Stress Analysis of Adhesion Tests
Abstract The ASTM D 2229-80 test specimen with a circular hole and a pad restriction was analyzed by 3D finite elements. Maximum shear stresses within the specimen are at the cord-rubber interface. Thus, failure is expected to initiate in the vicinity of the cord-rubber interface. This characteristic is similar to that seen in the MICA and TCAT tests; it represents an improvement over other pull-through tests including earlier ASTM tests. The computed tensile stresses normal to the cord indicate that friction forces will not be significant in this test (as they are in the TCAT test) and that debonding will propagate rapidly. In this regard, the D 2229-80 test is similar to the MICA test. Results of photoelastic analysis of the ASTM D 2229-80, MICA, and TCAT tests are in good agreement with the computed results. Maximum shear stress at the cord-rubber interface in the ASTM D 2229-80 test varies with the modulus of elasticity of the rubber. This variation becomes more pronounced with increasing rubber deformations (e.g., at higher loads and with softer rubber compounds). Thus, the cord pullout force will be dependent on the rubber modulus. From the above results we conclude the following: 1. The ASTM D 2229-80 test overcomes one of the serious drawbacks of earlier pull-through tests; failure is expected to initiate in the vicinity of the cord-rubber interface rather than elsewhere in the rubber. The new test's main deficiency is the dependence of the cord pullout force on the rubber modulus; in this regard, the MICA test offers a considerable advantage. 2. The ASTM D2229-80 test may be used in evaluating the adhesion of various steel cords embedded in a control rubber compound. 3. When changes are anticipated in the properties of the rubber compound, the MICA test offers a considerable advantage because the cord pullout force in the MICA test is independent of the rubber modulus.