scholarly journals Issues of long-term durability of paper – Labest Papier

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 291-292
Author(s):  
Heinz Joachim Schaffrath
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Artificial Ageing ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Information Carrier ◽  
Paper Manufacturing ◽  
Storage Media ◽  
Comparison Table

Abstract. In the project “Labest Papier – Langzeitbeständigkeit von Papier” (Labest Paper – Long-term durability of paper), the suitability of paper to serve as a permanently undamaged information carrier for at least 500 years is to be assessed by the Department of Paper Manufacturing and Mechanical Process Engineering (PMV) for the Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal (BASE). The ageing mechanisms of paper are known, as are countermeasures. This leads to standards and recommendations for the use of paper for documents. DIN EN ISO 9706 (2010) is the main proponent of the direction that longevity can be ensured solely via the composition of the paper and the initial situation at the beginning of ageing. DIN 6738 (2007), on the other hand, takes as its basis the approach of assessing the physical ageing of the paper based on artificial ageing and the strength losses observed in the process. Other standards vary the approaches somewhat or mix them in part, for which the lecture presents a comparison table. The usability of a document depends on two essential factors. Firstly, the residual strength after an ageing process must be high enough for the document to be usable. Secondly, the information written on it must still be legible or at least recognisable. The limits of the possibilities for dealing with damage that has already occurred are almost only set by complete destruction. Otherwise, forensic means can restore the information in a document, at least in part, with the appropriate investment of time and money. The lecture provides examples, such as the reprocessing of shredded Stasi files. Even the loss of knowledge of writing and language need not be a final obstacle, as the decipherment of hieroglyphics proves. The costs of measures to deal with damage depend individually on the condition of the documents and on the objectives in dealing with the damage. Prevention is an effective means of avoiding damage and costs in the first place. Paper is an information carrier well known for over 2000 years and has already proven its suitability for storing long-term information. Despite the fact that an intactness in the sense of being completely untouched is never given, paper has the advantage of a long migration time and that no reading or decoding device is necessary compared to modern information storage media, such as digital media or microfilm. Which grade of paper will ultimately meet the demands, however, depends on the overall consideration of the availability of the grade, the expected damage and the possibilities and costs of handling it. There is still a need for research, especially with respect to the assessment of the effect of printing inks and auxiliaries used in paper production on the longevity as well as the classification of recycled paper. An extensive measurement program is investigating this during the current project. After the project is accomplished, BASE will be able to decide in which way the already existing types of papers including marking can be preserved for as long as necessary and how the state-of-the-art optimised system “paper ink” must be prepared to ensure long-term durability. The paper is based on two working stage reports, AP1 (Schaffrath, 2020) and AP2 (Schaffrath, 2021).

The medium-term prospects for long-term storage systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Stuart Holmes Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Media Industry ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Bulk Storage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Storage Media ◽  
Technology Changes ◽  
Term Storage

Purpose Increasingly, the content that libraries collect is no longer on paper, a long-lived, medium whose technology changes very slowly and with which they have centuries of experience. Instead, it is stored on relatively short-lived digital media whose technology appears to change rapidly and with which they have little history. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach The storage media industry is highly competitive and is currently evolving rapidly as flash, a solid state medium, displaces spinning disk from many applications. Long-term archival storage is a small part of the total storage market. It typically re-uses media and systems intended for more general bulk storage. Findings What are the medium-term prospects for change in this market? Originality/value Much of this material has appeared in blog posts and talks aimed at storage experts, such as the recent DARPA workshop on future of storage. It is presented here for a librarian audience with the necessary additional exposition and background.

MODERN PROBLEMATICS AND ANALYSIS OF EFFICIENCY OF APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO DESTRUCTION OF INFORMATION ON MAGNETIC MEDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 154-164
Author(s):  
O. Semenenko ◽  
O. Vodchyts ◽  
V. Koverga ◽  
R. Lukash ◽  
O. Lutsenko
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Magnetic Media ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Physical Impact ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Term Storage

The introduction and active use of information transmission and storage systems in the Ministry of Defense (MoD) of Ukraine form the need to develop ways of guaranteed removal of data from media after their use or long-term storage. Such a task is an essential component of the functioning of any information security system. The article analyzes the problems of guaranteed destruction of information on magnetic media. An overview of approaches to the guaranteed destruction of information on magnetic media of different types is presented, and partial estimates of the effectiveness of their application are given by some generally accepted indicators of performance evaluation. The article also describes the classification of methods of destruction of information depending on the influence on its medium. The results of the analysis revealed the main problems of application of software methods and methods of demagnetization of the information carrier. The issue of guaranteed destruction of information from modern SSD devices, which are actively used in the formation of new systems of information accumulation and processing, became particularly relevant in the article. In today's conditions of development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, methods of mechanical and thermal destruction are more commonly used today. In the medium term, the vector of the use of information elimination methods will change towards the methods of physical impact by the pulsed magnetic field and the software methods that allow to store the information storage device, but this today requires specialists to develop new ways of protecting information in order to avoid its leakage.

Tertiary nitrification in pilot-plant plug-flow fixed-film reactors with long-term ammonium deficiency

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fruhen ◽  
K. Böcker ◽  
S. Eidens ◽  
D. Haaf ◽  
M. Liebeskind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Industrial Project ◽  
Transfer Processes ◽  
Fixed Film ◽  
Film Reactor ◽  
Observation Period

The objective of this study is to investigate to what extent the nitrification capacity of a pilot-plant fixed-film reactor changes during extensive periods of nutrient supply deficiency. The examined pilot-plant was an upflow reactor filled with swelling clay of medium grain size (6 to 8 mm). The experiments revealed that the maximum nitrification rate remained practically constant during the first weeks after the onset of unregulated ammonium supply. The capacity declined slowly, dropping to approximately 66% of the initial capacity after about ten weeks. Still ammonium peaks of up to 8 mg/l were readily nitrified throughout the entire period of the experiment. The reduction in nitrification capacity during the observation period did not result from decay processes of biomass but from the reactor becoming blocked and thus hampering transfer processes. It could be observed that the detached organisms attached again further up. This semi-industrial project demonstrated that a plug-flow fixed-film reactor can be used as effective means of tertiary nitrification.

scholarly journals RNAseq Reveals Differential Gene Expression Contributing to Phytophthora nicotianae Adaptation to Partial Resistance in Tobacco

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Jing Jin ◽  
Rui Shi ◽  
Ramsey Steven Lewis ◽  
Howard David Shew
Keyword(s):  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Black Shank ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Go Terms

Phytophthora nicotianae is a devastating oomycete plant pathogen with a wide host range. On tobacco, it causes black shank, a disease that can result in severe economic losses. Deployment of host resistance is one of the most effective means of controlling tobacco black shank, but adaptation to complete and partial resistance by P. nicotianae can limit the long-term effectiveness of the resistance. The molecular basis of adaptation to partial resistance is largely unknown. RNAseq was performed on two isolates of P. nicotianae (adapted to either the susceptible tobacco genotype Hicks or the partially resistant genotype K 326 Wz/Wz) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during their pathogenic interactions with K 326 Wz/Wz and Hicks. Approximately 69% of the up-regulated DEGs were associated with pathogenicity in the K 326 Wz/Wz-adapted isolate when sampled following infection of its adapted host K 326 Wz/Wz. Thirty-one percent of the up-regulated DEGs were associated with pathogenicity in the Hicks-adapted isolate on K 326 Wz/Wz. A broad spectrum of over-represented gene ontology (GO) terms were assigned to down-regulated genes in the Hicks-adapted isolate. In the host, a series of GO terms involved in nuclear biosynthesis processes were assigned to the down-regulated genes in K 326 Wz/Wz inoculated with K 326 Wz/Wz-adapted isolate. This study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of P. nicotianae adaptation to partial resistance in tobacco by elucidating how the pathogen recruits pathogenicity-associated genes that impact host biological activities.

scholarly journals An Endogenous RNA Transcript Antisense to CNGα1 Cation Channel mRNA

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3696-3705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin-Hung Cheng ◽  
David Tai-Wai Yew ◽  
Hiu-Yee Kwan ◽  
Qing Zhou ◽  
Yu Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression System ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
Oocyte Expression System ◽  
Neuronal Functions ◽  
Rna Transcript

CNG channels are cyclic nucleotide-gated Ca2+-permeable channels that are suggested to be involved in the activity-dependent alterations of synaptic strength that are thought to underlie information storage in the CNS. In this study, we isolated an endogenous RNA transcript antisense to CNGα1 mRNA. This transcript was capable of down-regulating the expression of sense CNGα1 in theXenopus oocyte expression system. RT-PCR, Northern blot, and in situ hybridization analyses showed that the transcript was coexpressed with CNGα1 mRNA in many regions of human brain, notably in those regions that were involved in long-term potentiation and long-term depression, such as hippocampal CA1 and CA3, dentate gyrus, and cerebellar Purkinje layer. Comparison of expression patterns between adult and fetal cerebral cortex revealed that there were concurrent developmental changes in the expression levels of anti-CNG1 and CNGα1. Treatment of human glioma cell T98 with thyroid hormone T3 caused a significant increase in anti-CNG1 expression and a parallel decrease in sense CNGα1 expression. These data suggest that the suppression of CNGα1 expression by anti-CNG1 may play an important role in neuronal functions, especially in synaptic plasticity and cortical development. Endogenous antisense RNA-mediated regulation may represent a new mechanism through which the activity of ion channels can be regulated in the human CNS.

Use of small cannulated screws for fixation in foot surgery

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 240-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Burns
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Bone Screws ◽  
Cannulated Screws ◽  
Implant Fixation ◽  
Foot Surgery ◽  
Fixation Failure ◽  
Untoward Event ◽  
Patient Noncompliance

Use of cannulated bone screws, as compared with use of traditional bone screws, has been reported to decrease surgical time, allow for more precise screw placement, and reduce sources of error. Cannulation of the smaller-size screws that are routinely used in foot surgery has not been available until the last few years. This article reports on the use of the small cannulated screws manufactured by Alphatec Manufacturing, Inc (Palm Desert, California). The screw sizes available in the Mini Lag Screw System are 2.7, 3.5, and 4.0 mm. A long-term clinical and radiographic prospective evaluation of 70 procedures performed on 49 patients was conducted. The follow-up time for all patients was 2 years. None of the 70 implants fractured, and seven procedures (in seven patients) resulted in some type of implant-fixation failure. All of the fixation failures, however, appeared to be related to an untoward event or patient noncompliance. These smaller cannulated screws proved to be a reliable and effective means of fixation in foot surgery.

scholarly journals Crisis and Continuation: The Digital Relocation of Jain Socio-Religious Praxis during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Tine Vekemans
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Praxis ◽  
Online Format ◽  
Media Channels ◽  
Selection Of

In early 2020, Jain diaspora communities and organizations that had been painstakingly built over the past decades were faced with the far-reaching consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and its concomitant restrictions. With the possibility of regular face-to-face contact and participation in recurring events—praying, eating, learning, and meditating together—severely limited in most places, organizations were compelled to make a choice. They either had to suspend their activities, leaving members to organize their religious activities on an individual or household basis, or pursue the continuation of some of their habitual activities in an online format, relying on their members’ motivation and technical skills. This study will explore how many Jain organizations in London took to digital media in its different forms to continue to engage with their members throughout 2020. Looking at a selection of websites and social media channels, it will examine online discourses that reveal the social and mental impact of the pandemic on Jains and the broader community, explore the relocation of activities to the digital realm, and assess participation in these activities. In doing so, this article will open a discussion on the long-term effects of this crisis-induced digital turn in Jain religious praxis, and in socio-cultural life in general.

Room-temperature Ferromagnetism in Two-dimensional Transition Metal Borides: A First-principles Investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Wu ◽  
Min Dou ◽  
Huan Li ◽  
Yunfei Liu ◽  
Qingnian Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature Ferromagnetism ◽  
Ferromagnetic Materials ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Storage Media ◽  
Metal Borides ◽  
Generation Information

It is important to predict new two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic materials for next-generation information storage media. However, discovered 2D ferromagnetic materials are still rare. Here, we explored that 2D transition metal...

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