scholarly journals Fruitfulness of Georgian Oak (Quvercus iberica Stev.) in Kakheti Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malkhaz Samadashvili
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Seed Material ◽  
The North ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Average Size ◽  
North And South

We studied the fruitfulness of Georgian Oak in Kakheti Region: in the gorge of the river Batsara in Akhmeta municipality at an altitude of 650-700m above the sea level, with oak dominance in a grove represented by a slope of up to 150 slopes of south-western exposure. Akhmeta municipality of Kakheti region was selected for the study of the issue, where in two different ecotopes and forest-type groves, sample areas with a size of 50 X 50 m were taken..In addition, we have divided the model tree drills allocated to the sample areas into two parts, namely, the parts facing the north and south exposures, and several sections of the tree trunk - the lower, middle and upper sections. Separately, we studied the seed yield and the difference between these indicators in terms of both exposure and vertical parts of the exercise - both quantitatively and by weight. We also observed the shape, size and other characteristics of the oak fruits on the sample areas, according to which the shape of the oak is oval, slightly elongated, with an average size of 2.8 cm. Length and 1.1 cm. Width. On average, 655 pieces (65.5%) of the fruit were found to be fit - healthy, and the rest (34.5%) - underdeveloped, damaged and incapable of emergence. These indicators are of great importance in the production of forestry and cultural works. In all sample areas, due to the better quality of insolation, the oak productivity is better in the southern part than in the north. With proper protection and care in the Georgian oak groves of Kakheti, it is possible to get an average of 1 ton of fruit per 1 ha, which is quite enough to achieve the best indicators of its natural renewal and to prevent these difficult problems. As we can see from the Georgian oak cultivations we have studied, in the vicinity of Akhmeta municipality (Batsari River gorge) it is possible to get an average of 1 ton of seed material, which is quite enough to get a reliable adult in terms of protecting the farm and promoting natural renewal.

The Insect Fauna of an empty Granary

1955 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Coombs ◽  
J. A. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Average Concentration ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Foot Length ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
North And South

A survey of an empty granary was undertaken to assess the size and composition of itsinsect fauna, and the possible importance of such insects as a source of infestation of stored goods. The most important feature of the building in this connection was the presence of boarded-up cavities in the walls.Samples were taken at random from behind all walls, from parts of the grain-distributor system, and from certain other areas.Many grain pests were found associated with the residues. In the wall cavities large populations had been built up, reaching in one case over 2,000 insects in the food material behind a foot length of wall (the average concentration over all cavities examined was 266 insects per foot of wall).The largest populations were behind the north and south walls and, in general, the numbers of insects increased on descending the warehouse. The difference in size of population of the different walls and stories depended largely upon the volume and quality of the débris present in the cavities. The increase in numbers was due to increase in number of species and to increase in individuals of some species.

scholarly journals The Importance Of The Variety Of Spring Hard Wheat In The Formation Of Yield And Quality Of Grain In The Southern Chernozem Of The Orenburg Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 901 (1) ◽  
pp. 012059
Author(s):  
D O Izbasarov ◽  
G F Yartsev ◽  
R K Baikasenov ◽  
T P Aisuvakova ◽  
B B Kartabaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Hard Wheat ◽  
Orenburg Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Southern Chernozem ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

Abstract Wheat is a plastic crop and therefore occupies a huge area, spreading in the north to the cold pole (Verkhoyansk), and in the south to the border of cultivation of cultivated plants. In some regions of Azerbaijan, it is sown in fields below sea level, and in Peru, it rises in the mountains up to 4000 m. Cultivation of wheat on a huge territory is possible due to the high adaptive properties of the culture, its resistance to frost and drought. Almost half of the bread composition is represented by carbohydrates, in which starch takes the main place (up to 80%). Under the influence of enzymes, it is broken down to simple sugars that the body needs. The total digestibility of bread carbohydrates reaches 90-92%. The protein substances of bread are of the utmost importance, thanks to which a third of a person’s daily needs are often covered in our diet. Bread is the main source of supply for the body with vitamins B1, B2, PP. It is rich in phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur.

The Difference of Being Overweight or Obese between the North and South of China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisheng Tang ◽  
Tao Bu ◽  
Yahong Liu ◽  
Xuefan Dong
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Related Information ◽  
The North ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Difference ◽  
North And South

Abstract Objectives: The geographical environment, dietary culture, food patterns, and obesity rates are substantially different between the North and South of China. Determining the geographical distribution and local dietary patterns involved in being overweight or obese is useful for designing intervention strategies. Methods: Residents between 18 and 65 years old (n=10,863) from 11 Chinese provinces (five Northern provinces and six Southern provinces) were selected to compare dietary patterns, BMI, and health-related information from the China Health and Nutrition Survey packages in 2011. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the strength of the association among geographic variables, the obesity problem, and dietary patterns. Results: The overall prevalence of being overweight or obese was 10.51% higher in the North than in the South. Northern dietary patterns feature a high intake of wheat and soybeans, whereas Southern dietary patterns feature a high intake of rice, vegetables, meat, and poultry. The estimated coefficient of regional variables surrounding dietary score is 1.494; surrounding the odds ratio for being overweight is 1.681, whereas surrounding the odds ratio for obesity is 2.035. Multivariate logistic regression including both the variable of South–North areas and Northern dietary patterns showed a significant correlation with being overweight or obese. Conclusion: Northern areas and their local dietary patterns are more likely to contribute to being overweight or obese. These findings provide support for tracking the progression of obesity, epidemics, and policies that target the ‘‘obesogenic’’ environment, promoting opportunities for persons to access healthy dietary patterns and nutritional balance.

scholarly journals Measuring the local dark matter density with LAMOST DR5 and Gaia DR2

2020 ◽  
Vol 495 (4) ◽  
pp. 4828-4844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Guo ◽  
Chao Liu ◽  
Shude Mao ◽  
Xiang-Xiang Xue ◽  
R J Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Azimuthal Angle ◽  
Matter Density ◽  
Dwarf Stars ◽  
Dark Matter Density ◽  
The North ◽  
Vertical Data ◽  
Data Release ◽  
The Difference ◽  
North And South

ABSTRACT We apply the vertical Jeans equation to the kinematics of Milky Way stars in the solar neighbourhood to measure the local dark matter density. More than 90 000 G- and K-type dwarf stars are selected from the cross-matched sample of LAMOST (Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope) fifth data release and Gaia second data release for our analyses. The mass models applied consist of a single exponential stellar disc, a razor thin gas disc, and a constant dark matter density. We first consider the simplified vertical Jeans equation that ignores the tilt term and assumes a flat rotation curve. Under a Gaussian prior on the total stellar surface density, the local dark matter density inferred from Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations is $0.0133_{-0.0022}^{+0.0024}\ {\rm M}_{\odot }\, {\rm pc}^{-3}$. The local dark matter densities for subsamples in an azimuthal angle range of −10° < ϕ < 5° are consistent within their 1σ errors. However, the northern and southern subsamples show a large discrepancy due to plateaux in the northern and southern vertical velocity dispersion profiles. These plateaux may be the cause of the different estimates of the dark matter density between the north and south. Taking the tilt term into account has little effect on the parameter estimations and does not explain the north and south asymmetry. Taking half of the difference of σz profiles as unknown systematic errors, we then obtain consistent measurements for the northern and southern subsamples. We discuss the influence of the vertical data range, the scale height of the tracer population, the vertical distribution of stars, and the sample size on the uncertainty of the determination of the local dark matter density.

scholarly journals Migration of exotic species of ammonites during highstands of sea level

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 324-324
Author(s):  
Keith Young
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Mozambique Channel ◽  
The North ◽  
North And South ◽  
Early Late

In northeastern Chihuahua and Trans-Pecos Texas, in the early Late Albian zone of Hysteroceras varicosum occurs the Boeseites romeri (Haas) fauna with B. romeri (Hass), B. perarmata (Hass), B. aff. barbouri (Haas), B. cf. howelli (Haas), B.proteus (Haas), Prohysteroceras cf. P. hanhaense Haas, Elobiceras sp., and Dipoloceras (?) sp. B. perarmata has also been collected at Cerro Mercado, near Monclova, Coahuila. Haas originally described this fauna from Angola. Now, from rocks in the same zone in the Sierra Mojada, Coahuila, Mexico, there is a form related to if not identical with Hysteroceras famelicum Van Hoepen, also originally described from Angola and also from the zone of Hysteroceras varicosum.These fossils are known only from southern North America and Angola; they have not been described from the European Tethys. In 1984 I suggested that during the highstand of sea level of the early Late Albian (Hysteroceras varicosum zone) these ammonites migrated from Angola to Mexico and Trans-Pecos Texas via an epeiric seaway extending across the sag between South America and Africa proposed by Kennedy and Cooper. This would be twelve to fifteen million years prior to an oceanic connection between the North and South Atlantic.I would now ask, can similar epeiric seas and highstands of sea level explain the migration of successive European, Tethyan, Jurassic ammonite faunas down the Mozambique Channel and around the horn of Africa into the Neuquen Basin of Argentina before Africa and Antarctica separated, as proposed by Spath.

The growth pattern of the African tortoise Geochelone pardalis and other chelonians

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Hailey ◽  
Ian M Coulson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
The North ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Biased Sex Ratio ◽  
The Difference ◽  
North And South

Growth rings were measured in dead African leopard tortoises, Geochelone pardalis, collected in the seasonal tropics of Zimbabwe over an 11-year period. A series of Ford-Walford plots using growth measured from annuli showed that growth fitted a logistic by mass curve best, logistic by length and Gompertz curves less well, and a Bertalanffy curve least well. The Bertalanffy curve, often fitted to growth of chelonians, is characterised by particularly high growth rates of juveniles compared with larger individuals. It is suggested that this growth pattern is likely to be found in species showing a marked decrease in diet quality with size. This hypothesis is supported by a review of growth patterns in chelonians: Bertalanffy curves are associated with an omnivorous (and thus potentially variable) diet and other growth patterns with an obligate carnivorous or herbivorous diet. Geochelone pardalis in Zimbabwe showed significant sexual size dimorphism, the mean asymptotic mass of females being 1.7 times that of males, unlike populations with larger body sizes to the north and south. Annual survival estimated from age-frequency distributions was significantly higher in males (0.80) than in females (0.72), the difference being sufficient to account for the male-biased sex ratio of live animals.

scholarly journals Variation in Drosophila sensory bristle number at ‘Evolution Canyon’

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD F. LYMAN ◽  
EVIATAR NEVO ◽  
TRUDY F. C. MACKAY
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Thermal Environments ◽  
The North ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Bristle Number ◽  
Evolution Canyon ◽  
The Difference ◽  
North And South

‘Evolution Canyon’ on Mount Carmel, Israel, displays highly contrasting physical and biotic environments on a micro-geographic scale, and is a natural laboratory for investigating genetic responses to variable and extreme environments across species. Samples of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans were collected from three sites each on the north- and south-facing slopes of the canyon along altitudinal transects, and one site on the valley floor. Numbers of abdominal and sternopleural sensory bristles were recorded for each of these subpopulations in three thermal environments. In D. simulans, sternopleural bristle number exhibited micro-geographic differentiation between the north- and south-facing slopes, while abdominal bristle number was stable across subpopulations. In D. melanogaster, the magnitudes of the difference in mean sternopleural bristle number between the north- and south-facing slopes and of mean abdominal bristle number along the altitudinal gradients were both conditional on rearing temperature. Thus, the pattern of genetic variation between sites was consistent with underlying heterogeneity of genetic mechanisms for response to the same environmental gradients between traits and sibling species. In contrast, the genetic architecture of bristle number at the level of variation within populations was very similar between species for the same bristle trait, although the two traits differed in the relative contribution of genotype by temperature and genotype by sex interaction.

scholarly journals Variations in the difference between mean sea level measured either side of Cape Hatteras and their relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 2451-2469 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Woodworth ◽  
M. Á. Morales Maqueda ◽  
W. R. Gehrels ◽  
V. M. Roussenov ◽  
R. G. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic Oscillation ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The North ◽  
Cape Hatteras ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation

scholarly journals Incipient Glacier Development within Katmai Caldera, Alaska

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (21) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
E. H. Muller ◽  
H. W. Coulter
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Wall Rock ◽  
Crater Wall ◽  
The South ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
North And South

AbstractAn unusual opportunity for the study of glaciers in the process of development is afforded in Katmaicaldera in south-western Alaska. A violent eruption in 1912 destroyed the summit of glacier-clad Mount Katmai, creating a caldera 4 km. wide and 800 m. deep. Ice cliffs produced by beheading of the glaciers have since thinned and shrunk away from the rim of the caldera, except in the south-west. There, local reversal of direction of movement has resulted in an ice fall which descends part way down the crater wall. In the past thirty years two small glaciers have formed, near 1525 m. above sea level, within the caldera on large masses of slumped wall-rock below the north and south rims respectively. Elsewhere the sheer walls of the crater descend so steeply to the level of the caldera lake that permanent snowbanks cannot accumulate. The lake, which continues to rise at a rate of more than five meters per year, is at present the primary deterring factor in glacier development in the caldera.

scholarly journals Incipient Glacier Development within Katmai Caldera, Alaska

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (21) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Muller ◽  
H. W. Coulter
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Wall Rock ◽  
Crater Wall ◽  
The South ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
North And South

Abstract An unusual opportunity for the study of glaciers in the process of development is afforded in Katmaicaldera in south-western Alaska. A violent eruption in 1912 destroyed the summit of glacier-clad Mount Katmai, creating a caldera 4 km. wide and 800 m. deep. Ice cliffs produced by beheading of the glaciers have since thinned and shrunk away from the rim of the caldera, except in the south-west. There, local reversal of direction of movement has resulted in an ice fall which descends part way down the crater wall. In the past thirty years two small glaciers have formed, near 1525 m. above sea level, within the caldera on large masses of slumped wall-rock below the north and south rims respectively. Elsewhere the sheer walls of the crater descend so steeply to the level of the caldera lake that permanent snowbanks cannot accumulate. The lake, which continues to rise at a rate of more than five meters per year, is at present the primary deterring factor in glacier development in the caldera.

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