Mobility of Pratylenchus coffeae in segmented soil columns submitted to water flows and plant stimuli

The root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus spp. causes a high-severity disease, promoting high economic losses in various crops of agricultural importance. The nematode control is difficult, especially after introduction into the area. Studies on the migration of this parasite in the soil are scarce. However, understanding nematode behavior in the soil is fundamental to increase the efficiency of management practices, especially in irrigated agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of water flow and plant stimulus on Pratylenchus coffeae mobility in segmented soil columns. The columns were segmented into 11 rings of 1 cm long filled with washed sand, one of the ends exposed to a bait, and submitted to flows of 0, 3, 7 cm3/min of water. Baits for nematode attraction and repelling consisted of sectioned tubers of yam (Dioscorea cayennensis) and cut leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica), respectively, and the absence of baits as the control. Nematodes were injected into the central segment of the column, and migration and presence in water leaching were determined five days after soil infestation. Mobility of P. coffeae varied with water flow and bait type. In the absence of water flow, nematodes migrated in the opposite direction to the neem baits, but migration was well distributed in the presence of yam baits, with specimens present in all column segments. The nematode had significantly higher resistance to water flow of 3 cm3/min in the presence of yam baits. No nematodes were found in the water leached at flows of 3 and 7 cm3/min in the absence of bait. Key words: Azadirachta indica. Dioscorea cayennensis. Lesion nematode. Soil dispersion.

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Spatialized N budgets in a large agricultural Mediterranean watershed: high loading and low transfer

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-9-57-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 57-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

L. Lassaletta ◽

E. Romero ◽

G. Billen ◽

J. Garnier ◽

H. García-Gómez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Management Practices ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

N Budget ◽

Ebro River ◽

N Retention ◽

Management Measures ◽

Mediterranean Regions ◽

Food And Feed

Abstract. Despite the particular management practices and climate characteristics of the Mediterranean regions, the literature dealing with N budgets in large catchments subjected to Mediterranean conditions is scarce. The present study aims to deepen our knowledge on the N cycle within the Ebro River Basin (NE Spain) by means of two different approaches: (1) calculating a global N budget in the Ebro River Basin and (2) calculating a series of detailed regional budgets at higher geographical resolution. N inputs and outputs were spatialized by creating a map based on the most detailed information available. Fluvial and atmospheric N export was estimated together with N retention. The Ebro River Basin annually receives a relatively high amount of new N (5118 kg N km−2 yr−1), mostly in the form of synthetic fertilizers (50%). Although it is a highly productive catchment, the net N input as food and feed import is also high (33%). Only 8% of this N is finally exported to the delta zone. Several territorial units characterized by different predominant uses (rainfed agriculture, irrigated agriculture and pastures) have differentiated N dynamics. However, due to the high density of irrigation channels and reservoirs that characterize Mediterranean catchments, N retention is very high in all of them (median value, 91%). These results indicate that problems of eutrophication due to N delivery in the coastal area may not be too severe but that high N retention values may instead lead to problems within the catchment, such as pollution of aquifers and rivers, as well as high atmospheric emissions. The most promising management measures are those devoted to reducing agricultural surpluses through a better balanced N fertilization.

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Prevalence and herd-level risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in the State of Goiás, Brazil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n5supl2p3625 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (5Supl2) ◽

pp. 3625 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Willian Vilela Rocha ◽

Valéria De Sá Jayme ◽

Ana Lourdes Arrais de Alencar Mota ◽

Wilia Marta Elsner Diederichsen de Brito ◽

Glauciane Ribeiro de Castro Pires ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Management Practices ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Livestock Production ◽

The State ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Strong Concentration ◽

Herd Level

Bovine tuberculosis results in economic losses in livestock production and poses a risk to public health. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological status of bovine tuberculosis in adult cows in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The state was divided into three sampling strata, corresponding to different livestock production circuits. A total of 18,659 animals were tested with the comparative cervical tuberculin test (CCT), in 300 randomly sampled bovine herds per stratum. An epidemiological questionnaire was used to identify health and management practices that may be associated with the presence of tuberculosis infection in the herd. In Stratum 1, dominated by beef cattle, no animals reacted to the CCT. In Stratum 2, which covers the main dairy regions of the state, the prevalence was estimated at 8.67% [5.73 to 12.74%] for herds and at 0.9% [0.21 to 1.58%] for animals. In Stratum 3, characterized by a mix of dairy, beef and dual-purpose herds, the prevalence was estimated at 1.00% [0.21 to 2.89] for herds and 0.30% [0.10 to 0.49 %] for animals. The overall prevalence in the state of Goiás was 3.43% [2.20 to 4.67%] for herds and 0.30% [0.10 to 0.49%] for animals. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that herd-level risk factors associated with the presence of the bovine tuberculosis are: the location of the herd in Stratum 2 (OR = 12.05 [3.52 to 41.28]) and the number of times a cow is milked per day (OR = 6.27 [2.72 to 14.44]). Regular veterinary care was identified as a protective factor (OR = 0.38 [0.15-0.94]). These results indicate that bovine tuberculosis is endemic in the state; its spatial distribution is heterogeneous with a strong concentration in dairy regions. The most intensive dairy farms are those with the highest risk, which is consistent with what other authors’ found elsewhere in Brazil. The epidemiological information generated by this study provides information for planning of risk-based surveillance actions, and justifies the adoption of free-herd certification programs for bovine tuberculosis in the main dairy regions of Goiás.

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A cross sectional study to assess the knowledge and response to dog bite among the urban and rural population of Hubballi taluk

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20190062 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 539

Author(s):

Maneesha Godbole ◽

Anjana Ramachandra Joshi ◽

Dattatraya D. Bant

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Wound Management ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Dog Bite ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Canine Rabies ◽

Rabies Prevention

Background: Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease of the central nervous system, most commonly caused by the bite of rabid dogs. Globally canine rabies causes 59,000 human deaths, over 3.7 million DALYs and 8.6 billion USD economic losses annually. These losses are due to a lack of knowledge about wound management and post-exposure prophylaxis. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge and practices following dog bite and its management among the urban and rural population.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the field practice area of KIMS, Hubli. 120 households of the urban and rural locality were interviewed with a semi-structured pretested questionnaire.Results: Overall 89.16% of the study population was aware that the disease can be prevented by vaccination. 35% of the rural and 28% of the urban population believed that the disease can spread from person to person. The knowledge about the site and the number of doses of vaccine was poor among both the population. The harmful practices for treatment of bite were still prevalent among both rural (25%) and urban (8.3%) population.Conclusions: The knowledge about the dog bite management and Rabies prevention is insufficient among both populations. There are myths and misconceptions about the disease and wound management. Practices like application of harmful substances like lime, turmeric, mud are the problems hindering rabies prevention and control. Proper steps need to be taken up to control the canine rabies.

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Soil sodicity in Victoria

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9930869 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 869 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

GW Ford ◽

JJ Martin ◽

P Rengasamy ◽

SC Boucher ◽

A Ellington

Keyword(s):

Land Degradation ◽

Management Practices ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Relevant Information ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Future Research ◽

Sodic Soils ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Key Issues

This paper gives a broad overview of the distribution and agricultural importance of sodic soils in Victoria. Sodic soils are estimated to occupy at least 13.4 Mha, representing at least 73% of Victoria's agricultural land. Most of this land is used for dryland farming; about 85% of the cropped land and 66% of the land sown to dryland pastures occurs on sodic soils. The largest sodicity class is 'alkaline sodic', dominated by a diverse range of soils (red duplex, yellow duplex, calcareous earths and self-mulching cracking clays). Alkaline sodic soils comprise half of the total agricultural land area, or about 24% of the area of land currently used for dryland cropping and 21% of the land under sown pasture. Land degradation problems are recognized as affecting most agricultural land in Victoria, and to be substantially limiting its productivity. The nature, extent and severity of the various forms of land degradation are a consequence of both intrinsic soil properties and of management practices. There is an urgent need to improve current farming practices to prevent further deterioration of the soil resource. Existing knowledge of the behaviour of sodic soils under both dryland and irrigated agriculture is reviewed. It is concluded that substantial gains in productivity are possible, but will require effective collaboration between soil scientists, agronomists, and land managers. Collation and integration of current knowledge on the properties and management of sodic soils in Victoria, and the acquisition of additional relevant information by targeted long-term research is required. Key issues for future research are identified.

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Impact of the Syrian refugee crisis on land use and transboundary freshwater resources

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1614342113 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 113 (52) ◽

pp. 14932-14937 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Marc François Müller ◽

Jim Yoon ◽

Steven M. Gorelick ◽

Nicolas Avisse ◽

Amaury Tilmant

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Stream Flow ◽

River Flow ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Transboundary Water Resources ◽

Syrian Refugee ◽

Mass Migration ◽

Syrian Civil War ◽

And Migration

Since 2013, hundreds of thousands of refugees have migrated southward to Jordan to escape the Syrian civil war that began in mid-2011. Evaluating impacts of conflict and migration on land use and transboundary water resources in an active war zone remains a challenge. However, spatial and statistical analyses of satellite imagery for the recent period of Syrian refugee mass migration provide evidence of rapid changes in land use, water use, and water management in the Yarmouk–Jordan river watershed shared by Syria, Jordan, and Israel. Conflict and consequent migration caused ∼50% decreases in both irrigated agriculture in Syria and retention of winter rainfall in Syrian dams, which gave rise to unexpected additional stream flow to downstream Jordan during the refugee migration period. Comparing premigration and postmigration periods, Syrian abandonment of irrigated agriculture accounts for half of the stream flow increase, with the other half attributable to recovery from a severe drought. Despite this increase, the Yarmouk River flow into Jordan is still substantially below the volume that was expected by Jordan under the 1953, 1987, and 2001 bilateral agreements with Syria.

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Hydrological processes and water flux quantification in agricultural fields under different tillage and irrigation systems using water stable isotopes

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11039 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alba Canet-Marti ◽

Angela Morales-Santos ◽

Reinhard Nolz ◽

Günter Langergraber ◽

Christine Stumpp

Keyword(s):

Stable Isotopes ◽

Water Content ◽

Water Flow ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Management Practices ◽

Hydrological Processes ◽

Agricultural Fields ◽

Soil Profiles ◽

Water Fluxes ◽

Irrigation Systems

Sustainable agriculture should be based on management practices that improve resource usage efficiency and minimize harmful impacts on the environment while maintaining and stabilizing crop production. Both tillage and irrigation can have a great influence on hydrological processes within agroecosystems. However, it remains difficult to directly assess the effect of practices on water fluxes which has been mainly indirectly quantified by complex numerical modelling methods in the past. Therefore, the objective of the study was to use a space for time concept and measure oxygen and hydrogen isotopes (&#948;18O, &#948;2H) in the pore water of soil profiles as well as moisture contents for quantifying the soil water balance and fluxes. Covering all combinations, soil profiles and isotope analysis was performed for 16 sites planted with winter wheat and managed with different tillage (conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), minimal tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT)) and irrigation systems (hose reel boom irrigation with nozzles (BI), sprinkler irrigation (SI), drip irrigation (DI) and no irrigation (NI)). The results indicated that the more intense the tillage, the lower the water content. Among the irrigation systems, DI had the highest average water content. Tracing the minimum in the isotopic composition of the pores water within the depth profiles showed a deeper percolation of water in the CT fields, which indicates higher water flow velocity. Considering both water content and differences in water flow velocities resulted in water fluxes ranging from 90 to 151 mm yr-1. The losses due to evapotranspiration varied between 57 and 80%. The resulting evapotranspiration within tillage and irrigation variants decreased in the order RT>CT&#8776;MT>NT, and SI>BI>DI>NI. Thus, the method revealed that the lower water content in CT fields is a consequence of deeper water infiltration. Moreover, irrigation water contributed mostly to evapotranspiration, and drip irrigation showed the lowest evapotranspiration losses among irrigation systems. This study demonstrated that water stable isotopes can be used as indicators and are a promising method to quantify water fluxes in agricultural fields with great potential for evaluating management practices.

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Irrigation Management and Water Pricing in Turkey

Sustainable Policy Applications for Social Ecology and Development ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-1586-1.ch006 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 73-86

Author(s):

Erol H. Cakmak

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Management Practices ◽

Global Climate ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Water Pricing ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Water Users ◽

Total Water Consumption ◽

Water Charges ◽

Almost All

Irrigated agriculture in Turkey currently consumes 75 percent of the total water consumption, which corresponds to about 30 percent of the renewable water supply. Unfavorable future global climate and economic conditions will increase the stress in the water sector. The operation and maintenance (O&M) of almost all large surface irrigation schemes developed by the state has been transferred to irrigation associations governed by the farmers. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of irrigation management practices and an evaluation of irrigation water pricing after the transfer using price data at the association level since 1999. Results indicate that both irrigation water charges and collection rates increased following the transfer. However, the recuperation of investment costs for irrigation development from the users has remained minimal. The price of the irrigation water continued to be on per hectare basis, and farmers using pumping water face 2.5 times higher water charge per hectare then the gravity water users. The uptake of more efficient water application technology accompanied by pricing mechanisms reflecting scarcity value of water will certainly ease the adjustment burden of the irrigation sector in the future.

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Irrigation Management and Water Pricing in Turkey

International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development ◽

10.4018/jsesd.2010040102 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 13-26

Author(s):

Erol H. Cakmak

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Management Practices ◽

Global Climate ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Water Pricing ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Water Users ◽

Total Water Consumption ◽

Water Charges ◽

Almost All

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Characterization of Botrytis cinerea From Commercial Cut Flower Roses

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-18-1623-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (7) ◽

pp. 1577-1583 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. Muñoz ◽

J. E. Faust ◽

G. Schnabel

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Fungicide Resistance ◽

Management Practices ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Resistance Management ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Cut Flower ◽

Aspergillus Brasiliensis

Botrytis cinerea Pers. infects cut flower roses (Rosa × hybrida L.) during greenhouse production and gray mold symptoms are often expressed in the postharvest environment, resulting in significant economic losses. Disease management is based on cultural practices and preventative chemical treatments; however, gray mold outbreaks continue to occur. Rose tissues from six commercial shipments from two greenhouses in Colombia were evaluated to determine the Botrytis species composition as well as identify other pathogens present, gray mold incidence and severity, and fungicide resistance profiles. Botrytis isolates (49 total) were grouped into six morphological phenotypes, and all were identified to be B. cinerea sensu stricto. Disease incidence was higher in the petals than in the stem, stamen, ovary, sepal, or leaf tissues. Other fungi were isolated infrequently and included Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Epicoccum nigrum, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus brasiliensis, and Diplodia sp. Fungicide resistance profiles were determined using previously established discriminatory doses. Isolates resistant to thiophanate-methyl, iprodione, boscalid, and cyprodinil were found frequently in all shipments and in both greenhouses. The frequency of resistance to penthiopyrad, fenhexamid, fluopyram, isofetamid, and fludioxonil varied between shipments and greenhouses. No resistance to pydiflumetofen was observed at the discriminatory doses tested. Isolates with resistance to multiple chemical classes were commonly found. These results indicate that fungicide resistance management practices may improve preharvest and postharvest gray mold control of cut flower roses.

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Dealing with Water Scarcity and Salinity: Adoption of Water Efficient Technologies and Management Practices by California Avocado Growers

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12093555 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 3555

Author(s):

Julie Reints ◽

Ariel Dinar ◽

David Crowley

Keyword(s):

Water Scarcity ◽

Management Practices ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Saline Water ◽

Primary Data ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Water Supplies ◽

Self Organizing Maps ◽

Agriculture Sector ◽

Elevated Salinity

The irrigated agriculture sector has been facing an increased scarcity of good quality water worldwide. Consequently, the sustainability of water intensive crops, such as avocado, is threatened when water becomes scarce and expensive, or when growers must use saline water supplies that reduce crop yields. A variety of irrigation technologies and water management practices are now recommended to help growers through times of limited water supplies and elevated salinity levels. To examine how growers adopt different practices and combinations of practices, we collected data from a sample of avocado growers in California. We used Kohonen self-organizing maps, and developed logit models to identify the most common bundles of technologies and management practices that growers are using to deal with water scarcity. We test the validity of the proposed bundles and factors affecting their adoption, using primary data obtained from a survey of California avocado growers at the height of the drought during 2012–2013. Results show that farm location, share of income from agricultural production, use of cooperative extension advice, and farmer characteristics, such as age and education, all play important roles in grower adoption of individual and bundled methods to adapt to water scarcity.

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