Preparation of Epoxide Rubber Containing Allylic Chloride

1969 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1028-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Gurgiolo
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Indirect Proof ◽  
Zinc Oxides ◽  
Allylic Chloride

Abstract New epoxide monomers have been prepared that contain allylic chlorine. These have been copolymerized with propylene oxide to give polymers that also contain allylic chlorine. This type of propylene oxide rubber can be vulcanized with a mixture of magnesium oxide and zinc oxide eliminating the need for sulfur in the vulcanization recipe. This work presents an indirect proof of the allylic structure of neoprene and substantiates the theory of vulcanization of neoprene by magnesium and zinc oxides.

Applications of ZnO and MgO Nanoparticles in Reducing Zinc Pollution Level in Rubber Manufacturing Processes: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyyed Mohammad Javadi
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Mgo Nanoparticles ◽  
Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Council Directive ◽  
Zno Particles

Background: Rubber vulcanization is a consolidated chemical process to enhance the mechanical properties of the polymeric material by sulfur crosslinking of the polymer chains, such as rubber. Vulcanization Activators are important rubber processing additives that activate sulfur cure and improve the efficiency of sulfur-based cure systems. The most common activator is zinc fatty acid ester that is often formed in-situ by the reaction of fatty acid with zinc oxide. Although zinc is one of the less harmful heavy metals, according to European Council Directive 2004/73/EC, the reduction of zinc level in the environment has become an important task because of its toxic effect on aquatic organisms. : The current study reviews the research achievements in the field of reducing the consumption of micronutrients of ZnO particles based on the use of nanoparticles instead of them in the polymer industry. Among the proposed methods, due to the less environmental effects of magnesium oxide, the use of MgO nanoparticles instead of zinc oxide has also achieved good results. Objective: The aim of this paper is considering suggested different methods on the reduction of using ZnO particles in related industries, the use of ZnO nanoparticles has had better results than its particles. In addition, due to the less environmental effects of magnesium oxide, magnesium oxide nanoparticles can be used instead of micronutrients of zinc oxide. Overall, the results of various investigations show that reducing the diameter of the zinc oxide particles reduces the amount required for curing the rubber and thus reduces its toxic effects. Also, the use of magnesium oxide nanoparticles instead of zinc oxide in different concentrations is investigated.

Effect of magnesium oxide passivation on the performance of amorphous indium–gallium–zinc-oxide thin film transistors

2012 ◽  
Vol 520 (10) ◽  
pp. 3783-3786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Youn Yoo ◽  
Eugene Chong ◽  
Do Hyung Kim ◽  
Byeong Kwon Ju ◽  
Sang Yeol Lee
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Thin Film Transistors ◽  
Oxide Thin Film ◽  
Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide ◽  
Zinc Oxide Thin Film ◽  
Indium Gallium

Development of a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer with ‘on-line’ computer for studies in catalysis. Reactions of ethylene and deuterium on oxides

1974 ◽  
Vol 338 (1614) ◽  
pp. 299-310 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysis ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Chromium Oxide ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Addition Reactions ◽  
Gas Chromatograph ◽  
On Line ◽  
Catalytic Behaviour

The development of an ‘on-line’ computer for use with a combined gas chromatographymass spectroscopy (g.c.-m.s.) technique in the study of heterogeneous catalysis is described and discussed with reference to the reactions of ethylene and deuterium on oxides. Emphasis has been placed on the selectivities shown by a number of catalysts for the exchange and addition reactions. Magnesium oxide effects the exchange of ethylene without production of ethane even at 671 K; y-alumina also exhibits a high selectivity for exchange. In contrast, on chromium oxide (Cr20 3) at 197 K and zinc oxide at 273 K, ethylene undergoes rapid deuteration with no observable exchange of the olefin. For the range of catalysts studied the ratio of rate constants for the exchange and addition reactions decreases in the order: MgO > Al 2 O 3 > TiO 2 ~ Fe 2 O 3 > Co 3 O 4 > ZrO 2 > ZnO ~ Cr 2 O 3 . An explanation for the marked differences in catalytic behaviour within this group of oxides is provided.

scholarly journals Photocatalytic Decolourization of Direct Yellow 9 on Titanium and Zinc Oxides

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Regulska ◽  
Diana Małgorzata Bruś ◽  
Joanna Karpińska
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Azo Dyes ◽  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Zinc Oxides ◽  
Photocatalytic Removal

The photodecolourization of Direct Yellow 9, a member of the group of azo dyes which are commonly used in the various branches of the industry, was investigated. The photostability of this dye was not previously examined. Photocatalytic degradation method was evaluated. Solar simulated light (E=500 W/m2), titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide were used as irradiation source and photocatalysts, respectively. Kinetic studies were performed on a basis of a spectrophotometric method. Degradation efficiency was assessed by applying high performance liquid chromatography. Disappearance of a dye from titanium dioxide and zinc oxide surfaces after degradation was confirmed by thermogravimetry and Raman microscopy. Direct Yellow 9 was found to undergo the photodegradation with approximately two times higher efficiency when zinc oxide was applied in comparison with titanium dioxide. A simple and promising way to apply the photocatalytic removal of Direct Yellow 9 in titanium dioxide and zinc oxide suspensions was presented.

Effect of Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide on Heat and Light Stability of Ethylene Propylene Terpolymers

1966 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1347-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Baldyga ◽  
H. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Zinc Oxides ◽  
Aging Properties ◽  
Light Stability ◽  
Rutile Pigments

Abstract Oven aging properties at 350° F and 300° F of EPT polymers were substantially improved with additions of zinc oxide up to 10 and 20 phr. Zinc oxide enhanced the elongation retention after aging, and the improvement was significantly greater with French than with American Process zinc oxides. Finer particle size French Process zinc oxides imparted somewhat better aging properties than did the coarser zinc oxides of the same type. The aging advantage for high loadings of zinc oxide was notable both with whiting and clay-filled EPT compounds with low and normal amounts of sulfur. When the pigmentation of the EPT polymer was 50 phr of FEF black, the aging differences between the several American and French Process oxides at loadings of three to 20 phr were less prominent. Replacement of three per cent of EPT with an equal amount of several unsaturated elastomers increased the cure rate of the compound appreciably. Tear resistance was improved and compression set properties lowered. Improvement in heat resistance depends on the polymer added. Several anatase and rutile pigments were essentially equal in heat aging resistance at an equal volume loading in EPT. The reflectance of stocks with zinc oxide alone or in combination with titanium dioxide in an unfilled stock increased during the first three days of Atlas Weather-Ometer exposure. Beyond this point, there was a gradual degradation in reflectance with the loss in reflectance being somewhat greater with a zinc oxide-titanium dioxide blend than straight zinc oxide. These results reflect the observed differences in ultraviolet opacity between zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. In a comparison of anatase and rutile in a whiting loaded stock, anatase was poorer than rutile in reflectance through the initial exposure stages in the Atlas Weather-Ometer; however, after prolonged exposure, there was a reversal in reflectance, due to the chalk layer developed in the anatase sample. EPT stocks pigments with 79.5 phr of whiting with titanium dioxide between 18.5 and 25 phr, and activation amounts of zinc oxide showed no visible sunlight degradation after 70 weeks outdoors.

scholarly journals Comparison the Effect of Zinc Oxide and Magnesium Oxide Nano Particles on Long Term Memory in Adult Male Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahnaz Kesmati ◽  
Zeinab Sargholi Notarki ◽  
Narges Issapareh ◽  
Mozhgan Torabi
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Term Memory
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