Health psychology and the biopsychosocial paradigm: an epistemological essay

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 2309
Author(s):  
Adriana De Oliveira

ABSTRACTObjective: to analyze, through an epistemological essay, the biopsychosocial paradigm, which is widely used to guide the practices in Health Psychology. Method: this is a theoretical study that, through a literature review, proposes an epistemological reflection. For this, the concepts of health and illness were approached, situating the treatments used over time; the notion of Health Psychology and its historical aspects with regard to the emergence and transition from the biomedical to the biopsychosocial model. Results: the coexistence of different versions of the biopsychosocial model, which enclose different epistemological assumptions, are identified through hierarchical or interactionist and integrative or dialectical metatheories. The interactionist metatheory assumes a dualistic (bio + psychosocial) conception, supported by the positivist and biomedical model, with a hierarchical prevalence between the areas concerned when they submit themselves to the epistemological authority of biomedicine. In its turn, in the integrative metatheory, the biological, psychological, and social dimensions interact dialectically, presenting an affinity with the Hippocratic doctrine. Conclusion: the health psychologist’s practices encompass an epistemological attitude, even when he/she ignores it. Therefore, divergent epistemological positions can be identified within the designation biopsychosocial. Descriptors: knowledge; behavioral medicine; practice (psychology).RESUMOObjetivo: analisar, por meio de ensaio epistemológico, o paradigma biopsicossocial, que é amplamente usado para orientar as práticas em Psicologia da Saúde. Método: trata-se de um estudo teórico que, por meio de revisão de literatura, propõe-se a uma reflexão epistemológica. Para tanto, abordaram-se os conceitos de saúde e doença, situando os tratamentos utilizados ao longo do tempo; a concepção de Psicologia da Saúde e seus aspectos históricos de surgimento e a transição do modelo biomédico para o biopsicossocial. Resultados: identifica-se por intermédio das metateorias hierárquica ou interacionista e integradora ou dialética a coexistência de diferentes versões do modelo biopsicossocial, as quais encerram pressupostos epistemológicos distintos. A metateoria interacionista presume uma concepção dualista (bio + psicossocial), alinhando-se ao modelo positivista e biomédico, com prevalência hierárquica entre as áreas envolvidas ao se submeterem à autoridade epistemológica da biomedicina. Já na metateoria integrativa, as dimensões biológica, psicológica e social interagem dialeticamente, apresentando afinidade com a doutrina hipocrática. Conclusão: as práticas do psicólogo da saúde comportam uma atitude epistemológica, mesmo que por ele ignorada. Portanto, dentro da denominação biopsicossocial é possível reconhecer posições epistemológicas divergentes. Descritores: conhecimento; medicina do comportamento; prática (psicologia).RESUMENObjetivo: analizar, a través de ensayo epistemológico, el paradigma biopsicosocial, que es ampliamente utilizado para guiar las prácticas en Psicología de la Salud. Método: esto es un estudio teórico que, por medio de revisión de literatura, se propone a una reflexión epistemológica. Por lo tanto, fueron abordados los conceptos de salud y enfermedad, situando los tratamientos utilizados al paso del tiempo; la concepción de Psicología de la Salud y sus aspectos históricos de surgimiento y la transición del modelo biomédico para el modelo biopsicosocial. Resultados: se identifica a través de las metateorías jerárquica o interaccionista y integradora o dialéctica la coexistencia de diferentes versiones del modelo biopsicosocial, que contienen diferentes supuestos epistemológicos. La metateoría interaccionista presume una concepción dualista (bio + psicosocial), alineandose al modelo positivista y biomédico, con prevalencia jerárquica entre las áreas envueltas sometiendose a la autoridad epistemológica de la biomedicina. Ya en la metateoría integradora, las dimensiones biológica, psicológica y social constituyen una relación dialéctica, presentando afinidad con la doctrina hipocrática. Conclusión: las prácticas del psicólogo de la salud comportan una actitud epistemológica, aunque lo ignore. Por lo tanto, dentro de la denominación biopsicosocial pueden ser reconocidas posiciones epistemológicas divergentes. Descriptores: conocimiento; medicina del comportamiento; práctica (psicología).

Psico-USF ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evely Boruchovitch ◽  
Birgitte R. Mednick

The importance of understanding individuals’ ideas of health and illness is well acknowledged by research for its theoretical and practical implications for both health psychology and education. Insofar as researchers agree that individuals’ ideas of health and illness have an impact on their health attitudes and behaviour, people’s thoughts of health and health and illness - related issues are increasingly being investigated. In consonance, the objective of this study is to critically review major ideas that underlies individuals’ concepts of health and illness. Findings are discussed in terms of their potential contributions for health psychology.


2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Faltermaier

Abstract. The Flensburg health psychology group takes a salutogenic perspective and aims at developing innovative health promotion approaches. It stands in the interdisciplinary context of health and educational sciences. Our focus in research is on both, stress processes and lay representations of health and illness in the context of salutogenic theories of health. Basic and applied research activities aim at developing subject-oriented approaches of prevention and health promotion that are designed to promote health resources and competencies in selected settings and target groups. Current research is concentrated on socially disadvantaged groups, on occupational groups and on men to develop tailored health promotion approaches that reach groups in need and which show sustainable effects.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Qiang Zha

Abstract This paper examines several research questions relating to equality and equity in Chinese higher education via an extended literature review, which in turn sheds light on evolving scholarly explorations into this theme. First, in the post-massification era, has the Chinese situation of equality and equity in higher education improved or deteriorated since the late 1990s? Second, what are the core issues with respect to equality and equity in Chinese higher education? Third, how have those core issues evolved or changed over time and what does the evolution indicate and entail? Methodologically, this paper uses a bibliometric analysis to detect the topical hotspots in scholarly literature and their changes over time. The study then investigates each of those topical terrains against their temporal contexts in order to gain insights into the core issues.


Author(s):  
Л. Х. Пастушкова ◽  
Д. Н. Каширина ◽  
А. Г. Гончарова ◽  
Н. Б. Захарова ◽  
Е. С. Тийс ◽  
...  

Впервые описаны белки, достоверно увеличивающиеся и уменьшающиеся в моче с возрастом в интервале 20-60 лет. Охарактеризованы комбинации белков, связанных с изменением иммунных процессов, нарушением реологии крови, в том числе риском коагулопатии, противоопухолевых защитных механизмов, инсулинового сигнального пути, с изменением характеристик клеточного деления и качества новообразованной ткани. Таким образом, возрастная динамика основных процессов запускает каскад реакций, проявляющихся в замыкании «патологических биохимических кругов», которые формируют предпосылки к развитию заболеваний и, с течением времени, клинические проявления. For the first time proteins are described, reliably increasing and decreasing in urine with age in the range of 20 to 60 years. The combinations of proteins associated with changes in immune processes, violation of blood reology, including the risk of coagulopathy, anticancer defense mechanisms, insulin signaling pathway, changes in cell characteristics are characterized division and quality of the newly formed fabric. Thus, the age dynamics of the main processes triggers a cascade of reactions manifested in the closure of «pathological biochemical circles» that form the prerequisites for the development of diseases and, over time, clinical manifestations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-37
Author(s):  
Peter Lee Ochieng Oduor

The study seeks to examine the approaches taken currently with regard to scholarship on ecclesiology from the patristic era, the medieval era to that of the reformation and beyond. The study evaluates the various ecclesiological approaches of various confessional traditions that have defined ecclesiology over time. In progression, the study examines contextual ecclesiologies with a focus on three specific cultural geographical environments of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This is because of the significance that these regions play in the current global shift within Christendom. African ecclesiology has been the centre of focus in an attempt to link all the discussed ecclesiologies with the African Christian thought. The study intends to review the Ubuntu concept and to capture the concept of the humanness of people in the African setting. The study intends to expose the gap in the literature demonstrating that the African conceptual framework can indeed be of use in articulating theology relevant to the African world. The study was keen to evaluate the contribution towards the development and construction of an African ecclesiology using the Ubuntu concept as a remedy to solve ecclesiological problems witnessed in Africa.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
M. N. Kravtsov

The literature review is devoted to the history of the development of endoscopic surgery of the lumbar spine: from open surgical interventions and puncture procedures – to percutaneous intracanal endoscopic operations, combining interventional and video endoscopic technologies and referred to in the English literature as “full-endoscopy”. The article also touches upon the historical aspects of fibroendoscopic and laparoscopic interventions on the lumbar spine. In conclusion, the principle of classification of endoscopic techniques is proposed.


Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Godfrey ◽  
Laura Cohen ◽  
Susan Hennessy ◽  
Brandon Bellows

Purpose: Patients who present with concurrent heart failure (HF) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have an increased risk of mortality, but changes in clinical practice have improved clinical outcomes. We sought to examine recent trends in concurrent HF and ACS hospitalizations in the United States (US) through review of published literature. Methods: We searched the Medline and PubMed databases for studies published after January 1, 2000 reporting the hospitalizations for HF with concurrent acute coronary syndromes. We included studies performed in the US or with at least 25% US participants, that reported the proportion with concurrent HF and ACS, and used a clinical definition of HF (e.g. Killip Class II or III, NYHA Class, or Framingham Criteria). Studies were reviewed by and data was extracted using a standardized form. We extracted study and patient characteristics, definition of HF, and rates of concurrent HF and ACS hospitalizations. We categorized included studies by ACS type: (1) non-specific myocardial infarction (MI) or ACS, (2) non-ST elevation (NSTE) MI or NSTE-ACS, or (3) ST elevation (STE) MI. We descriptively examined recent trends in hospitalizations for concurrent HF and ACS over time; rates reported for multiple time periods or ACS types were considered separately. Results: We identified 23 observational studies, systematic reviews, and randomized clinical trials. Of these, we excluded 13 due to non-US populations, use of non-clinical definitions of HF (i.e., diagnosis codes), or not reporting rates of concurrent HF and ACS. Of the 10 included studies, 7 reported concurrent HF with non-specific MI or ACS from 1975 through 2005 across multiple registries and literature reviews. Rates ranged from 12.5% to 48.0% with no clear time-related trends. We identified 3 studies reporting concurrent HF with NSTEMI or NSTE-ACS from pooled analysis or the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) registry from 1994 to 2008. Reported rates ranged from 8.2%-15.7% for studies starting in the 1990s with one study reporting and 6.1% in 2005. We identified 4 studies reporting concurrent HF with STEMI, including a pooled analysis, the GRACE registry, and a clinical trial. Rates of concurrent HF with STEMI appeared to decrease over time from 32.5% in 1990 to 1998, 15.6%-19.5% from 1999 to 2001, and 2.6%-11.0% in 2005. Conclusion: Our literature review found that there may be a decrease in concurrent HF and STEMI hospitalizations in recent decades, but no apparent trends with other types of ACS. This may be related to emphasis on early revascularization strategies, improved primary prevention, and/or earlier time to presentation due to increasing public awareness.. However, there was a dearth of data reporting concurrent HF and ACS hospitalization within the last decade. Further research is needed to understand the impact of multiple changes in clinical practice on secular trends.


Author(s):  
Dilek Dede

Multi-level governance has been described as an updated form of governance that began in the early 1990s. The traditional distinction between domestic and foreign politics was eliminated in the same period. This study aims at clarifying the concept of multi-level governance in both the Europeanization literature and the European Union studies. The research question is, What are the definitions, dynamics, characteristics of multi-level governance in both the Europeanization literature and the European Union studies? In methodology, it is a theoretical study that remains on literature review.


Author(s):  
Andreia Antunes Moura ◽  
Maria do Rosário Campos Mira ◽  
Vânia Natércia Costa

This chapter presents a qualitative study, resulting from a systematic literature review using a text analysis technique through the NVivo software, version 10.0. This technique involves grouping words that reveal semantic similarity to each other and results indicate that considerations around soft and hard skills in tourism have been different over time. In short, it might be said that it is hard skills that lead people to job interviews, but it is soft skills that allow them to be recruited for employment. Hence, it is the combination of the two skill types that enables people to have a job in the tourism industry, manage a career, and contribute to the differentiation of tourism companies in the tourism global marketplace that tends to be increasingly competitive.


Author(s):  
Harindranath R. M. ◽  
Bharadhwaj Sivakumaran

The literature on promotional inputs has accumulated over time but continues to be fragmented. While there is a plethora of insights and findings, these are dispersed necessitating a one-stop-shop literature review to cover the ever-increasing research stream. This chapter addresses this gap by organizing and synthesizing the findings of the literature. This review paper covers all the important promotional instruments, such as “free drug samples,” “gifts,” “CME sponsor,” “journal advertising,” and “honorarium.” The chapter develops a novel strategic contribution called “promotional inputs distribution framework,” which gives tips to practitioners regarding promotional inputs; following this framework, salespeople can optimize the promotional cost and increase sales as well. Another novel contribution is the “detailing process” that characterizes the importance of information used to effectively develop the detailing story (or presentation) to physicians. This research also identifies a wider spectrum of research gaps available in the domain to advance knowledge development.


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