scholarly journals Review of fragility analyses for major building types in China with new implications for intensity-PGA relation development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danhua Xin ◽  
James Edward Daniell ◽  
Friedemann Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Fragility Functions ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Limit States ◽  
New Thought ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Earthquakes In China ◽  
International Projects ◽  
Relation Development

Abstract. The evaluation of the seismic fragility of buildings is one key task of earthquake safety and loss assessment. Many research reports and papers have been published over the past four decades that deal with the vulnerability of buildings to ground motion caused by earthquakes in China. We first scrutinized 69 papers and theses studying building damage for earthquakes occurred in densely populated areas. They represent observations where macro-seismic intensities have been determined according to the Chinese Official Seismic Intensity Scale. From these many studies we derived the median fragility functions (dependent on intensity) for four damage limit states of two most widely distributed building types: masonry and reinforced concrete. We also inspected 18 publications that provide analytical fragility functions (dependent on PGA) for the same damage classes and building categories. Thus, a solid fragility database based on both intensity and PGA is established for seismic prone areas in mainland China. A comprehensive view of the problems posed by the evaluation of fragility for different building types is given. Necessary comparison with international projects with similar focus is conducted. Based on the newly collected fragility database, we propose a new approach in deriving intensity-PGA relation by using fragility as the bridge and reasonable intensity-PGA relations are developed. This novel approach may shed light on new thought in decreasing the scatter in traditional intensity-PGA relation development, i.e., by further classifying observed macro-seismic intensities and instrumental ground motions based on difference in building seismic resistance capability.

scholarly journals Review article: Review of fragility analyses for major building types in China with new implications for intensity–PGA relation development

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-672
Author(s):  
Danhua Xin ◽  
James Edward Daniell ◽  
Friedemann Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Fragility Functions ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
New Thought ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Macroseismic Intensities ◽  
Relation Development

Abstract. The evaluation of the seismic fragility of buildings is one key task of earthquake safety and loss assessment. Many research reports and papers have been published over the past 4 decades that deal with the vulnerability of buildings to ground motion caused by earthquakes in China. We first scrutinized 69 papers and theses studying building damage for earthquakes that occurred in densely populated areas. They represent observations where macroseismic intensities have been determined according to the official Chinese Seismic Intensity Scale. From these many studies we derived the median fragility functions (dependent on intensity) for four damage limit states of the two most widely distributed building types: masonry and reinforced concrete. We also inspected 18 publications that provide analytical fragility functions (dependent on PGA, peak ground acceleration) for the same damage classes and building categories. Thus, a solid fragility database based on both intensity and PGA is established for seismicity-prone areas in mainland China. A comprehensive view of the problems posed by the evaluation of fragility for different building types is given. Based on the newly collected fragility database, we propose a new approach in deriving intensity–PGA relations by using fragility as the bridge, and reasonable intensity–PGA relations are developed. This novel approach may shed light on new thought in decreasing the scatter in traditional intensity–PGA relation development, i.e., by further classifying observed macroseismic intensities and instrumental ground motions based on differences in building seismic resistance capability.

scholarly journals State of the art of fragility analysis for major building types in China with implications for intensity-PGA relationships

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danhua Xin ◽  
James Edward Daniell ◽  
Friedemann Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Limit States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Earthquakes In China ◽  
Chinese Official ◽  
Macroseismic Intensities ◽  
Haicheng Earthquake

Abstract. The evaluation of the seismic fragility of buildings is one key task of earthquake safety and loss assessment. Many research reports and papers have been published over the past four decades that deal with the vulnerability of buildings to ground motion caused by earthquakes in China. We scrutinize 69 papers with studies of building damage for magnitude ≥ 4.7 events occurred in densely populated areas starting with the 1975 M7.5 Haicheng earthquake. They represent observations where macroseismic intensities have been determined according to the Chinese Official Seismic Intensity Scale. From these many studies we derive the most representative fragility functions (dependent on intensity) for 4 damage limit states of two most widely distributed building types: masonry and reinforced concrete. We also inspect 18 papers that provide analytical fragility curves (dependent on PGA) for the same damage classes and building categories. Finally, we check the consistency of fragilities as functions of intensity and PGA and derive corresponding relationships between macroseismic intensity and PGA. The intensity-PGA relationship developed in this study is fully compatible with results of previous research.

Fragility Analysis Methods for Steel Storage Tanks in Seismic Prone Areas

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang Nam Phan ◽  
Fabrizio Paolacci ◽  
Silvia Alessandri
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Seismic Demand ◽  
Fragility Functions ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Fragility Function

Catastrophic failure of above ground storage tanks was observed due to past earthquakes causing serious economic and environmental consequences. Therefore, the evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of existing liquid storage tanks located in seismic prone areas is an important task. Seismic fragility functions are useful tools in order to quantify the seismic vulnerability of structures. These functions give a probability that a seismic demand on a structural component meets or exceeds its capacity, and are generally derived by a variety of approaches, e.g., field observations of damage, static structural analyses, judgment, or analytical fragility functions. Unlike the other methods, the analytical fragility functions are developed from a coupling of the structural response analysis and a probabilistic seismic demand model. The objective of this study is to investigate the seismic vulnerability of above ground steel storage tanks using different analytical methods of the fragility function. A comparison of the well-known cloud method and the incremental dynamic analysis is performed at different limit states for two existing cylindrical steel storage tanks. The first tank represents a slender geometry with a fixed-roof and the second one is a broad tank, unanchored, and provided with a floating roof.

Rc Infilled Frame: Shaking Table Tests on a Full Scale Model

2007 ◽  
Vol 347 ◽  
pp. 285-290
Author(s):  
Elena Candigliota ◽  
Alain Le Maoult
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Frame Structure ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Infilled Frame ◽  
Set Up

Tests on shaking table have been carried out on a 3D full scale infilled r.c. frame specimen (55 tons). These tests have been performed by the EMSI Laboratory of C.E.A. Saclay (France) together with a research team of the Universities of Chieti-Pescara (Italy), Roma Tre (Italy) and Patras (Greece). These tests are included in Ecoleader European research program. Many characterization tests of infill components (mortar and bricks) have been performed in the SCAM Laboratory of the University of Chieti-Pescara while tests on masonry walls were made in the laboratory of University of Rome 3. The structure represents the first floor of a two floors frame structure previously tested. The mockup is a full-scale one storey rc infilled frame with four columns, 3 meters high, with about 4 meters side square floor and infilled with double bricks wall. The main aim is to get information about the behavior of real structures. The instrumentation with about one hundred channels was set up to measure the rc frame response and the different behavior of the double walls during the tests. First, monodirectional and bidirectional tests at low seismic intensity (0.10 g and 0.15 g PGA levels) have been performed on the bare frame in order to characterize its structural characteristics and to check the design provisions. Then, the bare frame has been infilled and other tests have carried out at increasing seismic intensity in order to define its serviceability and ultimate limit states. Monodirectional and bidirectional tests up to 0.45 g PGA level were carried out. The last sequence included a monodirectional test on the infilled frame with only two walls. The high seismic input (0.55 g PGA level) was parallel to the direction of the walls. In this paper, research program and some main test results are presented.

scholarly journals Using the Local Drought Data and GRACE/GRACE-FO Data to Characterize the Drought Events in Mainland China from 2002 to 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 9594
Author(s):  
Lilu Cui ◽  
Cheng Zhang ◽  
Zhicai Luo ◽  
Xiaolong Wang ◽  
Qiong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Precipitation Anomaly ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Drought Characteristics ◽  
Disaster Loss ◽  
Gravity Recovery

Accurate quantification of drought characteristics helps to achieve an objective and comprehensive analysis of drought events and to achieve early warning of drought and disaster loss assessment. In our study, a drought characterization approach based on drought severity index derived from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its Follow-On (GRACE-FO) data was used to quantify drought characteristics. In order to improve drought detection capability, we used the local drought data as calibration criteria to improve the accuracy of the drought characterization approach to determine the onset of drought. Additionally, the local precipitation data was used to test drought severity determined by the calibrated drought characterization approach. Results show that the drought event probability of detection (POD) of this approach in the four study regions increased by 61.29%, 25%, 94.29%, and 66.86%, respectively, after calibration. We used the calibrated approach to detect the drought events in Mainland China (MC) during 2016 and 2019. The results show that CAR of the four study regions is 100.00%, 92.31%, 100.00%, and 100.00%. Additionally, the precipitation anomaly index (PAI) data was used to evaluate the severity of drought from 2002 to 2020 determined by the calibrated approach. The results indicate that both have a strong similar spatial distribution. Our analysis demonstrates that the proposed approach can serve a useful tool for drought monitoring and characterization.

scholarly journals Agriculture and forestry impact assessment for tephra fall hazard: fragility function development and New Zealand scenario application

Volcanica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-367
Author(s):  
Heather M. Craig ◽  
Thomas M. Wilson ◽  
Christina Magill ◽  
Carol Stewart ◽  
Alec J. Wild
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Fragility Functions ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Tephra Fall ◽  
Fragility Function ◽  
The Impact

Developing approaches to assess the impact of tephra fall to agricultural and forestry systems is essential for informing effective disaster risk management strategies. Fragility functions are commonly used as the vulnerability model within a loss assessment framework and represent the relationship between a given hazard intensity measure (e.g., tephra thickness) and the probability of impacts occurring. Impacts are represented here using an impact state (IS), which categorises qualitative and quantitative statements into a numeric scale. This study presents IS schemes for pastoral, horticultural, and forestry systems, and a suite of fragility functions estimating the probability of each IS occurring for 13 sub-sectors. Temporal vulnerability is accounted for by a ‘seasonality coefficient,’ and a ‘chemical toxicity coefficient’ is included to incorporate the increased vulnerability of pastoral farming systems when tephra is high in fluoride. The fragility functions are then used to demonstrate a deterministic impact assessment with current New Zealand exposure.

Seismic fragility assessment of ductile reinforced concrete building frames

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nibas Apu ◽  
Ravi Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Building Codes ◽  
Nonlinear Time History Analysis ◽  
Seismic Fragility ◽  
Fragility Functions ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rc Frames ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Seismic Force

Purpose Increasing awareness of the society and complying with design requirements of building codes for seismic safety of structures and inhabitants during severe earthquakes are the primary purpose of seismic analysis. This study aims to present the variability in seismic fragility functions for frames of different heights for the most vulnerable condition of structure using nonlinear time history analysis. Design/methodology/approach A total of 4, 8 and 20 stories reinforced concrete (RC) moment-resisting two-dimensional frames are considered for this study. Ground motions (GM) are selected as per the conditional mean spectrum and these are conditioned on a target spectral acceleration at the concern time period. RC frames are designed and detailed as per Indian standards. A concentrated plasticity approach is adopted for non-linear analytical modeling of the RC frames. Deterministic capacity limit states in terms of maximum inter-story drift ratio are considered for different damage states. Fragility functions have been derived following a lognormal distribution from incremental dynamic analysis curves. Finally, the maximum likelihood estimation of the response is obtained for fitting curves with observed fragility. Findings The fragility functions of the three structures reflect that under critical or extreme conditions of GM the taller buildings have higher fragility than the shorter buildings for each level of limit states even though both are designed to meet their code-level design forces. Research limitations/implications The study is conducted on the extreme scenario of GM conditioned on the fundamental time period of each building, whereas comparison can be developed by selecting various methodologies of GM set. The probabilistic capacity model can be developed for future studies to check the fragility variation with deterministic and probabilistic capacity. Originality/value The investigation endeavors to present a comprehensive fragility assessment framework by analytical method. The outcome will be useful in the development of a disaster management strategy for new or old buildings and the response of seismic force with a variation of the building’s height. The findings will also be useful for updating the earthquake-resistant building codes for the new building construction in a similar context.

Developing analytical tsunami fragility functions for Italian coastal communities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Del Zoppo ◽  
Marco Di Ludovico ◽  
Andrea Prota
Keyword(s):  
Design Procedure ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Fragility Functions ◽  
Rc Buildings ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Tsunami Risk ◽  
Damage States ◽  
Physical Assets ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Tsunami Fragility

<p>In a probabilistic tsunami risk assessment framework, the definition of vulnerability of the physical assets of coastal communities plays a fundamental role. Therefore, current research is moving towards the definition of a general methodology for developing analytical tsunami fragility functions for the physical assets to be used in loss-assessment frameworks at community scale. Herein a methodology is proposed for developing analytical tsunami fragility functions and its application on an inventory of RC buildings representative of the Mediterranean coastal communities is illustrated. Simple mechanics-based models are defined for the damage assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with breakaway infills under tsunami lateral loads. A simulated design procedure is adopted for the definition of the buildings inventory, relying on Monte Carlo simulation to account for geometrical and mechanical uncertainties. One key feature of the approach is that intermediate damage states prior to collapse are defined to account for light/moderate damage to both structural and non-structural components subjected to tsunami onshore flows.</p>

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