Combination of carbohydrases and essential oils improve dietary performance of feedlot steers on a high-energy diet

Essential oils and enzymes are alternatives to feed additives for ruminants that aim to replace the use of ionophores and improve animal performance, but their mechanisms of action are different. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify if there is a synergistic effect in the combined use of enzymes carbohydrates and essential oils on the performance, ingestive behavior and carcass traits of steers fed a high-energy diet. During the finishing period of 78 days, 40 steers were assigned to four treatments: CON- control; ENZ- enzymatic complex; EO- essential oil blend; ENZ+EO - enzymatic complex combined with essential oil blend. Regardless of the feedlot periods, the ENZ+EO treatment caused a reduction in the dry matter intake (12.48%) compared to the control. The ENZ+EO treatment resulted in the lowest mean fecal output and, consequently, the highest dry matter digestibility (DMD) and starch digestibility (SD), compared to the other treatments. Animals that received EO and ENZ+EO in the diet spent more time in feeding. As for the number of times animals visited the feeding trough, the highest values were presented by the animals in the EO, ENZ and ENZ+EO treatments. For the carcass parameters, only the subcutaneous fat thickness on the rib was significantly different between treatments, with the highest values obtained by adding EO and ENZ+EO (8.80 and 8.10 mm respectively). Thus, the combination of carbohydrate enzymes and essential oils proved to be synergistically beneficial in relation to better use of nutrients and productive performance of feedlot steers.

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PSVII-3 Effect of feeding finishing steers two different commercially available blends of essential oils with or without benzoic acid on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.295 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 166-167

Author(s):

Lydia M Wang ◽

Benjamin M Bohrer

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Benzoic Acid ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Finishing Steers ◽

Oil Blend

Abstract This study examined the effects of feeding two different commercially available blends of essential oils with or without benzoic acid on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing steers. Angus-based crossbred steers (N = 76; allocation BW = 429 ± 30 kg; starting BW = 466 kg ± 31 kg) were assigned by allocation weight into two blocks. Within each block, steers were randomly assigned to one of seven dietary treatments for a 100 d finishing period. Treatments were: 1) a negative control with no additives; 2) a positive control with supplementation of monensin/tylosin; 3) essential oil blend #1 (Victus Liv, DSM Nutritional Products); 4) essential oil blend #2 (Fortissa Fit 45, Provimi Canada); 5) benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products); 6) a combination of essential oil blend #1 and benzoic acid; and 7) a combination of essential oil blend #2 and benzoic acid. All feed additives were supplemented at dosage levels according to manufacturer instructions. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality were evaluated. Individual animal feed intake was collected using an Insentec feeding system, therefore steer was the experimental unit for all analyses. Data were analyzed using a RCBD with fixed effect of treatment and random effect of block. Final BW, ADG, DMI, and G:F were similar (P > 0.25) among treatments. There were no treatment differences (P > 0.15) for the carcass characteristics or the meat quality parameters evaluated in this study. Overall, steers supplemented with the commercial blends of essential oils with or without benzoic acid had similar growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality parameters as steers fed CON or M/T, indicating that these products may have potential as replacements for monensin and/or tylosin.

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Effect of monensin sodium associative to virginiamycin and/or essential oils on the performance of feedlot finished steers

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n1p261 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 261

Author(s):

Julio Cezar Heker Junior ◽

Mikael Neumann ◽

Robson Kyoshi Ueno ◽

Margarete Kimie Falbo ◽

Sandra Galbeiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Feeding Behavior ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Live Weight ◽

Average Weight ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Fat Thickness

The objective of this study was to evaluate the associative effect of monensin sodium to virginiamycin and/or essential oils on performance, consumption of nutrients and dry matter, apparent digestibility, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics of feedlot finished steers. The experiment lasted 106 days with 10 days of adaptation and 96-day trial, and had 32 crosses angus steers, average age 12 months and average weight of 376 kg, divided into 16 stalls, the weighing took place every 21 days and at the end of the experiment. The treatments consisted of the combination of the following additives to the diet included: Monensin sodium, 200 mg day-1 (MO); Monensin sodium, a dose of 200 mg day-1 + essential oil dose of 1.5g day-1 (MO+EO); Monensin sodium, a dose of 200 mg day-1 + virginiamycin, 200 mg day-1 (MO+VI); Monensin sodium, 200 mg day-1 + essential oil dose of 1.5g day-1 + virginiamycin day, 200 mg day-1 (MO+EO+VI), each treatment had four repetitions, where each repetitions consisted of a bay with two animals. The MO+VI association in relation to MO only increase in average daily gain (ADG) of 24.44%, 22.35%, 21.10% and 17.31% in weighing 42, 63, 84 and 96 days, similar the combination of MO+EO+VI which provided an improvement of 21.94%, 13.59%, 15.45% and 14.75% respectively in the same weightings. The daily carcass gain and carcass overall gain were higher in associations MO+VI and MO+EO+VI and provided an average gain of 16.67 kg more compared to MO and MO+EO. In the parameters feed efficiency, dry matter intake and nutrient expressed in kg day-1 and percentage of live weight were not observed differences (P > 0.05) between treatments. Data on apparent digestibility, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics did not show statistical difference between treatment, except for fat thickness which was higher when associated with any of the additives to the MO, and farm weight was higher in associations containing VI. Associating MO+VI or MO+EO+VI proved to be best in this work compared to MO+EO or only MO in the diets of steers in termination.

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Komposisi Minyak Atsiri dan Aktivitas Antimikroba Rimpang Temu Putih dan Jahe Gajah sebagai Fitobiotik Pakan Unggas

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis ◽

10.33772/jitro.v6i2.5560 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 181

Author(s):

Laila Nur Rohma ◽

Osfar Sjofjan ◽

M. Halim Natsir

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Activity Test ◽

Main Component

ABSTRAK Imbuhan pakan unggas dapat berasal dari bahan herbal yang mengandung berbagai komponen aktif yang bermanfaat bagi pertumbuhan ternak.Temu putih dan jahe gajah dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai imbuhan pakan karena mengandung minyak atsiri yang dapat berperan sebagai agen antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komponen penyusun minyak atsiri dan aktivitas antimikroba pada rimpang temu putih dan jahe gajah. Penelitian dilakukan dengan percobaan in vitro menggunakan temu putih dan jahe gajah yang diolah menjadi bentuk ekstrak minyak atsiri temu putih dan jahe gajah sebagai materi uji komposisi penyusun minyak atsiri serta bentuktepung dan enkapsulasi sebagai materi uji aktivitas antimikroba. Komposisi minyak atsiri temu putih terdiri dari lima komponen penyusun dengan cis-1,7-octadien-3-yl acetat sebagai komponen utama. Komposisi minyak atsiri jahe gajah terdiri dari tujuh komponen dan benzene,1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl-(CAS) ar-curcumene sebagai komponen utama. Minyak atsiri yang terkandung pada temu putih dan jahe gajah mempunyai peran dalam menghambat mikroba. Uji komposisi penyusun minyak atsiri menggunakan alat GC-MS dan uji aktivitas antimikroba menggunakan metode disc diffusion dan. Hasil dari uji aktivitas antimikroba menunjukkan bahwa temu putih dan jahe gajah dalam bentuk tepung dan enkapsulasi memiliki perbedaan yang sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap aktivitas antimikroba pada bakteri asam laktat, Escherichia coli dan Salmonella sp. Campuran temu putih dan jahe gajah (1:1) menunjukkan kemampuan terbaik dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen dengan diameter zona hambat 5,70±0,14 mm (Escherichia coli) dan 6,88±0,45 mm (Salmonella sp.).Kata Kunci : antimikroba, fitobiotik, jahe gajah, minyak atsiri, temu putihABSTRACTThe poultry feed additives can contain herbal ingredients that contain various beneficial components for livestock growth. White turmeric and giant ginger can be used as feed additives because they contain essential oils that can be used as antibacterial agents. This study aims to determine the constituent components of essential oils and antimicrobial activity in white turmeric and giant ginger rhizomes. The study was carried out by in vitro experiments using white turmeric and giant ginger which were processed into the form of essential oil extract as material for the composition of essential oils test, and powder and encapsulation form as antimicrobial activity test material. The composition of essential oils of white turmeric consists of five constituent components with cis-1,7-octadien-3-yl acetate as the main component. The composition of giant ginger essential oil consists of seven components with benzene, 1- (1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl) -4-methyl- (CAS) ar-curcumene as the main component. Essential oils contained in the white turmeric and giant ginger have a role in inhibiting microbes. The composition of the essential oil tested using GC-MS and the antimicrobial activity test used the disc diffusion method. The results of the antimicrobial activity test showed that white turmeric and giant ginger in powder and encapsulation form had significant differences (P <0.01) on antimicrobial activity in lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. The mixture of white turmeric and giant ginger (1: 1) showed the best ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria with inhibitory zone diameters of 5.70 ± 0.14 mm (Escherichia coli) and 6.88 ± 0.45 mm (Salmonella sp.).Keywords: antimicrobial, essential oil, giant ginger, phytobiotic, white turmeric

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Atividade antifúngica de óleos essenciais em sementes de Enterolobium contortisiliquum

Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB ◽

10.18265/1517-0306a2020v1n53p11-17 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (53) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Maria Silvana Nunes ◽

Hilderlande Florêncio Da Silva ◽

Edcarlos Camilo Da Silva ◽

Luciana Cordeiro Do Nascimento

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Aerial Part ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Germination Test ◽

Germination Speed ◽

Physiological Quality ◽

Health Test

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of essential oils in sanitary and physiological quality in seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum. The experiment was carried out at Universidade Federal da Paraíba. The monkfish seeds were manually benefited and scarified to overcome dormancy. Ten treatments were used: control, dicarboximide fungicide and essential oils of Andiroba, eucalyptus, camphor, mint, fennel, basil, rosemary and Copaiba. A health test was performed, with incubation in filter paper, using as a criterion to identify the comparison of characteristics described in the specific literature. The germination test was evaluated up to the fourteenth day, and the variables analyzed were: germination percentage, first count, germination speed index, dead seeds, aerial part length, root and seedling, and fresh and dry matter of seedling. The experimental design used was DIC and the averages were compared using the Scott-Knott test. The essential oils of mint and fennel showed an efficiency equivalent to the conventional method with the use of fungicide and did not cause physiological damage. The essential oil of copaiba should not be used in the treatment of E. Contortisiliquum seeds because they are fungal stimulants and may cause damage to the physiological quality.

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Acute effects of essential oil blend containing phlai oil on mood among healthy male volunteers: Randomized controlled trial

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2019-0097 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Warangkana Arpornchayanon ◽

Sumittra Gomonchareonsiri ◽

Sunee Chansakaow ◽

Tinakon Wongpakaran ◽

Pairada Varnado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Test Scores ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Healthy Male ◽

Healthy Male Volunteers ◽

Male Volunteers ◽

Oil Blend

AbstractBackgroundEssential oil blend (ESOB) containing Zingiber montanum or Phlai and Zingiber tenuiscapus oils as the major components has high levels of terpenes such as sabinene, terpinene, terpinolene, and terpine-4-ol. Phlai is well known for its analgesic property, but its effects on mood remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of inhaling the ESOB containing phlai essential oils on mood and stress among healthy volunteers.MethodsA prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial pilot study was conducted among 38 healthy male volunteers; 19 in the ESOB containing phlai oil group and 19 in the control group, which used olive oil. One single inhalation was provided continuously for 15 min via hot steam. Mood status was assessed pre- and post-intervention using the Visual Analog Scales for Mood, Anxiety, Stress and Alertness (MASA). Rorschach tests, in a modified analysis, were also employed. One-way ANCOVA was used to determine statistical differences of the mood test results between ESOB containing phlai oil and olive oil.ResultsMean age of the participants was 22.11 (SD 2.1) years. Both ESOB containing phlai oil and olive oil increased the post-test scores of positive mood and reduced the scores of negative mood. However, no difference was observed regarding the mood test scores between groups, except concerning the Rorschach stress test (F (1,38)=6.486, p=0.015). The variance of change, explained by the model (R square), was 32.8%, while the adjusted R-squared was 0.290.ConclusionsSingle inhalation aromatherapy using ESOB containing phlai oil or olive oil showed an immediate improvement of mood states among healthy young male volunteers by easing the negative emotions and enhancing positive emotions, especially feelings of pleasure and contentment. Natural blend of phlai essential oils was more efficacious than olive oil in reducing emotional stress.

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The Response of Hypericum Perfpratum L. to the Application of Selenium and Nano-selenium

10.21203/rs.3.rs-708123/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rezaei Nazari Mahmonir ◽

Vahid Abdossi ◽

Zamani Hargalani Fariba ◽

Kambiz Larijani

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Leaf Water Content ◽

Important Species ◽

Shoot Weight

Abstract Background: In terms of medicinal and therapeutic properties, H. perforatum is the important species. However, Selenium has been applied as an alleviation strategy subjected to producing essential oils and biomass.Method: For this study, a randomized complete block design with three replications was used so that each experimental unit comprised of 30 number 8 pots. The treatments included the foliar application of selenium (6, 8, 10, and 12 mg/l), nano-selenium (6, 8, 10, and 12 mg/l), and control (distilled water), applied at the rosette stage and harvesting at 50% flowering stage.Results: The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of selenium and nano selenium fertilizers was significant (p<0.01) on plant height, inflorescence length, number of inflorescences, inflorescence weight, shoot weight, root length, the total weight of biomass, essential oil percentage, the content of hypericin and hyperforin, the selenium accumulation in the plant, relative leaf water content, the content of chlorophylls a, b, and total, the content of phenol, the content of proline, production and accumulation of catalase, peroxidase, malondialdehyde, and DPPH enzymes. The highest inflorescence weight (21 g/plant), shoot weight (70 g/plant), and essential oil content (0.14%) were obtained from the control treatment. The highest accumulation of hypericin (3.8 mg/g dry matter) was obtained from the foliar application of 8 mg/l selenium. The maximum accumulation of hyperforin (57 mg/g dry matter) was obtained from the foliar application of 10 mg/l selenium. The highest accumulation of selenium (287.52 μg/g dry matter) was obtained in the foliar application of 12 mg/l nano-selenium.Conclusion: If the purpose of producing H. perforatum is to use the shoots and essential oils of the plant, then the use of selenium and nano-selenium is not recommended at all and should not be used. If the goal is to produce high hypericin, high hyperforin, and also the accumulation of selenium in the plant, the use of treatments of 6 and 8 mg/l of selenium and nano-selenium could be applied.

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The effect of essential oils on cholesterol content in chicken meat

Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.5219/1691 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 1069-1081

Author(s):

Mária Angelovičová ◽

Michal Angelovič ◽

Peter Zajác ◽

Jozef Čapla ◽

Klaudia Šaraková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Cholesterol Content ◽

Chicken Breast ◽

Control Group ◽

Thigh Muscles ◽

Feed Supplements ◽

Cinnamon Essential Oil

The study aimed to investigate cholesterol content in chicken breast and thigh muscles by the influence of feed supplements of various content of essential oils. The experiment was carried out under practical conditions in a poultry farm with broiler chickens of the Cobb 500 hybrid combination according to the feed supplement used thyme essential oil, cinnamon essential oil, commercial citrus fruit essential oil, and their combination. The control group was without the use of experimental feed supplements and commercial coccidiostats were used in their feed mixtures. The experiment lasted 40 days in welfare conditions. Broiler chickens were used for sample preparation of breast and thigh muscles with the skin and their analysis for dry matter, fat and cholesterol contents. Samples were analyzed using a Nicolet 6700 FT-IR Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The results were processed by the SAS system program, version 8.2. The results, which were evaluated, indicated a tendency to reduce the cholesterol content in chicken breast muscle due to cinnamon essential oil and the combination of cinnamon essential oil with citrus fruit essential oil as well as thyme essential oil with citrus fruit essential. In the achieved results of dry matter, fat, and cholesterol content in breast and thigh muscles, the difference between the effects of the used feed supplements based on essential oils and concerning the control group were not statistically significant p >0.05. The correlation was a statistically significant strong linear relation only between dry matter content and fat content due to thyme and cinnamon essential oils. In conclusion, it was stated that the investigation of the feed supplement effect based on essential oils is an open question concerning the production of safe food of animal origin.

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Effects of Four Essential Oils on Nutrients Digestibility of In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation

Buletin Peternakan ◽

10.21059/buletinpeternak.v42i2.33522 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Asih Kurniawati ◽

Widodo Widodo ◽

Wayan Tunas Artama ◽

Lies Mira Yusiati

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Pennisetum Purpureum ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Foeniculum Vulgare ◽

Melaleuca Leucadendra

This research was done to study the effect of four essential oils (EOs), as feed additives, on ruminal nutrient digestibility in order to find out candidate of rumen modifier. Those four EOs were destilated from Foeniculum vulgare (Mill), Pinus merkusii (Jungh. & de Vriese), Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle and Melaleuca leucadendra (L.). Their effect on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) digestibility were studied using in vitro rumen fermentation technique according to Theodorou method. Data were statistically analysed using analysis of variance factorial 4x5 design. Feed for fermentation substrate consist of Pennisetum purpureum, rice bran and wheat pollard. Essential oil individually was added and mix with substrate to meet the final concentration in fermentation media of 0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/l. P. merkusii, C. nardus and M. leucadendra EOs reduced DM, OM, and CF digestibilities. The decreasing were in line with the increasing of EOs doses. Therefore F. vulgare only reduced CF digestibility. The value of DM, OM and CP digestibilities in fermentation with F. vulgare did not differ from control. CP digestibility differed among EO treatments. In F. vulgare, and P. merkusii, treatments, CP digestibility did not differ from control, whereas overall CP digestibility in C. nardus tended to be higher than control and CP digestibility in M. leucadendra was significantly higher. All EOs addition reduced CF digestibility at all level. CF digestibility in fermentation added 800 mg/l of M. leucadendra EO was slumped to only 14.29% of control. Among four EOs M. leucadendra is the most potent on interrupt rumen feed fermentation whereas P. merkusii and C. nardus in moderate ways and F. vulgare in delicate manner.

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Optimization of dietary lemon seed essential oil to enhance alfalfa silage chemical composition and in vitro degradability

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n2p891 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 891-906

Author(s):

Maghsoud Besharati ◽

◽

Valiollah Palangi ◽

Masomeh Niazifar ◽

Zabihollah Nemati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Alfalfa Silage

Purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of lemon-seed essential oils on chemical composition and in vitro degradability of alfalfa silage. Treatments were alfalfa silage with no additive (control) or treated with 60 ml/kg DM of lemon-seed (C60), of lemon-seed (C120) essential oils and equal mixed of them (M60). Whole plant alfalfa silage was ensiled for 60 d in triplicate laboratory scale tubes. Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, insoluble fiber in acidic and neutral detergent, water soluble carbohydrate, pH, were measured with 3 replicates by in vitro gas production method. Dry matter (DM) content was greater for leo60 than control. Compared with control, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration was decreased in leo120. Addition of essential oils and their combination to the silage significantly decreased (p<.0001) silage pH compared with untreated silage interestingly increased for all the silages containing essential oil compared with untreated silage. Addition of lemon-seed essential to alfalfa silage decreased the rate of disappearance of organic matter and dry matter in all treatments compared to the control treatment. The degradability potential of alfalfa silage has increased in treatments containing lemon-seed essential oil (60 ml / kg DM) which is significantly different from the control. In general, the obtained data show the positive effect of lemon-seed essential oil on the quality of alfalfa silage and its fermentation properties.

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PSVII-7 Fatty acid profile is not affected by feeding finishing cattle essential oils and/or benzoic acid

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.294 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 166-166

Author(s):

Lydia M Wang ◽

Benjamin M Bohrer

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Benzoic Acid ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Finishing Diets ◽

Finishing Steers ◽

Oil Blend

Abstract Fatty acid profile of beef subcutaneous fat was evaluated in two separate studies where blends of essential oils and/or benzoic acid were fed to finishing steers. Study 1 had sixty-eight finishing steers that were fed 1 of 5 finishing diets: no additional supplement, monensin/tylosin, essential oil blend #1 (Victus Liv, DSM Nutritional Products), benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products), or a combination of essential oil blend #1 and benzoic acid. Study 2 had seventy-six finishing steers that were fed 1 of 7 finishing diets: no additional supplement, monensin/tylosin, essential oil blend #1, essential oil blend #2 (Fortissa Fit 45, Provimi Canada), benzoic acid, a combination of essential oil blend #1 and benzoic acid, or a combination of essential oil blend #2 and benzoic acid. All feed additives were supplemented according to manufacturer instructions, which were 33 mg/kg of monensin, 11 mg/kg of tylosin, 1 g/steer/day of essential oil blend #1, 4 g/steer/day of essential oil blend #2, and 0.5% inclusion level (on a DM basis) of benzoic acid. Fatty acid profile was determined on a 4 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm sample of subcutaneous fat from the 12th rib location of each steer. Fatty acid methyl esters were used to identify and quantify individual fatty acids using gas chromatography. Data were analyzed separately for the two studies, using a RCBD with fixed effect of treatment, and random effects of block (allocation weight of the steers) and the interaction of treatment and block. Total saturated fatty acids (SFA), total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), MUFA:SFA, PUFA:SFA, and n6:n3 were not different (P > 0.09) between treatments for either study. Overall, it was concluded that supplementation of essential oils and/or benzoic acid did not affect fatty acid profile of beef subcutaneous fat.

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