scholarly journals A Critical Review: A Significant Role of Women in the Development of the Society

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Sidra Ismail Brohi ◽  
Jawaid Iqbal Mirani ◽  
Ayaz Ali Jarah ◽  
Shair Ali Brohi
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Research Journal ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Pakistani Women ◽  
The Government

Women are equal to men in Pakistan and contribute with some effort to economic development, democratic stability, and social quality. It is fact that Pakistani society is male-dominated and male constitutes a major part of the population of the country. In this regard, women face many problems to progress and obtain due status. In spite of all hurdles, Pakistani women are being an important contribution to the development of society in both rural and urban areas of all provinces. This paper discusses different roles of women from an Islamic point of view, roles of women in the Labour Force, and roles of women in the politics of Pakistan. The explanatory method has been for data collection from the secondary sources data collection like research articles, research journal and books. The finding of the article indicates that women despite numerous difficulties they are motivated, industrious and ready to work for the progress of the society of Pakistan. Consequently, the government and competent authorities should focus on the education, health, nutrition, training, safety and freedom of Pakistani women so that they can play their roles in the development of the country without any fear and discrimination.

scholarly journals Transport Mode Choice for Commuting: Evidence from India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Chandrasekhar ◽  
Ajay Sharma ◽  
Sumit Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Mode ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Unrelated Regression ◽  
Available Information

Using the first ever available information in Census of India 2011, covering 640 sub-national units (districts) in India, we analyze the correlates of modes of transport used by non-agricultural workers at the regional level covering both rural and urban areas. Providing a holistic picture from the perspective policy and academic perspective, we bring out some key stylized facts. Further, using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) estimation, we model the transport mode choice for commuting by the workers in the context of rural and urban India, and further extend it based on distinction in motorized and non-motorized transport modes. We find that urbanization level, population size and density along with education attainment and worker’s sex ratio (gender ratio among workers), age (elderly) and land use mix play very important role in regional pattern in transport mode choice for commuting. These results highlight the dire need for proper development of transport infrastructure and understanding its various dimensions from socio-economic, demographic and spatial point of view in the context of developing countries.

scholarly journals The Evaluation of Agropolitan Program in Central Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-123
Author(s):  
Alfina Handayani ◽  
Rachman Jamal ◽  
Komalawati Komalawati ◽  
Budi Adi Kristanto
Keyword(s):  
Community Involvement ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Human Resource Capacity ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Government ◽  
Depth Interviews

Agropolitan has been considered a solution for minimizing urbanization and creating equitable development between rural and urban areas. It has been one of the programs mentioned in the spatial planning agendas of the Government of Central Java. In Central Java, agropolitan has been started in 2002 and has left many problems related to the implementation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the implementation of agropolitan in Central Java. The research was conducted from April to October 2019. This study uses purposive sampling in determining the sample of the performance of the agribusiness sub-terminal at that location. The research started by completing pre-surveys to gain a brief description of the study areas and agropolitan program. The research collected in-depth information about the agropolitan program through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with farmer respondents, traders, and officers involved in agropolitan activities. Data were analyzed using scoring factors and descriptive qualitative. The results showed that in terms of projects, the implementation of agropolitan activities was in a GOOD category, but it was in the MEDIUM category in terms of sustainability. Furthermore, lack of community involvement, support from local government, the unavailability of an exit strategy, and the inflexibility of STAs to sell different commodities were some problems encountered in the implementation and sustainability of the program. As agropolitan is still one of the priorities of the Central Java Government, it is recommended to involve all stakeholders in the whole stages of the program from planning to evaluation, optimize or reactivate the Agropolitan working group, develop an institution that could sustainably implement the programs and the facilities, as well as increase human resource capacity.

Evaluation of access to electricity and the socioeconomic effects in rural and urban expanses of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toluwalope Ogunro ◽  
Luqman Afolabi
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Government ◽  
Electricity Access

PurposeRecently, multidimensional aspects of poverty has been increasingly focused on which includes education, economy and health, while access to modern energy such as stable electricity is also one of the possible solution; thus, this article aims to divulge the relation between access to electricity and progression in socioeconomic status in urban and rural areas of Nigeria in an attempt to propose a sustainable framework for access to electricity.Design/methodology/approachDemographic and health survey data are collected using four categories of model of questionnaires. A standard questionnaire was designed to gather information on features of the household's dwelling element and attributes of visitors and usual residents between the 2018 period. Biomarker questionnaire was used to gather biomarker data on men, women and children. Logistic model estimation technique was employed to estimate the socioeconomic factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria.FindingsThese studies discovered that there are diverse set of factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria especially in the rural areas. However, respondent residing in rural areas are still largely deprived access to electricity; most importantly, households with no access to electricity are more likely to use self-generating sets as revealed. Additionally, empirical findings indicated that the higher the level of your education and wealth, the higher the likelihood of having access to electricity in Nigeria. These factors included political will to connect the rural areas to the national grid, development of other infrastructures in those deprived areas and others.Practical implicationsThe problem confronting access to electricity in Nigeria has three components. The first is the significance of those deprived access to electricity in the rural areas and the physical resources needed to connect them to the national grid. The second is the political willingness of the government to have equitable distribution of public goods evenly between rural and urban areas especially on electricity access which will go a long way in reducing poverty in Nigeria. The third is lack of robust national development plans and strategy to tackle the problems facing electricity access in Nigeria.Social implicationsAs the rate of socioeconomic status/development increases, access to electricity is anticipated to rise up in Nigeria.Originality/valueThe findings can be used by the policy makers to address problems facing access to electricity in Nigeria.

Digital Banking Services in Rural India

2019 ◽  
pp. 56-72
Author(s):  
Ashoka M. L. ◽  
Rakesh T. S. ◽  
Madhushree S.
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Internet Banking ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Banking Service ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
Complete Transformation

Digitization or digitalization of banking services has established a strong network which supports a quick disbursement of banking services across the world. Digital banking service has enabled India to be more operative in reducing the transaction gaps between rural and urban areas. The awareness about cashless transactions has led to the complete transformation in online-banking services. The government initiatives as well as banks (private and public) efforts in implementing digital services such as internet banking, mobile banking, payment of various utility bills, online-ticket booking, digi-lockers for investors (investment), etc. has created a sense of technical significance among rural population. Favorable network condition plays a major role in making digital banking services more triumphant in both rural and urban India. The chapter reveals the ideology of customer's satisfaction towards the digital banking services in Belthangady Taluk, Dakshina Kannada district.

scholarly journals Design of a Development Index for Spanish Municipalities

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8910
Author(s):  
Ana Nieto Masot ◽  
Gema Cárdenas Alonso ◽  
Ángela Engelmo Moriche
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Diversity ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Variables

Currently, the demographic vacuum and poor development suffered by most areas of Spain are some of the most worrying issues from a territorial point of view, which is why this study is necessary. In this paper, the objective is to create a Development Index with which to study the different realities of rural and urban spaces through demographic and socioeconomic variables of the Spanish municipalities. Principal Component Analysis is carried out, with whose results the index has been prepared. This is then explored with a Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis. The results show that most developed Spanish municipalities and most of the population are concentrated in coastal areas and in the main cities of the country. In opposition, there are interior rural areas with less developed municipalities at risk of disappearance due to their increasing ages and levels of depopulation. Thus, in this paper, new variables and methods are used in the study of the social and economic diversity of rural and urban areas, verifying the inequality that still exists between both.

scholarly journals Determinants and Status of Vaccination in Bangladesh

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasrin Afzal ◽  
Begum Zainab
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government

The identification of the characteristics that have an influence on the vaccination coverage of children and the determination of the pattern of such influence are very important since the government can reschedule the policy to immunize each and every child. This paper examines the factors that manipulate the vaccination coverage in terms of five major vaccines using the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS)-2007 data. The results strongly suggest that mother’s education and economic status play a vital role significantly in improving the vaccination coverage. Besides, Khulna and Rajshahi have higher whereas Sylhet and Chittagong have lower immunization coverage than Dhaka. In addition, mother’s exposure to media (newspaper, TV or radio) also improves the status of coverage both in the rural and urban areas in Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v60i1.10336  Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 60(1): 47-51 2012 (January) 

scholarly journals ANALISIS PROGRAM PENINGKATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN USAHA KECIL DI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT KASUS DI KABUPATEN: BIMA, SUMBAWA, DAN LOMBOK BARAT

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wargono Adisoewignyo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Small Scales ◽  
The Government

The population of the small and medium scale businesses (SMSB) are amounted about more 500 thousand, while their role in GNP are about 50%. More 90% of the SMSB are small scales and carry out their activities in many sectors which are spead out in rural and urban areas as well. The power of the SMSB has been proved through the crises since 1998, they are still exsits, while the conglomerate had been col/aped. The development programme of small businesses in Indonesia has been intorduced for more than 3 decades, but the results are still queationable. In the beginning of 90's, such programmes were introduced in a line of the poverty eradication (PPE). The PPE programes such as PHBK, P4K, KUKESRA and IDT are in a line to the programes of developing real sectors in rural areas. Poverty is a crucial problem and consists of multidimensional aspects, not only economic but also social, cultural, structural and institutional as well.The previous programes never touch the core problem, operate separately, and rarely include the group targets (poor society) to actively participate in the programs. Another new programs such as P-IK, PHBK, KUKESRA and IDT have also been carried out, but at the present the results were still questionably. Some programes are introduced to develop small scales business, such as PHBK dan KUKESRAAims of the study are to indentify: the successes and the .fails of varoius programs for eradicating poverty, terms as 'Program for Poverty Eradication· or shortly PPE; how the fund has been allocated, managed, and coordinated; how jar the society, LSM, and poors themselves do involve; and how jar the programs could reduce poverty and sustainable develop the rural economy. The study has been carried out in three kabupatens: Bima. Sumbawa, dan West Lombok Resource persons are the GO and the NGO officers who close relate with the PPE. The respondents are members POKMAS who receive fund of the PPE. The Sarasehan procedure with resource applies to collect secondary data of the PPE's program from resource persons, while the participatory and emphatic procedures are used to invite responses and attitudes of respondents.The results indicate the models of the PPH, such as P-IK, PHBK. KUKESRA and IDT could not be generalized. Some were more rigid, while some others were accommodative. Some were effective, the others were stagnant, evermore fails. They need solid commitment of all: the government institutions from the top to the lowest. The involvement of the TOGA, the TOMA, and the NGO, and the poor themselves. The more rigid the programs were managed and directed (by the government), the higher the probability of programs are stagnant and even morefruitlessly.

scholarly journals A CASE STUDY: OBSTRUCTIONS ENCUMBERING THE TEACHER’S INCORPORATION OF ICT IN ENGLISH CLASSROOMS

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-68
Author(s):  
AzureenbintiAbd Aziz ◽  
ParilahbintiMd Shah
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
English Classrooms ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Ict Tools ◽  
The Government

The government has declared that all Malaysians that no one; both in rural and urban areas; would be divested from the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development. This calls for a need for teachers nationwide to make essential adjustments to the teaching and learning process. This paper takes a closer gaze on the obstructions faced by teachers in integrating ICT tools in teaching English language in the classrooms. This study aspires at determining why the teachers do not use ICT in the classrooms even they were utterly encouraged by sufficient technical supports.10 English teachers from a Secondary School were interviewed and their views and thoughts were discussed. The findings exposed that even the school is highly resourced with ICT tools and facilities, obstructions such as lack of time, amount of workload, lack of ICT skills and teachers’ negative attitudes towards ICT were hindering the teachers to incorporate ICT in their teaching. However, the teachers should be competent to shape and systematize their learning environment in non-traditional ways by merging the ICT with new pedagogy.

scholarly journals The Role of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDES) for The Village Community Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-21
Author(s):  
Irim Tiara Puri ◽  
Khoirunurrofik Khoirunurrofik
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Village Community ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Village ◽  
Model Approach

Regional disparities between rural and urban areas in Indonesia are still being an important issue inthe economic development. The government has carried out an economic stimulus in the village,one of them is through the Village Fund program for village development. One of the potentialpositive effects of implementing the Village Fund in Indonesia is creating a local economicinstitution that is expected to be able to develop the competition between villages through Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes). This study aimed to find out the empirical evidence whetherBUMDes, as one of the programs driving the village economy affected the welfare of ruralcommunities by looking at the differences in the improvement of the village economy. This studyused BUMDes and Village Potential (Podes) data in 2014 and 2018, and Village Fund Allocationas a proxy for economic activity at the village level by using the econometric model approach ofPropensity Score Matching and Difference in Difference with a fixed effect model. The resultsshowed that villages that had BUMDes gave a greater effect than the ones which did not haveBUMDes in improving the economy of the village community.

scholarly journals An Estimate of the Shadow Wage Rate in Pakistan

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
Minimum Wage Legislation ◽  
Benefit Cost

In the past few years, increasing attention has been given to the methods by which investments in developing countries should be appraised. Benefit-cost analyses, based on market prices and costs, do not indicate whether an investment would be profitable from a social point of view. The methods of project evaluation developed in the past decade suggest ways in which private costs and benefits can be adjusted to reflect positive or negative externalities and to eliminate the effects of distorting taxes and subsidies which influence private decisions but which do not affect an investment's fundamental economic value. One item in an investment's cost for which the market value is widely believed to be unrepresentative of its social value is labour. Much of develop¬ment theory has been built around the notion that labour is misallocated, largely because it is mis-priced. Urban labour commands a wage above its equilibrium price because of the effects of unions, minimum wage legislation and other institutional rigidities. For institutional reasons as well, rural labour is paid a wage which is in excess of its marginal contribution to agricultural output. Determining the social opportunity cost of labour is consequently essential to the proper evaluation of investment in both rural and urban areas.

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