scholarly journals Acute Toxicity of Organotin on Fresh Water Shrimps and its Resistance by Marine Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Tributyltin Chloride ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract: This present study was aimed at investigating the acute toxicity of organotin on fresh water shrimps and its resistance to marine bacteria. 200 water shrimps were exposed to varying concentrations of Tributyltin Chloride (TBTCL) and Diphenyltin Chloride (DPTCL) for 96 hours and a probit was used to determine the lethal dose (LD50). 200g of sediment from Onne sea port Rivers State was manually polluted by TBTCL and DPTCL for 56 days. Organotin resistant bacteria were screened on mineral salt medium at different concentration of the organotin using the spread plate technique. Results from this study showed a lethal doze (LD50) of 4.24mg/l after 24 hours and 1.97mg/l after 48 hours for TBTCl on fresh water shrimps and a lethal doze of 21.05mg/l after 24 hours, 0.83mg/l after 48 hours and 0.006mg/l after 72 hours for DPTCl. The total viable count of bacteria obtained from varying concentrations of TBTCl indicates that approximately 65% of bacterial populations were resistant to 3.0mM of TBTCl and DPTCI since these isolates could grow on MSA supplemented with TBTCI and DPTCI. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the bacterial loads between the different concentrations of TBTCL. Acute toxicity effect of TBTCl and DPTCl on fresh water shrimps reveals TBTCl and DPTCl as one of the toxic substances in the marine ecosystem however; marine bacteria can be harnessed for their resistant abilities.

scholarly journals Toxicological Evaluation of Novel Cyclohexenone Derivative in an Animal Model through Histopathological and Biochemical Techniques

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Muhammad Kamil ◽  
Arifa Fatima ◽  
Sami Ullah ◽  
Gowhar Ali ◽  
Rasool Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Biochemical Indicators ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

Toxicity studies were conducted to provide safety data of potential drug candidates by determining lethal and toxic doses. This study was designed for pre-clinical evaluation of novel cyclohexenone derivative with respect to the acute and sub-acute toxicity along with the diabetogenic potential. Acute and sub-acute toxicity were assessed after intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of the investigational compound through selected doses for 21 days. This was followed by assessment of isolated body organs (liver, kidney, heart and pancreas) via biochemical indicators and histopathological techniques. No signs of toxicity were revealed in the study of acute toxicity. Similarly, a sub-acute toxicity study showed no significant difference in biochemical indicators on 11th and 21st days between treated and control groups. However, in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and random blood glucose/sugar (RBS) values, significant differences were recorded. Histopathological evaluation of liver, kidney, pancreas and heart tissues revealed mild to severe changes in the form of steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis and myofibrillary damages on 11th and 21st days of treatment. In conclusion, the median lethal dose of the tested compound was expected to be greater than 500 mg/kg. No significant change occurred in selected biomarkers, except BUN and RBS levels, but a histopathological study showed moderate toxic effect on liver, kidney, pancreas and heart tissues by the cyclohexenone derivative.

scholarly journals In Vivo Antiplasmodial Activity and Toxicological Analyses of the Ethanolic Leaf and Twig Extract of Faurea speciosa Welw. (Proteaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Felix Ayisi ◽  
Caleb Nketia Mensah ◽  
Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Plant Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

In Africa, medicinal plants are commonly used to treat malaria and other diseased conditions. The ethanolic leaf and twig extract of Faurea speciosa has been shown to possess promising antiplasmodial properties. This present study was aimed at investigating its antiplasmodial effect in vivo. Qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out on the plant samples using standard methods. The antiplasmodial effect against early infection, curative effect against established infection, and prophylactic effect against residual infection were studied in vivo in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice while the carrageenan-induced edema model in chicks was used for anti-inflammatory tests. The phosphomolybdenum and DPPH radical scavenging assays were used in the evaluation of antioxidant potential. Acute toxicity of the extract was evaluated using the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. Phytochemical screening of plant samples revealed the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. Faurea speciosa leaf and twig extract exhibited significant antiplasmodial activities in the mouse model with parasite suppression rates of 66.63%, 71.70%, and 56.93% in the suppressive, curative, and prophylactic tests, respectively. A 55.50% reduction of edema in the anti-inflammatory test indicated moderate success in reducing inflammation. The total antioxidant capacity of the extract was determined to be 65.4 mg AAE/g of extract, while in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, the IC50 value was found to be 499.4 μg/mL. With the exception of an inconsistent rise in urea level, there was no significant difference in the other biochemistry parameters in the acute toxicity studied. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was over 2000 mg/kg. The results of this study show that Faurea speciosa leaf and twig extract has promising antimalarial capabilities and is fairly safe at low concentrations.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Toxicity of the Ethanol Extract 70% of the Bark of Terminalia macroptera (Combretaceae) on Whistar Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Traore Youssouf ◽  
Koné Monon ◽  
Ouattara Abou ◽  
Bahi Calix ◽  
Nathalie Kouadio Guessennd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics

Nowadays, many medicinal plants have proved effective in combating the phenomenon of bacterial multi-resistance against conventional antibiotics. However, the use of these plants, traditionally is done without precise doses. And this inaccuracy of dose is a real problem of traditional medicine. Thus prospecting for empirically administered plant extract requires dosage monitoring to avoid the risk of a fatal therapeutic accident. It is in this context that the study of the toxicity of Terminalia macroptera which presents itself as an anti-infectious agent, capable of overcoming certain strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has been initiated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of 70% ethanol extract of T.macroptera in rats and to deduce its safety. With regard to the evaluation of the toxicity, rats were used whose mass varies between 100 and 170 grams. Then, using OECD Guideline 425, (2006), acute toxicity was achieved. Then the 100, 300 and 500 mg / kg bm doses were used in sub-acute toxicity to evaluate biochemical and hematological parameters. The results show an LD50> 5000 mg / kg bm. Therefore, according to the OECD classification, the hydroethanolic extract belongs to category 5, non-toxic substances. Also, the biochemical and hematological results revealed that the extract did not change at any time at P <0.05, biochemical marker levels (UREE, ASAT, ALAT, CK and LDH), reflecting vital organs of the body. So the extract would have no effect on the heart, liver and kidneys. 70% ethanol extract of T. macroptera would be safe for use as a drug and therefore could contribute to the production of Traditionally Enhanced Medicines (MTAs).

scholarly journals Determination of the parameters of acute toxicity of «Brovermectin-granulate» on earlings carp

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (74) ◽  
pp. 20-23
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Loboiko ◽  
M. M. Danko ◽  
O. V. Krushelnytska ◽  
S. I. Kravets
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
General Condition ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Starch Solution ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Anterior Intestine

The paper presents the results of research to determine the parameters of acute toxicity of «Brovermectin-granulate». The material for the study of acute toxicity were of carp earlings. In experiment used drug «Brovermectin-granulate» (1 g of the drug contains: active actiion substance ivermectin – 3.5 mg, tocopherol acetate – 20 mg). The introduction of the drug  was carried out orally using a probe in anterior intestine of fish. The drug was administered to fish in the form of a homogeneous suspension produced 1 % starch solution individually, in doses of 1000, 4000, 8000, 12000, 16000 and 20000 mg/kg of body weight. For settings acute toxicity determined the general condition and death of fish; for a dose of the drug (DL50) calculated by methods G. Kerber, H. Pershyn, least squares analysis of probit mortality curves for V.B. Prozorovskyj, means three points for B.M. Shtabskyj. At this stage of research it was found lethal (DL100) and maximum tolerated (DL0) dose of «Brovermectin-granulate» for earlings carp. As a result of studies found that 100% death of fish following the dose of 20000 mg/kg (DL100), and for the drug at a dose of 4000 mg/kg (DL0) set to survival of 100% fish. Established that the value of average lethal dose of «Brovermectin-granulate» for fish regardless of the method of calculation mainly coincided and were 10932,8–11200 mg/kg for earlings carp. Thus, the drug «Brovermectin-granulate» for oral administration to fish belongs to grade 4 toxicity – low toxic substances.

scholarly journals КОМП’ЮТЕРНЕ ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ ГОСТРОЇ ТОКСИЧНОСТІ ПОХІДНИХ 5-ФЕНЕТИЛ-4-R-3-ТІО(АМІНО)-1,2,4-ТРІАЗОЛУ ЗАВДЯКИ GUSAR-ONLINE ПРОГНОЗА

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frolova Yu. S. ◽  
Ignatova T. V. ◽  
Kaplaushenko A. H.
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Online Version ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Computer Prediction ◽  
Triazole Derivatives ◽  
Structural Formulas ◽  
Online Prediction ◽  
Low Toxic ◽  
Derivatives Of

An important step in the development of a new drug is the prediction of its toxicity by computer screening using the program GUSAR-online. The purpose of this work is an online prediction of acute toxicity among new derivatives of 5-phenethyl-4-R-3-thio(amino) 1,2,4-triazoles. Computer prediction of acute toxicity of 5-phenethyl-4-R-3-thio(amino)- 1,2,4-triazole derivatives was performed according to the structural formulas of the compounds in the online version of the GUSAR-online program.GUSAR-online prediction for 5-phenethyl-4-R-3-thio(amino)-1,2,4- triazole derivatives was performed during the research. It was found that the average lethal dose of LD50 is from 56.1 to 2396.0 mg / kg. Based on this, all compounds are low-toxic and virtually non-toxic substances.

ACUTE TOXICITY OF OCTENIDINE HEXAFLUOROSILICATE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. O. Shyshkin ◽  
V. Yu. Anisimov ◽  
A. V. Nikitin ◽  
V. O. Gelmboldt
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Relative Safety ◽  
Lethal Doses

The aim of the work. Determination of toxicometric characteristics of octenidine hexafluorosilicate (OHFS), characterized by significant pharmaceutical potential, in an acute experiment on rats by oral administration. Materials and Methods. A study of the acute toxicity of octenidine hexafluorosilicate was carry out on 42 male Wistar rats weighing 180–200 grams. The main criterion for quantifying the toxicity of octenidine hexafluorosilicate was LD50, which was determined using the least squares method. In addition, the following hazard indicators were calculated: 1/LD50 – median lethal dose (absolute toxicity), LD84/LD16 – the range of lethal doses (zone of acute toxic effect), 1/(LD50-S) – the total toxicity index and the S-function angle of inclination (variability of lethal doses). Statistical processing of the results was carry out using the «StatPlus 2009» software (AnalystSoft, USA, 2009). Results and Discussion. The results of the acute toxicity determination of octenidine hexafluorosilicate show that this compound, in the oral route of administration, belongs to the III class of toxicity for the human (slightly hazardous) and to the IV class of toxicity for the animals (white rats). Based on the variability of lethal doses, the studied hexafluorosilicate can be attribute to compounds that do not pose a high potential risk of the onset and development of poisoning. The calculated toxicity and hazard values of octenidine hexafluorosilicate show that it does not pose a particular danger to humans. Extrapolation to humans of acute toxicity parameters obtained in animals was determined using the coefficient of resistance to the species and is 132.15 mg/kg body weight. Conclusions. The results of determining the toxicometric characteristics of octenidine hexafluorosilicate in rats by oral administration allow to classify this compound as moderately toxic substances (LD50 = 555.05 mg / kg, toxicity class IV). The determined parameter of acute toxicity of OHFS is close to the LD50 values of other hexafluorosilicates known from the literature; relative safety and high caries-prophylactic and periodontal-protective efficacies of OHFS indicate the prospects for further studies of this compound.

Acute toxicity of an insecticidal little containing ivermectin and fipronil for white mice

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-32
Author(s):  
Mikhail A. Levchenko ◽  
◽  
Natalia A. Sennikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Toxicological Assessment ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Veterinary Entomology ◽  
Russian Research

Toxicological assessment is a mandatory research step in the development of new insecticidal drugs. At the All-Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology, a prototype of the insecticidal bait Mukhnet IF was obtained with an active ingredient content of 0.06% ivermectin and 0.015% fipronil, which showed a highly effective effect against houseflies. This work presents the results of the study of acute oral toxicity of the above agent. For this, male white mice with a live weight of 16-26 g were selected. They were kept on a starvation diet for one day in individual houses with water. The drug was given in mg/kg body weight the next day. A total of 33 doses have been tested, ranging from 100 mg/kg to 40,000 mg/kg. The animals were observed for 14 days. According to the research results, it was revealed that at doses up to 20,000 mg/kg there were no signs of intoxication, but when tested at 25,000 mg/kg in some mice, these signs were noted, and at 30,000, 35,000 and 40,000 mg/kg deaths were recorded 20±10, 45±30 and 60±20%, respectively. It was not possible to test the drug over the last above dose due to incomplete eaten by mice. According to the degree of danger for warm-blooded animals, the drug belongs to the 4th class of low-hazard drugs (average lethal dose of 5000 mg/kg or more) in accordance with the classification of GOST 12.1.007-76. When analyzing the literature data on the toxicological characteristics of preparations containing ivermectin and chlorfenapyr, it was revealed that the insecticidal agent in its acute toxicity for warm-blooded animals is comparable to known analogues.

Investigation of microbial contamination of Powdered Infant Formula during different storage periods after opening

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Khalid Al-atrash
Keyword(s):  
Infant Formula ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Total Viable Count ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Significant Difference

The present study was carried out to knowing effect different storage periods of the microbial quality for the Powdered Infant Formula (PIF) after opening the tin, and ensuring from the safety note (after opening, use within 3 weeks). Thirty (30) samples of (PIF) from category (1 – 6 months) in five different types are collected from pharmacies and local markets in Baquba city / Iraq, which are used as substitutes for breast milk during the first day of opening the tin powders such as Total viable count, Total coliform count, Salmonella count and Yeast and Molds count. These experiments repeated at each week of same samples within (5) weeks. Results were obtained at opening the tin, Total viable count (less than 0.05 1.0 x 103 ±1.5x10 CFU/g) were significantly higher than Total Coliform count (less than 0.05 ± 0.3 x 10 CFU/g) and Total Salmonella count (less than 0.05 0 x 10 CFU/g) and Yeasts and Molds (less than 0.05 ± 0.3 x 10 CFU/g). while results obtained at fifth week were (less than 0.05 8.8 x 103 ±5.5x102 CFU/g), (less than 0.05 0.9 x 102 ± 0.4x101 CFU/g), (less than 0.05 0 x 10 CFU/g), (less than 0.05 9.5 x 10 ± 1.2x101 CFU /g) respectively. All samples of (PIF) having non-significant difference. These results compared to Iraqi Quality Standards (IQS), all the results from the opening samples to fifth week were within the range of IQS and USA Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and as indicates the hygienic condition of (PIF) without risk level for human health. also observed increase in microbial contamination in each week because increase the moisture content for powdered milk. Can be used more than 3 weeks after opening if stored in good conditions with good hygienic practices during milk preparation.

scholarly journals Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli between Pristine and Human-Impacted Sites in a River

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 575
Author(s):  
Emi Nishimura ◽  
Masateru Nishiyama ◽  
Kei Nukazawa ◽  
Yoshihiro Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Downstream Site ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Upstream Site ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Significant Difference

Information on the actual existence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in rivers where sewage, urban wastewater, and livestock wastewater do not load is essential to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water environments. This study compared the antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli upstream and downstream of human habitation. The survey was conducted in the summer, winter, and spring seasons. Resistance to one or more antibiotics at upstream and downstream sites was on average 18% and 20%, respectively, and no significant difference was observed between the survey sites. The resistance rates at the upstream site (total of 98 isolated strains) to each antibiotic were cefazolin 17%, tetracycline 12%, and ampicillin 8%, in descending order. Conversely, for the downstream site (total of 89 isolated strains), the rates were ampicillin 16%, cefazolin 16%, and tetracycline 1% in descending order. The resistance rate of tetracycline in the downstream site was significantly lower than that of the upstream site. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis revealed that many strains showed different resistance profiles even in the same cluster of the Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern. Moreover, the resistance profiles differed in the same cluster of the upstream and the downstream sites. In flowing from the upstream to the downstream site, it is plausible that E. coli transmitted or lacked the antibiotic resistance gene.

scholarly journals On-Site Pilot Testing of Hospital Wastewater Ozonation to Reduce Pharmaceutical Residues and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 684
Author(s):  
Sofia Svebrant ◽  
Robert Spörndly ◽  
Richard H. Lindberg ◽  
Therese Olsen Sköldstam ◽  
Jim Larsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hospital Sewage

Hospital sewage constitutes an important point source for antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to the high antibiotic use. Antibiotic resistance can develop and cause problems in sewage systems within hospitals and municipal wastewater treatment plants, thus, interventions to treat hospital sewage on-site are important. Ozonation has proven effective in treating relatively clean wastewater, but the effect on untreated wastewater is unclear. Therefore, we piloted implementation of ozonation to treat wastewater in a tertiary hospital in Uppsala, Sweden. We measured active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae using selective culturing pre- and post-ozonation. Comparing low (1 m3/h) and high (2 m3/h) flow, we obtained a ‘dose-dependent’ effect of API reduction (significant reduction of 12/29 APIs using low and 2/29 APIs using high flow, and a mean reduction of antibiotics of 41% using low vs. 6% using high flow, 25% vs. 6% for all APIs). There was no significant difference in the amount of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteiaceae pre- and post-ozonation. Our results demonstrate that ozonation of untreated wastewater can reduce API content. However, due to the moderate API decrease and numerous practical challenges in the on-site setting, this specific ozonation system is not suitable to implement at full scale in our hospital.

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