Effect of Carbon Black on Hysteresis of Rubber Vulcanizates: Equivalence of Surface Area and Loading

1976 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1076-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Caruthers ◽  
R. E. Cohen ◽  
A. I. Medalia
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Interfacial Area ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Tan Δ

Abstract We have developed an empirical correlation between the loss tangent (tan δ) and the product of the volume fraction (ϕ) of carbon black in the composite and the total filler-polymer interfacial area per unit volume of composite (ψ). This correlation was applied to vulcanizates based on SBR-1500, SBR-1712, and NR with various compounding procedures and under different deformation conditions, including forced vibration nonresonant dynamic test machines, and the Goodyear-Healey pendulum rebound. The functional form of the correlation was qualitatively similar in all instances ; however, quantitative aspects of the correlation are dependent upon the particular experimental conditions. Tan δ is a weak function of the deformation amplitude over the region of practical interest. This is in contrast to hysteretic energy loss, which is proportional to the square of the amplitude. The validity of the correlation over wide ranges of amplitude, temperature, and frequency indicates that the viscoelastic relaxation or loss processes are similar over the range of conditions studied. Since the combined parameter, ϕψ, is proportional to ϕ2 multiplied by the specific surface area of the carbon black, this relation implies an equivalence between surface area and loading, with regard to tan 5. It has previously been shown that the elastic modulus depends on structure and loading. Thus, the dynamic properties, including hysteresis under various conditions, can be predicted from the carbon black properties, and compounds can be designed for desired dynamic properties by independent adjustment of loading, structure and surface area.

Effects of tension fatigue on the structure and properties of carbon black filled-SBR and SBR/TPI blends

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Liu Yang ◽  
Kaikai Liu ◽  
Zijun Gu ◽  
Aihua Du
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the impact of tension fatigue on the structure and properties of filled SBR and SBR/TPI blends. The effect of tension fatigue on the dynamic properties of carbon black-filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and SBR/trans-1,4-polyisoprene (SBR/TPI) blend vulcanizates were investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The Mooney-Rivlin analysis of tensile stress-strain data is used for the determination of a rubber network crosslink density. The fatigue fracture surface of SBR/TPI vulcanizates was observed with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallinity of TPI in carbon black-filled SBR/TPI (80/20) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the incorporation of TPI into SBR vulcanizates influences the fatigue properties of the blend vulcanizates. The blend vulcanizates showed optimum fatigue properties with 20 phr TPI. With increasing fatigue cycles, the tensile properties and crosslink density of SBR vulcanizates were decreased substantially. Compared with that of SBR vulcanizates, the tensile properties and crosslink density of SBR/TPI (80/20) blend vulcanizates changed little with the increase in fatigue cycles, and tan δ and E′ decreased gradually with the fatigue cycles. There was a sharp decrease in the E′ and tan δ curve in the temperature range of 40 ~ 60°C. The XRD diffraction peak corresponding to 3.9 Å broadened when the fatigue cycles were increased to 1 million times, and a new peak with inter-planar spacing at 7.6 and 4.7 Å appeared.

Strain-Dependent Dynamic Properties of Carbon-Black Reinforced Vulcanizates. I. Individual Elastomers

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Sircar ◽  
T. G. Lamond
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Storage Units ◽  
Strain Dependent ◽  
Transient Structure

Abstract The degree of carbon—black particle aggregation (transient structure) in conventional vulcanizates varies with the nature of the elastomers. This is revealed by the variation of (Gm′−G∞ƒ′), which is a measure of the transient structure. The relationship between Gm″ and (Gm′−G∞ƒ′) as well as that between strain work and normalized modulus show similarity to earlier work in which the polymer type was not varied. This suggests that carbon-black structural elements act as energy storage units and are of the same type in all these polymers. While the decrease of in-phase modulus is primarily caused by carbon-black particle units, tan δ reflects also the effect of the polymeric matrix.

The Effect of Carbon Black Type on the Dynamic Properties of Natural Rubber

1973 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Ulmer ◽  
V. E. Chirico ◽  
C. E. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Strain Amplitude ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Dynamic Strain ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Frequency Interaction ◽  
Different Temperatures

Abstract The influence of carbon black type on the dynamic properties of natural rubber is examined for nine carbon blacks, encompassing a wide range of structure and surface area. The dynamic properties are measured at 23° C and 100° C, over a 2 decade range of log frequency, and over a range of 1 to 25 per cent dynamic strain. The effect of carbon black structure and surface area on dynamic properties of a natural rubber compound are dependent on the combination of strain amplitude and frequency test conditions. The effect of carbon black surface area and structure at different temperatures varies on an absolute basis but not necessarily on a relative basis. Correlations of forced non resonant measurements of dynamic properties with dynamic measurements using other instruments confirms the strain amplitude and frequency interaction with carbon black type. Also, the Goodyear-Healy Rebound machine, the Goodrich Flexometer, and the Pirelli Hysteresimeter can be used to estimate basic dynamic properties over limited strain amplitude and frequency conditions. In addition, mixing procedure was found to have a significant effect on the dynamic properties of a natural rubber compound filled with N-327.

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Carbon-Black-Filled Rubber Vulcanizates under Swollen Conditions

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanchal Neogi ◽  
A. K. Bhattacharya ◽  
Anil K. Bhowmick ◽  
S. P. Basu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Storage Modulus ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Swollen Vulcanizates ◽  
Limiting Value

Abstract 1. For unswollen vulcanizates, storage modulus (E′) decreases with the increase in temperature and decrease in loading and surface area of carbon-black filler. On partial swelling, these effects are much reduced, and E′ becomes independent of surface area and loading on equilibrium swelling. 2. Loss modulus (E″) of unswollen vulcanizates also follows the same trend. However, on swelling in xylene, E″ increases to a great extent because of contributions from both the solvent and the rubber matrix. 3. Loss tangent (tan δ) also decreases with increase in temperature and decrease in loading of carbon black. On swelling, it optimizes at 30 phr loading. 4. Tan δ increases with ϕΨ for unswollen samples, but swollen vulcanizates show an optimum in tan δ at ϕΨ=2.5. 5. Limiting value of storage modulus has been determined for all the filled samples.

Filler-Elastomer Interactions. Part VIII. The Role of the Distance between Filler Aggregates in the Dynamic Properties of Filled Vulcanizates

1993 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Jiao Wang ◽  
Siegfried Wolff ◽  
Ewe-Hong Tan
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Inverse Gas Chromatography ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Random Packing ◽  
Attractive Potential ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Tan Δ

Abstract Based on the concepts of the occlusion of rubber and random packing of spheres whose volume is equivalent to that permeated by individual aggregates, an equation was deduced to estimate the distance between carbon-black aggregates in filled rubber. It was found that when the interaggregate distance reaches a critical point which is approximately identical for all carbon blacks investigated (furnace blacks), the elastic modulus measured at very low strain deviates from the modified Guth-Gold equation. Tan δ and resilience are mainly determined by the distance between aggregates. These phenomena are related to filler networking which is determined by the attractive potential and the distance between individual aggregates. Since the factor Sf, used to characterize the strength of secondary filler networks in hydrocarbon rubbers and measured by means of inverse gas chromatography, is approximately the same for all furnace blacks, the interaggregate distance seems to determine filler networking. A comparison of fillers with different Sf (graphitized vs. nongraphitized carbon blacks, carbon black vs. silica) shows that at the same interaggregate distance, a lower Sf leads to higher tan δ of the filled vulcanizates.

INFLUENCE OF FILLERS ON SEMI-EFFICIENT VULCANIZED NATURAL RUBBER: DYNAMIC PROPERTIES AND HEAT BUILDUP

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Zhang ◽  
Zhiyi Zhang ◽  
Guizhe Zhao ◽  
Yaqing Liu ◽  
Ye Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Heat Buildup

ABSTRACT Carbon black and silica have long been recognized as reinforcing fillers, but their effect on the dynamic properties and heat buildup of vulcanizates is rarely reported. Therefore, natural rubber composites filled by carbon black with different particle size and silica were prepared. The Payne effect and heat buildup progressively decrease with an increase of carbon black particle size because of weaker filler network structure and better dispersion, the N754 filled sample in particular shows the lowest value, only 4.7 °C. The tensile strength and tear strength of composites all increase with the reducing carbon black particle size. SiO2-filled composites exhibit obvious Payne effects and inferior mechanical properties; at high strains (>10%), tan δ of SiO2-filled composites surpasses all that of carbon black–filled composites, due to the surface silanol groups on the silica surface and due to the decreased cross-link density.

Ionic Crosslinking of Carboxylated SBR

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 942-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyosaku Sato
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Ion Clusters ◽  
Ionic Crosslinking ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Ionic Bonds ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Ionic Crosslinks

Abstract 1. Ionic bonding of carboxylated SBR with zinc oxide is detectable by means of measurements of the temperature dependence of tan δ. There is an α peak in the region of 60°C at 3.5 Hz. The position and shape of the α peak are strongly dependent on the state of cure of the vulcanizates. Without permanent crosslinking, the α peak is a plateau; as the crosslink density increases, the α peak becomes sharper and shifts to lower temperatures. The presence of carbon black causes the α peak to shift to higher temperatures, regardless of the presence of permanent crosslinks. 2. Ionic bonds in carboxylated SBR reacted with zinc oxide are in the form of ion clusters which function as crosslinks at room temperature. The ionic crosslinks provide carboxylated SBR with high tensile strength in the absence of reinforcing fillers. The presence of carbon black causes the 300% modulus to increase. The ionic crosslinks are labile, and the strength is lost at moderately elevated temperatures. A mixed cure system consisting of both sulfur and zinc oxide provides higher heat resistance than either of the single cure systems.

Investigate of Electrical Conductivity of Shape-Memory Polymer Filled with Carbon Black

2008 ◽  
Vol 47-50 ◽  
pp. 714-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Lan ◽  
Jin Song Leng ◽  
Yan Ju Liu ◽  
Shan Yi Du
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Shape Recovery ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Shape Memory Polymer ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
New System

A new system of thermoset styrene-based shape-memory polymer (SMP) filled with carbon black (CB) is investigated. To realize the electroactive stimuli of SMP, the electrical conductivity of SMP filled with various amounts of CB is characterized. The percolation threshold of electrically conductive SMP filled with CB is about 3% (volume fraction of CB), which is much lower than many other electrically conductive polymers. When applying a voltage of 30V, the shape recovery process of SMP/CB(10 vol%) can be realized in about 100s. In addition, the thermomechanical properties are also characterized by differential scanning calorimetery (DSC).

Research on Electrical Double Percolation of Carbon Black-Filled Cement-Based Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Hong Zhong Ru ◽  
Ran Ran Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Cement Paste ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Carbon Black Content ◽  
Percolation Behavior ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Binder Ratio ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Double Percolation

Electrical conductive carbon black-filled cement-based composites are significant as multifunctional structural materials. Double percolation in carbon black-filled cement-based composites involves both carbon black particle percolation and cement paste percolation, which has great effect on the resistivity of composites. Based on double percolation theory, the influences of sand-binder ratio and carbon black volume fraction on the resistivity of carbon black-filled cement-based composites are investigated. The results show that besides carbon black volume fraction, sand-binder ratio is a key factor affecting double percolation behavior in carbon black-filled cement-based composites. At a fixed carbon black content in overall mortar, with increasing sand-binder ratio, the cement paste percolation though aggregate phase increases due to high obstruction of aggregate but the carbon black particle percolation in cement paste decreases. This is because that the microstructure of aggregate is impenetrable so that the carbon black particles are limited in cement paste, that is, the carbon black content in paste is compacted and large amount of conductive paths are generated by lapped adjacent carbon black particles in paste. The double percolation in the electrical conduction in carbon black-filled cement-based composites is observed when the carbon black volume fraction is 7.5% and sand-binder ratio is 1.4, and its resistivity is only 3200 Ωcm, so that a sand-binder ratio of 1.4 and 7.5% carbon black volume fraction or more are recommended for attaining high conductivity with a compromise between workability and conductivity.

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