scholarly journals Recycling of moisture in Europe: contribution of evaporation to variability in very wet and dry years

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3301-3333 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bisselink ◽  
A. J. Dolman
Keyword(s):  
Water Cycle ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Important Contributor ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Dry Spells ◽  
Precipitation Recycling ◽  
Moisture Storage ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Evaporation is a key parameter in the regional atmospheric water cycle. Precipitation recycling is defined as the contribution of local evaporation in a region to the precipitation in the same region. In this work, we apply a dynamic precipitation recycling mode, which includes the moisture storage term, to calculate the warm season variability of the precipitation recycling over central Europe at a daily scale for 2003 (dry) and 2006 (wet). For the central part of Europe advection is the most important contributor to precipitation. In dry spells in both years 2003 and 2006, when moisture of advective origin diminishes, the local evaporation becomes an important contributor to precipitation (negative feedback). In two periods (June 2003 and July 2006) where there is enough moisture storage in the soil to continue the evaporation the recycling is enhanced. In August 2003 the evaporation is affecting the recycling due the lack of water availability caused by the dryness of the preceding spring and summer season. According to a multi variance analyses the evaporation in 2003 is the most important factor to explain the variance in the recycling ratio. In 2006, the precipitable water and the moisture fluxes are more dominant and the evaporation becomes less important, except for the dry period in July. Not only evaporation is important for recycling, but also a mechanism to trigger precipitation. In case studies we follow the path of an air column of days with one of the highest recycling. At the 2 days with enough moisture availability (28 May 2003 and 5 July 2006) we see long path length due to weak winds. Following the paths, the air is transported over land for a very long distance before it precipitates and has a lot of time to traverse the region and capture moisture of evaporative origin. However, we hypothesize that the precipitation falling at those days originates (partly) from oceanic sources, but the triggering of precipitation may itself be a result of enhanced instability induced by soils, which still have enough moisture storage. In this way, the evaporation is an important driver in the recycling ratio variability. For the case study of 10 August 2003, the atmosphere is too dry to generate precipitation with exception of the mountainous regions due orographical lifting. However, the impact of land-use change in future climate will have the most impact on the evaporation in dry spells dominated by persistent blocking systems.

scholarly journals Recycling of moisture in Europe: contribution of evaporation to variability in very wet and dry years

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1685-1697 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bisselink ◽  
A. J. Dolman
Keyword(s):  
Water Cycle ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Important Contributor ◽  
Moisture Recycling ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Precipitation Recycling ◽  
Moisture Storage ◽  
Weak Winds

Abstract. Evaporation is a key parameter in the regional atmospheric water cycle. Precipitation recycling is defined as the contribution of water that evaporates from a region to precipitation within the same region. We apply a dynamic precipitation recycling model, which includes a dynamic moisture storage term, to calculate the warm season variability of the precipitation recycling over central Europe at a daily time scale for 2003 (dry) and 2006 (wet). For the central part of Europe advection is the most important contributor to precipitation. In dry spells in both years 2003 and 2006, when moisture of advective origin diminishes, local evaporation becomes an important contributor to precipitation (negative feedback). In two dry periods (June 2003 and July 2006) where there is enough moisture storage in the soil to continue evaporation, precipitation recycling is enhanced. In case studies we follow the path of an air column for days with high precipitation recycling to discuss the role of moisture recycling in land-atmosphere interactions. For 2 days with enough moisture availability (28 May 2003 and 5 July 2006) moisture particles stay long in the study area due to weak winds. By following the paths we show that the air is transported over land for a very long distance before it precipitates. It thus takes a considerable amount of time to traverse the region and capture moisture of evaporative origin. However, we hypothesize that the precipitation falling on those days still originates (partly) from oceanic sources, but that the triggering of precipitation may itself be a result of enhanced instability induced by soils, which still have sufficient moisture storage. In dry periods with enough moisture available precipitation recycling acts as a mechanism to keep the precipitation at a stable level. In August 2003 evaporation is affecting the precipitation recycling due to the lack of water availability caused by the dryness of the preceding spring and summer season. According to a Granger Causality test the evaporation in 2003 exerts the strongest causal impact on the precipitation recycling ratio. For the case study of 10 August 2003, the atmosphere is too dry to generate precipitation with exception of the mountainous regions due to orographical lifting.

scholarly journals The North American Monsoon GPS Transect Experiment 2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 2103-2115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolande L. Serra ◽  
David K. Adams ◽  
Carlos Minjarez-Sosa ◽  
James M. Moker ◽  
Avelino F. Arellano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
North American ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
North American Monsoon ◽  
Atmospheric Sciences ◽  
The North ◽  
Northwestern Mexico ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Northwestern Mexico experiences large variations in water vapor on seasonal time scales in association with the North American monsoon, as well as during the monsoon associated with upper-tropospheric troughs, mesoscale convective systems, tropical easterly waves, and tropical cyclones. Together these events provide more than half of the annual rainfall to the region. A sufficient density of meteorological observations is required to properly observe, understand, and forecast the important processes contributing to the development of organized convection over northwestern Mexico. The stability of observations over long time periods is also of interest to monitor seasonal and longer-time-scale variability in the water cycle. For more than a decade, the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) has been used to obtain tropospheric precipitable water vapor (PWV) for applications in the atmospheric sciences. There is particular interest in establishing these systems where conventional operational meteorological networks are not possible due to the lack of financial or human resources to support the network. Here, we provide an overview of the North American Monsoon GPS Transect Experiment 2013 in northwestern Mexico for the study of mesoscale processes and the impact of PWV observations on high-resolution model forecasts of organized convective events during the 2013 monsoon. Some highlights are presented, as well as a look forward at GPS networks with surface meteorology (GPS-Met) planned for the region that will be capable of capturing a wider range of water vapor variability in both space and time across Mexico and into the southwestern United States.

How is the atmospheric residence time of evapotranspired water altered with a dried-up lake or a forest restoration scenario and what is the impact on precipiation?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhui Wei ◽  
Joël Arnault ◽  
Zhenyu Zhang ◽  
Patrick Laux ◽  
Benjamin Fersch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Water Budget ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Budget Analysis ◽  
Precipitation Recycling ◽  
The Impact

<p>Land surface characteristics and processes may have complex interactions with the physical and dynamical processes of the atmosphere. However, adequate methods for systemically understanding individual processes of the nonlinearly coupled land-atmosphere continuum are still rare. Therefore, in this study, the age-weighted evaporation tagging approach of Wei et al. (2016) and the three-dimensional online atmospheric water budget analysis of Arnault et al. (2016) were implemented into the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. In addition to the total and tagged atmospheric water states of matter, the latter approach was further extended for age-weighted tagged atmospheric water states of matter, thereby providing a prognostic equation of the residence time of state variables in the atmospheric water cycle.<strong> </strong>This extension allows to systematically quantify the fate of evaporated and transpired water in terms of magnitude, location, composition, and residence time. The extended WRF model was tested for a land use and land cover change study for the Poyang Lake basin, the largest freshwater lake in China. Two hypothetical scenarios, i.e., a dried-up lake and a forest restoration scenario, were simulated and then compared to a real-case control simulation using the original land-use data. The results of the basin-scale precipitation recycling in the context of evapotranspiration partitioning and the modified atmospheric water cycle due to both scenarios will be presented and discussed. We conclude that our newly developed modelling framework and the proposed analysis strategy have the potential to be applied for better understanding and quantifying the nonlinearly intertwined processes between the land and the atmosphere.</p><p>References:</p><p>Arnault, J., Knoche, R., Wei, J., & Kunstmann, H. (2016). Evaporation tagging and atmospheric water budget analysis with WRF: A regional precipitation recycling study for West Africa. Water Resources Research, 52(3), 1544–1567. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017704</p><p>Wei, J., Knoche, R., & Kunstmann, H. (2016). Atmospheric residence times from transpiration and evaporation to precipitation: An age-weighted regional evaporation tagging approach. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(12), 6841–6862. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024650</p>

scholarly journals Evaluation of Different WRF Parametrizations over the Region of Iași with Remote Sensing Techniques

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iulian-Alin Roșu ◽  
Silvia Ferrarese ◽  
Irina Radinschi ◽  
Vasilica Ciocan ◽  
Marius-Mihai Cazacu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Simulation Performance ◽  
The Impact

This article aims to present an evaluation of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with multiple instruments when applied to a humid continental region, in this case, the region around the city of Iași, Romania. A series of output parameters are compared with observed data, obtained on-site, with a focus on the Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBLH) and on PBLH-related parametrizations used by the WRF model. The impact of each different parametrization on physical quantities is highlighted during the two chosen measurement intervals, both of them in the warm season of 2016 and 2017, respectively. The instruments used to obtain real data to compare to the WRF simulations are: a lidar platform, a photometer, and ground-level (GL) meteorological instrumentation for the measurement of temperature, average wind speed, and pressure. Maps of PBLH and 2   m above ground-level (AGL) atmospheric temperature are also presented, compared to a topological and relief map of the inner nest of the WRF simulation. Finally, a comprehensive simulation performance evaluation of PBLH, temperature, wind speed, and pressure at the surface and total precipitable water vapor is performed.

scholarly journals A Multiyear Ensemble Simulation of the U.S. Climate with a Stretched-Grid GCM

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (9) ◽  
pp. 2505-2525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Fox-Rabinovitz ◽  
Ernesto Hugo Berbery ◽  
Lawrence L. Takacs ◽  
Ravi C. Govindaraju
Keyword(s):  
Regional Climate ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Climate Simulation ◽  
Uniform Grid ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Ensemble Simulations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Multiyear (1987–97) limited ensemble integrations using a stretched-grid GCM, previously developed and experimented with by the authors, are employed for U.S. regional climate simulations. The ensemble members (six in total) are produced at two different regional resolutions: three members with 60-km and the other three members with 10-km regional resolution. The use of these two finer and coarser regional resolution ensemble members allows one to examine the impact of resolution on the overall quality of the simulated regional fields. For the multiyear ensemble simulations, an efficient regional downscaling to realistic mesoscales has been obtained. The ensemble means of the midtroposphere prognostic variables (height and meridional wind) show an overall good resemblance to the global reanalysis, especially for summer. Low-level features like the warm season Great Plains low-level jet are well represented in the simulations. During winter the 100-km simulations develop a southward wind east of the Rockies that is present neither in the reanalyses nor in the 60-km simulations. The analysis of the annual mean precipitation and its variance reveals that the ensemble simulations reproduce many of the observed features of a high-resolution rain gauge dataset analyzed on a 0.5° × 0.5° grid. Signal-to-noise ratios are larger than 1.5 s over a major part of the United States, especially over the Midwest and also over the mountainous regions like the Rockies and the Appalachians, suggesting that the orographic forcing is contributing to a larger signal. The ratios are smaller toward the eastern and western U.S. coastlines. This result could be attributed, at least in part, to limits in the representation of the land–sea contrasts. For comparison purposes, an additional simulation has been performed using a global uniform 2° × 2.5° grid with the same number of global grid points as those of the above stretched grids. The stretched-grid GCM ensemble means show, overall, a better regional depiction of features than those of the uniform-grid GCM. The results of the study show that even using limited ensemble integrations with a state-of-the-art stretched-grid GCM is beneficial for reducing the uncertainty of the multiyear regional climate simulation, especially when using finer 60-km regional resolution.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Moisture Transport to the Arctic: Assessment of Reanalyses and Analysis of Transport Components

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (14) ◽  
pp. 5061-5081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambroise Dufour ◽  
Olga Zolina ◽  
Sergey K. Gulev
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Transport ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Meridional Wind ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Latitude Circle ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moisture Transports

Abstract The atmospheric water cycle of the Arctic is evaluated via seven global reanalyses and in radiosonde observations covering the 1979–2013 period. In the regional moisture budget, evaporation and precipitation are the least consistent terms among different datasets. Despite the assimilation of radiosoundings, the reanalyses present a tendency to overestimate the moisture transport. Aside from this overestimation, the reanalyses exhibit a remarkable agreement with the radiosondes in terms of spatial and temporal patterns. The northern North Atlantic, subpolar North Pacific, and Labrador Sea stand out as the main gateways for moisture to the Arctic in all reanalyses. Because these regions correspond to the end of the storm tracks, the link between moisture transports and extratropical cyclones is further investigated by decomposing the moisture fluxes in the mean flow and transient eddy parts. In all reanalyses, the former term tends to cancel out when averaged over a latitude circle, leaving the latter to provide the bulk of the midlatitude moisture imports (89%–94% at 70°N). Although the Arctic warms faster than the rest of the world, the impact of these changes on its water cycle remains ambiguous. In most datasets, evaporation, precipitation, and precipitable water increase in line with what is expected from a warming signal. At the same time, the moisture transports have decreased in all the reanalyses but not in the radiosonde observations, though none of these trends is statistically significant. The fluxes do not scale with the Clausius–Clapeyron relation because the increasing humidity is not correlated with the meridional wind, particularly near the surface.

scholarly journals Precipitation response to extreme soil moisture conditions over the Mediterranean

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin Ardilouze ◽  
Stefano Materia ◽  
Lauriane Batté ◽  
Marianna Benassi ◽  
Chloé Prodhomme
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Precipitation Response ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Moisture State ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe intimate link between soil moisture and precipitation makes it a “chicken-and-egg situation” that challenges climate studies of the continental water cycle. This association is particularly acute over the Mediterranean, increasingly exposed to droughts with climate change. This study aims at deciphering the impact of spring soil moisture state in the Mediterranean on subsequent warm season precipitation. In an idealized setup, two distinct climate models are used to generate extreme dry or wet soil conditions, and run climate simulations initialized and/or forced by these conditions. Changes in precipitation distribution and persistence are analyzed and where applicable compared to composites from a reanalysis. Spring soil moisture anomalies are found to be very persistent, but the precipitation response is largely model dependent. Overall, dry soils lead to a reduction of precipitation for early summer months and conversely for wet soils although with a fainter and less robust signal. On the other hand, wet soils tend to favor the persistence of precipitation throughout summer over several sub-regions. Our results highlight the stringent need to reduce the wide array of uncertainties associated to soil moisture, land-atmosphere coupling and convection in climate models, before ascertaining that soil moisture initialization could provide more skillful sub-seasonal to seasonal precipitation prediction.

scholarly journals The Impact of Storm Tracks on Warm-Season Precipitation in the Midwest: Contrasting the 1988 Drought and 1993 Flood

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Timothy Paul Eichler ◽  
Zaitao Pan
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Storm Tracks ◽  
Cyclone Track ◽  
Cyclone Tracks ◽  
The Right ◽  
Water Values ◽  
The Impact

To assess the role of cyclone tracks in contributing to floods and droughts, we highlight the role of midlatitude cyclones played in the 1988 drought and the 1993 flood. Our results demonstrate that the 1988 drought featured a poleward-displaced cyclone track with a reduced role for cyclone-induced precipitation, especially in the spring of 1988. The 1993 flood featured a cyclone track from Mexico northeast to Missouri in the spring, while the summer featured two cyclone tracks: one in the southwestern US and the other across Canada linked to the right-entrance and left-exit regions of a strong 200 hPa Jetstream across the upper Midwest. Enhanced 850 hPa inflow from the Caribbean northeast to the Midwest with high precipitable water values occurred in conjunction with the right entrance portion of the 200 hPa Jetstream. Linking storm tracks and the 200 hPa Jetstream to a storm-rain index for the Midwest showed that these extreme events conformed to features of the general circulation normally associated with wet/dry episodes in the warm half of the year. Although El Niño did not play a role in the 1993 flood, the 1988 drought was associated with a poleward displacement of cyclone tracks in response to La Niña.

The methodological approach for the determination of the pressure of artificial raindrops as a question of the theory of splash soil erosion

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Mihail Zver'kov
Keyword(s):  
Block Diagram ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Effective Pressure ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Rain Drops ◽  
Artificial Rain ◽  
The Impact

To the article the results of the theoretical and experimental researches are given on questions of estimates of the dynamic rate effect of raindrop impact on soil. The aim of this work was to analyze the current methods to determine the rate of artificial rain pressure on the soil for the assessment of splash erosion. There are the developed author’s method for calculation the pressure of artificial rain on the soil and the assessment of splash erosion. The study aims to the justification of evaluation methods and the obtaining of quantitative characteristics, prevention and elimination of accelerated (anthropogenic) erosion, the creation and the realization of the required erosion control measures. The paper considers the question of determining the pressure of artificial rain on the soil. At the moment of raindrops impact, there is the tension in the soil, which is called vertical effective pressure. It is noted that the impact of rain drops in the soil there are stresses called vertical effective pressure. The equation for calculation of vertical effective pressure is proposed in this study using the known spectrum of raindrops. Effective pressure was 1.4 Pa for the artificial rain by sprinkler machine «Fregat» and 5.9 Pa for long distance sprinkler DD-30. The article deals with a block diagram of the sequence for determining the effective pressure of rain drops on the soil. This diagram was created by the author’s method of calculation of the effective pressure of rain drops on the soil. The need for an integrated approach to the description of the artificial rain impact on the soil is noted. Various parameters characterizing drop erosion are considered. There are data about the mass of splashed soil in the irrigation of various irrigation machinery and installations. For example, the rate (mass) of splashed soil was 0.28…0.78 t/ha under irrigation sprinkler apparatus RACO 4260–55/701C in the conditions of the Ryazan region. The method allows examining the environmental impact of sprinkler techniques for analyzes of the pressure, caused by raindrops, on the soil. It can also be useful in determining the irrigation rate before the runoff for different types of sprinkler equipment and soil conditions.

DISCRESSION OF THE SAMPLE RESORTS POLICE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PERSPECTIVE INVESTIGATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Tamrin Muchsin ◽  
Sri Sudono Saliro ◽  
Nahot Tua Parlindungan Sihaloho ◽  
Sardjana Orba Manullang
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Criminal Investigation ◽  
Accurate Data ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

It is still found that investigating officers do not have an S1 degree or equivalent in thejurisdiction of the Sambass Resort Police as mandated in PP No. 58 of 2010 concerningAmendments to Government Regulation Number 27 of 1983 concerning theImplementation of KUHAP article 2A paragraph (1) letter a. If the requirements ofinvestigators are not fulfilled, there will automatically be limits of authority, includingthe inability to issue investigation orders, detention warrants and other administrativeletters. This study used a qualitative method with juridical empirical research. Toobtain accurate data, purposive sampling technique was used, and primary datacollection by conducting in-depth interviews. The research results found, among others:first, discretion regarding the administration of investigations in the jurisdiction of theSambas Resort Police for the Sambas District Police who do not have investigatingofficers who meet the requirements, is then taken over by the Head of the CriminalInvestigation Unit as the supervisor of the integrated criminal investigation function.Second, the impact of an integrated investigation administration causes the time tocarry out investigations to be slow due to the long distance between the Sector Policeand the Resort Police.

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