Categorial and Non-categorial Meanings of the Categories of Gender, Number and Case of Personal Pronouns (A Russian-Bulgarian Juxtaposition)

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-496
Author(s):  
Encho Tilev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Main Approach ◽  
Scientific Paradigm ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Grammatical Structures ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The object of this study are the categories gender, number and case of personal pronouns in Russian and Bulgarian. It is well known that the two languages have a common genealogy, which determines the presence of many similarities in their grammatical structures. While the verb as part of speech, for example, has significant differences, Russian and Bulgarian personal pronouns function in a similar way. The categorial and non-categorial meanings are considered entirely in the theory of functional grammar of A. V. Bondarko, and in Bulgarian linguistics Ivan Kutsarov was the first to work in this scientific paradigm. In the present study, which is part of a comprehensive study of categoriality and non-categoriality in the language, the emphasis is put on the manifestations of non-categoriality, but for this purpose, part of the categorial meanings is also presented. The main approach is comparative.

Towards a Historical Treebank of Middle and Early Modern Welsh, Part I: Workflow and POS Tagging

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-154
Author(s):  
Marieke Meelen ◽  
David Willis
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Welsh Language ◽  
Word Boundaries ◽  
Exhaustive Extraction ◽  
Grammatical Structures

This article introduces the working methods of the Parsed Historical Corpus of the Welsh Language (PARSHCWL). The corpus is designed to provide researchers with a tool for automatic exhaustive extraction of instances of grammatical structures from Middle and Modern Welsh texts in a way comparable to similar tools that already exist for various European languages. The major features of the corpus are outlined, along with the overall architecture of the workflow needed for a team of researchers to produce it. In this paper, the two first stages of the process, namely pre-processing of texts and automated part-of-speech (POS) tagging are discussed in some detail, focusing in particular on major issues involved in defining word boundaries and in defining a robust and useful tagset.

scholarly journals Analyzing Interpersonal Metafunction through Personal Pronouns in Song Ci Jiang Cheng Zi. Ji Meng

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Chen Liping
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Systemic Functional Grammar ◽  
Love Song

<p><em>Interpersonal metafunction has been studied in the four translated versions of Song Ci Jiang Cheng Zi. Ji Meng through </em><em>contrastive analysis</em><em> with the focus on personal pronouns. It aims to find out that the use of different personal pronouns connotes different interpersonal meaning and test the</em><em> feasibility and applicability of Systemic Functional Grammar to discourse analysis.</em><em> It also helps people who love Song Ci better appreciate this Ci-poem from a different angle.</em></p>

scholarly journals Analysis of President Xi’s Speech at the Extraordinary G20 Leaders’ Summit in light of Systemic Functional Grammar

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
Xingyuan Cao ◽  
Lingling Liu
Keyword(s):  
Political Discourse ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Systemic Functional Grammar ◽  
Discourse Function ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
External Communication

Politics is a genre of language, and language is the manifestation of politics (Mazrui, 2008). Political discourse not only plays an important role in the process of national external communication but also conveys certain ideology and political intentions. Based on interpersonal function in Systemic Functional Grammar and using President Xi’s speech at the Extraordinary G20 Leaders’ Summit as the original data, this paper analyzes and explores how this speech can achieve discourse function through personal pronouns, mood, and modality. In addition, this paper reveals how various linguistic resources are used to realize interpersonal meaning in political discourse.

scholarly journals COMPOSITES-ADVERBS IN THE DIGOR DIALECT OF THE OSSETIAN LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
И.Н. ЦАЛЛАГОВА
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
New Words ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Speech Features ◽  
Lexical Composition ◽  
Formation System ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Существенную часть лексического состава любого языка составляют дериваты, ввиду этого, особое значение в номинативной деятельности человека приобретает словообразование. Всестороннее и разноаспектное исследование словообразователь­ной системы языков и их диалектов является одной из самых актуальных проблем в современном языкознании. Данное исследование посвящено одному из самых про­дуктивных способов словообразования – словосложению (композитообразованию) в дигорском диалекте осетинского языка. Существует ряд научных трудов по данной проблеме, но они освещают лишь отдельные словообразовательные виды, типы и модели, комплексного исследования композитного словообразования в дигорском ди­алекте не проводилось. Следует подчеркнуть, что словосложение по-разному прояв­ляет себя в разных частях речи. Особенности наблюдаются как в характере связи компонентов, так и в различной продуктивности самих типов сложений и разных лексико-грамматических классах слов. Отдельное изучение словообразования каждой части речи дает возможность выделить все способы и все средства, свойственные этой части речи. Исследование словообразовательных типов новых слов, их появ­ления в результате различных взаимодействий с другими словообразовательными типами может дать представление о том, какие тенденции проявляются в совре­менной словообразовательной системе языка. В соответствии с этим, основной це­лью работы является структурно-семантический анализ композитов-наречий, их типологическая характеристика, выявление наиболее продуктивных моделей. Ком­плексный подход к исследуемому материалу обусловил необходимость использования таких методов, как: описательный, сравнительно-сопоставительный, компонент­ный, статистический. В ходе исследования выявлены основные словообразователь­ные модели композитов-наречий в дигорском диалекте; проведен частеречный ана­лиз компонентов композитов-наречий; определена типология отношений между компонентами с учетом степени продуктивности. Derivatives make up a significant part of the lexical composition of any language, in view of this, word formation acquires special significance in the nominative activity of a person. Comprehensive and multifaceted study of the word-formation system of languages and their dialects is one of the most pressing problems in modern linguistics. This research is devoted to one of the most productive ways of word formation - word composition (compositing) in the Digor dialect of the Ossetian language. There are a number of scientific works on this problem, but they cover only certain derivational types, types and models; a comprehensive study of composite word formation in the Digor dialect has not been carried out. It should be emphasized that word composition manifests itself in different ways in different parts of speech. Features are observed both in the nature of the connection between the components, and in the different productivity of the types of additions themselves and different lexical and grammatical classes of words. A separate study of word formation for each part of speech makes it possible to highlight all the methods and all the means inherent in this part of speech. The study of word-formation types of new words, their appearance as a result of various interactions with other word-formation types can give an idea of what tendencies are manifested in the modern word-formation system of the language. In accordance with this, the main goal of the work is the structural and semantic analysis of composites-adverbs, their typological characteristics, and the identification of the most productive models. An integrated approach to the material under study necessitated the use of methods such as: descriptive, comparative, component, statistical. In the course of the research, the main derivational models of composites-adverbs in the Digor dialect were revealed; a part-of-speech analysis of the components of adverb composites was carried out; defined a typology of relationships between components, taking into account the degree of productivity.

scholarly journals КАТЕГОРИАЛНОСТ И НЕКАТЕГОРИАЛНОСТ В СИСТЕМАТА НА РУСКИТЕ ЧИСЛИТЕЛНИ ИМЕНА (В СЪПОСТАВКА С БЪЛГАРСКИ) / CATEGORIALITY AND NON-CATEGORIALITY IN THE SYSTEM OF RUSSIAN NUMERALS (IN COMPARISION WITH BULGARIAN)

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (PR) ◽  
pp. 193-204
Author(s):  
ENCHO TILEV
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Correct Classification ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Theoretical Linguistics ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Case Number

Few Indo-European languages categorize numerals as an independent part of speech. In all languages numerals are used to indicate the same extralinguistic quantity although in theoretical linguistics, researchers still argue for their correct classification. The aim of this paper is to take a closer look at some of the problems related to the categorical and non-categorial meanings of numerals in Russian and Bulgarian. The lexical peculiarity of the part of speech under study is intertwined with the functioning of the grammatical categories of case, number and gender. Although from a morphological point of view the grammatical categories are represented very sparsely, the available forms are characterized by exceptional originality and comprehensiveness, which is a further attestation to the connection between categoriality and noncategoriality. The analysis gives grounds to believe that numerals are the only part of speech in which non-categorial manifestations exceed categorial ones, which is a reason for further research within this class of words. Keywords: grammatical categoriality, noncategoriality, functional grammar, gram¬matical categories, Russian language, Bulgarian language, numerals

scholarly journals Modal Operators and Personal Pronouns in Roosevelt’s Inaugural Addresses

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 984
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Dou
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Systemic Functional Grammar ◽  
Statistic Method ◽  
Modal Operators ◽  
Inaugural Addresses ◽  
Close Relationship

This paper tries to apply the interpersonal function of Halliday’s systemic functional grammar to analyze the interpersonal meanings of modal operators and personal pronouns in Roosevelt’s four inaugural addresses, that is, the dynamic and close relationship between the speaker and the hearers. By means of statistic method and stylistic analysis, this paper takes Roosevelt’s four inaugural speeches as objects of study, and mainly explores the interpersonal meanings of modal operators or linguistic forms so as to bring home Roosevelt’s linguistic techniques and stylistic effects. Roosevelt shows great interest in modal operators and personal pronouns to appeal to his audience’s emotional responses, to strengthen his in-group intimacy, and to convince his audience of his political purposes.

scholarly journals Analytic tendencies in modern Polish and Russian

2015 ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
Wojciech Sosnowski
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Frequent Use

Analytic tendencies in modern Polish and RussianModern Polish and Russian are characterized by some features which demonstrate an increasing level of analitism. In the process of transformation from synthetic to analytical language, a crucial role is played by prepositional units. In this research, analitism is understood in a traditional way as a morphological and syntactic phenomenon. The fact that the synthetic structure of a language may, in some conditions, turn into an analytical one, as happened in the case of Bulgarian and Macedonian, has been intriguing linguists ever since, and has made me attempt to answer the question: What is the condition of modern Polish and Russian, which are languages with a rich literary tradition and solid grammatical norms, which belong to a group of synthetic languages? The analytical tendencies in morphology include the following: a decrease in the number of cases in all inflected parts of speech; a more frequent use of uninflected nouns and adjectives; the growing importance of nouns with common gender, and, in particular, the use of forms of masculine gender to depict feminine gender; differences in expressing collectiveness in a group of nouns (using collective meaning for forms that have singular meaning; substituting case forms with prepositions; substituting case forms with subordinate clauses; substituting case forms with “helper” words. Analytical tendencies in the area of numeral functioning include: substituting inflected forms of ordinal numerals with cardinal ones; the gradual disappearing inflection of numerals; confusing the forms of noun cases after numerals; the disappearing declination of collective numerals; displacing other cases with so-called simple cases; changing the syntactical position which the numeral should be inflected in; abandoning the declination of first elements of collective numerals. During the study of analytic tendencies in morphology, it was necessary to examine personal pronouns as this part of speech seems to be the most stable as far as other forms except nominative are concerned. Having analysed the material, it can be claimed that analitism in Slavic pronouns is observed at the level of the replacement of short forms with full ones, through the use of various forms after prepositions and eliminating all the alternative forms of personal pronouns. This review of analytic tendencies has also involved studying the article and its role in analytic languages, as the article is the area of a language which should be filled while the inflection disappears. Having analysed the material, I have concluded that there is a possibility that the article may appear in Polish and Russian.The most important part of speech in analytic languages is the preposition. An increase in the number of prepositional units is said to be an essential element of syntactic transformation in 20th century Polish and Russian i.e. their ongoing transformation from synthetic into analytic languages. In accordance with this tendency, secondary prepositions are gradually replacing proper prepositions and case forms in their traditional usage. The secondary preposition has been defined as a lexical unit, not being a preposition initially but used secondarily in this function. Such a definition requires adopting a functional perspective in the description, more so because the transformation of various language units (nouns, prepositional phrases, adverbs, conjunction, phraseological nexuses) into prepositions takes place gradually and the same set can be interpreted otherwise in different contexts. This comprehensive analysis of two modern Slavonic languages shows that the number of prepositional units in both languages has grown and is still increasing.

scholarly journals Analysis of interpersonal metafunction in text messages: A case study of group text messages among teachers of English at Viet Anh School

2021 ◽  
pp. 365-385
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationship ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Systemic Functional Grammar ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
The Social ◽  
Future Intention ◽  
Points Of View

This paper analyzes the interpersonal metafunction in text messages of teachers of English at Viet Anh School. The paper uses Systemic Functional Grammar as the theoretical framework which aims to investigate into a language from a qualitative approach. The aim of this paper is to discover how interpersonal metafunction is being served in text messages of teachers of English in terms of mood, speech function, modality, and personal pronouns. The analysis indicates that the teachers of English often use text messages for providing more information and demanding services by the dominant use of declarative clauses in their interaction. These teachers of English also perform their plans or desires about their future intention through the frequent use of modalities such as ‘will’, ‘can’ or ‘could’. Through the analysis of personal pronouns, it can be clear that the teachers of English tend to interact with each other by sharing their points of view rather than mentioning about other things or persons. Their social relation is shortened through the popular use of pronouns ‘I’, ‘we’ and ‘you’. Thus, it can be concluded that the social relationship among teachers of English is established and maintained through the use of interpersonal metafunction.

Exploring the typological plausibility of Processability Theory: language development in Italian second language and Japanese second language

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Di Biase ◽  
Satomi Kawaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Adult Learners ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Empirical Observation ◽  
Lexical Functional Grammar ◽  
Processability Theory ◽  
General Architecture ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Grammatical Structures

This article aims to test the typological plausibility of Processability Theory (PT) (Pienemann, 1998). This is ‘a theory of processability of grammatical structures... [which] formally predicts which structures can be processed by the learner at a given level of development’ (p. xv). Up till now the theory has been tested mainly for Germanic languages, while here we propose to test it for two typologically different languages, namely Italian and Japanese. Language specific predictions for these two languages will be derived from PT, and the structures instantiating them will be described within a Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) framework. The occurrence and distribution of relevant structures will then be analysed in empirical, naturalistic data produced by adult learners. To test whether PT is typologically plausible we will demonstrate the following points for Japanese and Italian: • The notion of ‘exchange of grammatical information’ is a productive concept for typologically different languages. • Predictions that can be derived from the general architecture of the theory for specific languages will be borne out by empirical observation. (Pienemann 1998: 166).

Progress In The Practical Application Of Automated Image Analysis To Tem Negatives

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 214-217
Author(s):  
F. A. Heckman ◽  
E. Redman ◽  
J.E. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Automated Image Analysis ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
High Image Quality ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Comprehensive Study

In our initial publication on this subject1) we reported results demonstrating that contrast is the most important factor in producing the high image quality required for reliable image analysis. We also listed the factors which enhance contrast in order of the experimentally determined magnitude of their effect. The two most powerful factors affecting image contrast attainable with sheet film are beam intensity and KV. At that time we had only qualitative evidence for the ranking of enhancing factors. Later we carried out the densitometric measurements which led to the results outlined below.Meaningful evaluations of the cause-effect relationships among the considerable number of variables in preparing EM negatives depend on doing things in a systematic way, varying only one parameter at a time. Unless otherwise noted, we adhered to the following procedure evolved during our comprehensive study:Philips EM-300; 30μ objective aperature; magnification 7000- 12000X, exposure time 1 second, anti-contamination device operating.

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