); Pox/Alox+Feox (Psat4); PE-R/AlM3+FeM3 (Psat5); PE-R/ Alox+Feox (Psat6). The usefulness of these indicators for assessing the risk of phosphorus emissions from agricultural land was determined on the basis of the coefficients of their correlation with the amount of active phosphorus in the soil. The study proved the usefulness of the Mehlich-3 and acid ammonium oxalate solutions for assessing the sorption capacity and the degree of saturation with phosphorus of typical Polish agricultural soils. For identifying the risk of phosphorus leaching from the soils, the parameter that specifies the extent of soil saturation with phosphorus as determined by the Egner-Riehm test and the sorption index (PSI) obtained by equilibrating the soils with a solution containing 36 mg P dm.3 at the soil-to-solution ratio of 1:10 (Psat2) were also found useful.

scholarly journals Impact assessment of mine drainage water and municipal wastewater on the surface water in the vicinity of Bor

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vojka Gardic ◽  
Jelena Petrovic ◽  
Lidija Djurdjevac-Ignjatovic ◽  
Srdjan Kolakovic ◽  
Svetlana Vujovic
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Mining Waste ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Copper Production ◽  
Japan Society ◽  
Flotation Tailings ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Impact

Mining and copper production in Bor, in the past hundred years, had a huge impact on the environment of town, but also in a wide region. In the area of Bor, in the zone of Mining and Smelting Company (RTB) activity, over 29,000 ha of land under forests and fields is degraded. The area of degraded agricultural land in the Bor municipality is over 60% of total agricultural land. Wastewater, generated in the sites of RTB Bor, pollute the Bor River and Krivelj River, which still flow into the Timok River and Danube River. These pollutions are often presented by low pH value, increased content of heavy metal ions, suspended particles and fine particles of flotation tailings, which is deposited in the valleys of these rivers on the area of over 2000 hectares. During the decades of exploitation of ore from the open pit Bor at different locations ("Visoki Planir" - also called ?Ostreljski planir?, "Severni planir" dump of ore body "H" (RTH)) gangue and tailings were delayed. The largest amount of tailings, about 150 million tons, was postponed on location Visoki planir. The effect of the mining waste and the impact of the whole process of processing copper ore to the final products on the environment, was conducted during the 4th study period of the project "Management of mining waste-tailing dump in the Bor region," supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion Science (Eng. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) and the Japan international cooperation Agency and the Ministry of environment, Mining and Spatial planning of the Republic of Serbia. Influence of season on the level of pollutants in soil and water, the impact on water quality in the river Timok and the River Danube, was conducted during first three periods of project. This paper presents the results of the third study period. The third period of research, which was conducted over a period of 17. 10. 2012 to 17. 01.2013 year, included a review of pollution sources and define their impact on the environment. The study included the following sources of pollution: mining waste and drainage water originating from the active mine (Bor pit , field 1 Krivelj large tailings, flotation tailings in Bor RTH, metallurgical water), as well as the drainage water from the flotation tailings, which are no longer in operation (field 2 flotation tailings Great Krivelj, drainage water from the old Bor flotation tailings), the old inactive landfill mine gangue (Saraka landfill, Veliki planir - tailings from the old Bor mine, landfill mine gangue from mine RTH) and the city - urban waste water, which are discharged without treatment directly into the watercourse Bor River. Wastewater directly pollute Bor River and Krivalj River.

scholarly journals Thermal Disturbances in Permafrost Due to Open Pit Mining and Tailings Impoundment

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Ahmad Booshehrian ◽  
Richard Wan ◽  
Grant Su
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Open Pit Mining ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Permafrost Degradation ◽  
Regime Changes ◽  
Tailings Impoundment ◽  
Operation Period

The paper is concerned with thermal disturbances in continuous permafrost due to open pit mining and tailings impoundment in the cold regions of Northern Canada. Numerical simulations were conducted to investigate issues of thermal regime changes and permafrost degradation in both the short term and the long term in connection with the proposed Kiggavik project in Nunavut, Canada. The results of numerical simulations indicate that no open talik would form below the East Zone and Center Zone pits during the estimated mining and milling operation period of 14 years, although a thin thawed zone would develop surrounding the open pits. For the Main Zone pit where the excavation would break through permafrost, the open talik remains following an extended operation period of 25 years with a 5 to 30 m thawed zone along the pit side walls. In the long term, with a plausible climate change scenario of 5 °C increase in the mean annual ground surface temperature during the next 100 years, the permafrost surrounding the in-pit tailings management facilities (TMFs) would reduce greatly in about 500 years. However, an approximately 40 m thick permafrost layer would remain on the top of the TMFs, which is impervious and would prevent any tailings pore water from migrating upward to reach the ground surface.

Source Term Based Modeling of Rotating Cavitation in Turbopumps

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Vermes ◽  
C. Lettieri
Keyword(s):  
Price Competition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Source Term ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Rocket Engine ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Flow Coefficient ◽  
Rocket Engines ◽  
Launch Vehicles

The recent growth of private options in launch vehicles has substantially raised price competition in the space launch market. This has increased the need to deliver reliable launch vehicles at reduced engine development cost, and has led to increased industrial interest in reduced order models. Large-scale liquid rocket engines require high-speed turbopumps to inject cryogenic propellants into the combustion chamber. These pumps can experience cavitation instabilities even when operating near design conditions. Of particular concern is rotating cavitation, which is characterized by an asymmetric cavity rotating at the pump inlet, which can cause severe vibration, breaking of the pump and loss of the mission. Despite much work in the field, there are limited guidelines to avoid rotating cavitation during design and its occurrence is often assessed through costly experimental testing. This paper presents a source term based model for stability assessment of rocket engine turbopumps. The approach utilizes mass and momentum source terms to model cavities and hydrodynamic blockage in inviscid, single-phase numerical calculations, reducing the computational cost of the calculations by an order of magnitude compared to traditional numerical methods. Comparison of the results from the model with experiments and high-fidelity calculations indicates agreement of the head coefficient and cavity blockage within 0.26% and 5% respectively. The computations capture rotating cavitation in a 2D inducer at the expected flow coefficient and cavitation number. The mechanism of formation and propagation of the instability is correctly reproduced.

scholarly journals Effects of agriculture on the classification of Black soils in the Midwestern United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica J. Veenstra ◽  
C. Lee Burras
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Reference Base

Veenstra, J. J. and Burras, C. L. 2012. Effects of agriculture on the classification of Black soils in the Midwestern United States. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 403–411. Soil surveys are generally treated as static documents. Many soil survey users assume that pedon data generated 30 to 50 yr ago still represents today's soil, as short-term changes in soil properties are perceived to be limited to the soil surface and thus pedologically insignificant. In this study, we re-sampled and re-analyzed 82 pedons with historical descriptions and laboratory data in Iowa, United States, to evaluate changes in soil profile properties and taxonomic classification after approximately 50 yr of agricultural land use. Using historical and current data, we classified sampled pedons using Canadian Soil Taxonomy, US Soil Taxonomy and the Food and Agriculture Association World Reference Base (FAO-WRB). Our results show that soil characteristics have changed significantly enough to change the classification. In each taxonomic system, the classification of 60% or more of the sampled pedons differed from the original. Classification of 15 to 32% of the sampled pedons changed at the Order (or equivalent) level with 11 to 33% of the pedons originally classified as Black soils – Mollisols, Chernozems or Phaeozems – no longer classified as Black soils. The change in soil classification over such a short-time period challenges the validity and usefulness of treating existing soil maps as static documents as well as traditional soil classification hierarchies.

scholarly journals INTEGRATED SAR TECHNOLOGIES FOR MONITORING THE STABILITY OF MINE SITES: APPLICATION USING TERRASAR-X AND RADARSAT-2 IMAGES

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-7/W3 ◽  
pp. 1057-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rheault ◽  
Y. Bouroubi ◽  
V. Sarago ◽  
P. T. Nguyen-Xuan ◽  
P. Bugnet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Surface Subsidence ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Thaw Cycle ◽  
Surface Displacements ◽  
The Stability

The last three decades have seen significant mining development in the northern regions of Canada, where the freeze and thaw cycle of permafrost and corresponding surface subsidence and heave represent a significant challenge at all mining stages, from the design of infrastructures to the monitoring of restored areas. Over the past ten years, SAR interferometry has been widely used to monitor ground surface deformation. With this technique, changes in phase between two SAR acquisitions are used to detect centimetre to millimetre surface displacements over a large area with high spatial resolution. This paper presents the results of a project that aims to develop a SAR solution to provide useful information for environmental monitoring and assessing the stability of mining sites. RADARSAT-2 and TerraSAR-X images acquired during the summer of 2014 were used to measure the displacements of ground surface, infrastructures and stockpiles caused by seasonal changes in permafrost extent. The study area is an open-pit mine located in Nunavut, northern Canada, in the continuous permafrost zone. Results shown that surface displacements calculated from RADARSAT-2 and TerraSAR-X are very similar and in agreement with scientific and terrain knowledge. Significant displacements were observed in loose soil areas while none was detected in bedrock and rock outcrop areas. The areas most affected by active layer changes showed surface subsidence during the thaw settlement period. Thus, InSAR can be used as a tool to guide the siting and design of new infrastructure as well as highlighting risks in areas of unstable terrain.

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