scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE ISLAMIC COMMUNITY IN PURSUING THE ALBANIAN NATIONAL INTEREST

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-188
Author(s):  
Dragan Novaković
Keyword(s):  
National Interest ◽  
The State ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Organization Model ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Full Control ◽  
Absolute Majority

Complex processes which enabled Albanians to gain full control over a unifi ed and centralized Islamic Community in the Socialist Yugoslavia are presented in this work. Islamic Community’s decision to align its organization with the state’s organization model provided by the Constitution and to establish its central bodies on the basis of equal representation of all council territories which coincided with the administrative boundaries of the republics of that time enabled the Albanians to obtain absolute majority in the bodies at the highest level. For years the established domination presented no problem because the Albanian representatives were cooperative and unwilling to challenge the supremacy of the Muslims, but when the disintegration crisis of the state began to unravel, it resurfaced with a dramatic twist. Abandoning its initial neutrality, the Islamic Community in the fi rst phase openly supported one side demanding disintegration of the state and in the second phase, breaking up of Serbia’s territorial integrity and creation of an independent Kosovo. These activities clearly indicate that the Albanian factor had acted premeditatedly when taking control of the Islamic Community as a whole and that it had taken advantage of favourable historical circumstances using the Islamic Community as a lever to pursue the projected national interests that were to be materialized through the fi nal status of Kosovo and Metohija.

scholarly journals The role of Islam in Indonesia's contemporary foreign policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mohamad Zakaria Al Anshori
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
National Interest ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Domestic Affairs

<p>This study aims to investigate the extent to which Islam influences Indonesian foreign policy in the post-Suharto era. Specifically, this research intends to examine under what circumstances the influence of Islam on Indonesian foreign policy will be substantial and under what conditions it will have less of an effect. Focusing on the era of the administration of President Yudhoyono, the issues covered in this study embrace Indonesia’s policies towards Iran’s nuclear programme, Kosovo’s independence and Palestinian statehood.   This study puts emphasis on the interplay between Muslim groups and the government in relation to the conduct of the country’s foreign policy. As interest groups, Muslim groups in Indonesia have had significant concerns about Muslim issues in both Indonesia’s domestic affairs and in its foreign policy.  In general, this study argues that there has been an increased role for Islam in Indonesia’s post-Suharto foreign policy. Islamic elements and Muslim groups’ aspirations have been increasingly included and accommodated in the country’s foreign policy. These accommodations are made to the extent that the aspirations these views reflect do not contradict fundamentally with Pancasila as state philosophy, the 1945 constitution and the country’s vital national interests, mainly those related to territorial integrity.  Specifically, the case of the Iranian nuclear programme has showed that the government ‘bowed’ to the Muslim groups’ pressures which were backed by the parliament. The government changed its position from supporting UNSC resolution 1747 on sanctions against Iran to abstaining on the similar resolution no. 1803. In this regard, the influence of Muslim groups on the country’s foreign policy was important and substantial as Muslim groups’ interests and members of parliament’s interests did converge against the government’s policy on that matter.   The Kosovo case has demonstrated an opposite effect. The government apparently firmed up its non-recognition of Kosovo’s independence and disregarded Muslim groups’ aspirations. Muslim groups’ aspiration to recognise Kosovo’s independence is perceived to contradict the most vital of the country’s national interest, namely national integrity. Finally, the case of Palestinian statehood has showed that the Indonesian government’s policy and Muslim groups’ aspirations have been aligned (unlike their differences over Iran) with a similar voice being presented.</p>

scholarly journals The role of Islam in Indonesia's contemporary foreign policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mohamad Zakaria Al Anshori
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
National Interest ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Domestic Affairs

<p>This study aims to investigate the extent to which Islam influences Indonesian foreign policy in the post-Suharto era. Specifically, this research intends to examine under what circumstances the influence of Islam on Indonesian foreign policy will be substantial and under what conditions it will have less of an effect. Focusing on the era of the administration of President Yudhoyono, the issues covered in this study embrace Indonesia’s policies towards Iran’s nuclear programme, Kosovo’s independence and Palestinian statehood.   This study puts emphasis on the interplay between Muslim groups and the government in relation to the conduct of the country’s foreign policy. As interest groups, Muslim groups in Indonesia have had significant concerns about Muslim issues in both Indonesia’s domestic affairs and in its foreign policy.  In general, this study argues that there has been an increased role for Islam in Indonesia’s post-Suharto foreign policy. Islamic elements and Muslim groups’ aspirations have been increasingly included and accommodated in the country’s foreign policy. These accommodations are made to the extent that the aspirations these views reflect do not contradict fundamentally with Pancasila as state philosophy, the 1945 constitution and the country’s vital national interests, mainly those related to territorial integrity.  Specifically, the case of the Iranian nuclear programme has showed that the government ‘bowed’ to the Muslim groups’ pressures which were backed by the parliament. The government changed its position from supporting UNSC resolution 1747 on sanctions against Iran to abstaining on the similar resolution no. 1803. In this regard, the influence of Muslim groups on the country’s foreign policy was important and substantial as Muslim groups’ interests and members of parliament’s interests did converge against the government’s policy on that matter.   The Kosovo case has demonstrated an opposite effect. The government apparently firmed up its non-recognition of Kosovo’s independence and disregarded Muslim groups’ aspirations. Muslim groups’ aspiration to recognise Kosovo’s independence is perceived to contradict the most vital of the country’s national interest, namely national integrity. Finally, the case of Palestinian statehood has showed that the Indonesian government’s policy and Muslim groups’ aspirations have been aligned (unlike their differences over Iran) with a similar voice being presented.</p>

MIGRATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN MONGOLIA IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-60
Author(s):  
Irina V. Imideeva ◽  
◽  
Nandinceza Boldbaatar ◽  
Nikita S. Ryazantsev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Demographic Policy

The aim of the study is to analyze the factors of Mongolia's national security in the context of the country's security and approaches to the implementation of demographic policy. The object of the study is the demographic processes in Mongolia during the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of ensuring the country's national security. The subject of the study is the measures taken by the state authorities of Mongolia during the COVID-19 pandemic to protect national interests from internal and external threats, the patterns and principles of implementing and ensuring the national security of the state in the context of solving the country's demographic problems. The most important element of the stability of the national security of the state is demographic security, as it is responsible for the process of reproduction of the country's population, in quantitative and qualitative terms. The approach of the Mongolian state in the context of a pandemic is aimed at protecting every citizen, society and country as a whole from internal and external threats, which allows maintaining the sovereignty, sustainable socio-economic and demographic development, territorial integrity of Mongolia. The study analyzed demographic processes during the COVID-19 pandemic, including fertility, mortality, migration, nuptiality and divorce. The features of migration processes during the COVID-19 pandemic are considered, including the return of Mongolian citizens to their homeland through channels organized by the state — export flights. The links between the socio-economic situation and changes in the demographic sphere in the country are revealed. The key risks in the development of demographic processes in Mongolia during the COVID-19 pandemic, affecting the sustainability of national security, have been identified. Based on the results obtained, measures are proposed to strengthen the demographic policy in Mongolia.

scholarly journals Theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of national interests in the crisis management system

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 135-146
Author(s):  
Ф. І. Терханов
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The article substantiates a comprehensive study of theoretical and practical problems of ensuring the national interests and territorial integrity of Ukraine in the context of crisis management, modern transformational changes in the field of public administration. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of the complex of national interests are analyzed, the concept and essence of public government activities in the field of national interests and the preservation of territorial integrity are determined. The concept, essence and elements of ensuring national interests in public administration are defined.Based on the analysis of studies of domestic and foreign scientists, it is proposed that research approaches to the formation of a complex of national interests be divided into the following areas: the first direction involves a combination of international and national parts of the qualification of problems in the field of national interests, based on regulation by international legal acts, which are set forth in the form decisions and resolutions of international organizations, and on this basis a generalization of the concept of "national interests sys ”, based on constitutional norms, regulations on the functioning of managerial structures, provisions of relevant legislative acts, specifics of geopolitical status, membership in international and intergovernmental organizations. The second direction is based on establishing the institutional characteristics of formalizing national interests and provides for a combination of political, socio-economic and security components, and is now complemented by factors of military-political and military-economic cooperation. The third area is based on a modern understanding of the concept of "security and territorial integrity of the state." In the framework of this direction, the mutual influence of national security factors, the identification of threats to state sovereignty and territorial integrity are investigated, and the country's geopolitical status is determined. The fourth direction is based on a comprehensive study of the features of ensuring national interests in open or latent armed conflicts.The content of legal norms as an element of the mechanism for ensuring national interests and territorial integrity in the field of public administration is analyzed. The features of the functional components of ensuring national interests in the context of transformational changes in public administration are considered. The methodological foundations of the assertion of territorial integrity as a component of national interests are investigated. The essence of the normative legal certainty of the concept of territorial integrity is determined, as well as the institutional features of ensuring territorial integrity. The process of establishing a national security system and ensuring the territorial integrity of Ukraine as a component of the formation of a modern state in the format of crisis management is analyzed. The importance of the constitutional definition of the geopolitical course from the standpoint of ensuring national interests is proved. Particular attention is paid to the study of the legal formalization of an object, subject, their functions in the mechanism of organizational and legal regulation of the state from the standpoint of ensuring territorial integrity and national interests.

The State, the Clergy, and British Imperial Policy in Afghanistan during the 19th and Early 20th Centuries

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senzil Nawid
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
History Of

The political and dynastic history of Afghanistan during the 19th and the early 20th centuries is well known. So is British imperial policy toward Afghanistan. However, very little attention has been paid to the role of the clergy, the guardians of the Islamic order and the representatives of the civil society in Afghanistan. They played a major role in domestic politics and in Afghanistan's challenges with foreign powers. This paper attempts to fill the gap in information about the ulama by detailing their role in defending Afghanistan's territorial integrity and by examining the conflict over jihad between the ulama and Afghanistan's rulers, a conflict that adversely affected the legitimacy of successive regimes.

scholarly journals Role of National Taxes and Fees in the System of Mandatory Payments

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
O. V Pabat
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State Budget ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
National Tax ◽  
Regional Budgets ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

The provisions of the Tax Code of Ukraine, which determine the national taxes and fees within the system of mandatory payments, have been studied. It has been determined that the main purpose of national taxes and fees is the formation and saturation of the State budget’s revenues. The influence of national taxes and fees on the regulation of production and consumption has been clarified. It has been stated that national taxes and fees have a general impact on each person, obliging him or her to pay taxes established by the Tax Code. It has been determined that the studied taxes and fees are a lever for regulating and preventing negative tendencies in the economy and are the part of the mechanism that ensures the relationship between national interests and the interests of local business entities. The role of national taxes and fees within the system of mandatory payments as a source of revenues of the State budget (given their stability) also determines the policy of formation of all other types of revenues. The role of national taxes and fees in the formation of local budgets in Ukraine has been analyzed, namely such instruments of budget regulation as interest deductions from national taxes and revenues, budget transfers (budget subsidies, subsidies and subventions, withdrawals to the State Budget of Ukraine, intergovernmental settlements) and budget loans. It has been offered that the share of national taxes, which should be fixed in local budgets, is defined in proportion to the amount of the relevant national tax collected in a particular community. An important criterion for the VAT distribution between centeral and regional budgets should be the population of the region. It has been noted that national taxes are distributed between different levels of the budget system in accordance with the norms of deductions.

scholarly journals Pandemics and the role of governments

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (S1) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
The Past ◽  
Role Of The State

Abstract The recent pandemic has raised fundamental questions about the traditional role of government. That role has stressed the pursuit of national interests and identified the tools that governments should use in the pursuit of those interests. While over the past century the desirable role of the state was amended to include new objectives (such as equity and stabilization) the focus had remained national interests. This paper argues that this national focus has become increasingly anachronistic and damaging.

Social and Political Processes of State and Society

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-216
Author(s):  
Himanshu Jha
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
The State ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The Press ◽  
Right To Information ◽  
The Right

This Chapter examines the processes around state and society, traces the role of social networks outside the state realm, and conceptualizes these processes as the complementarity of state and society, where strong ideational linkages led to the formation of an ‘epistemic network’. These processes played a significant role in the final phase of the enactment of the Right to Information Act. The period covered in this chapter coincides with the latter half of the second phase. This chapter establishes that mainstream politics converged with the emerging socio-political processes led by the elite within the social movement, judiciary, the press, bureaucracy, and the academia. This convergence needs to be viewed as one of state–society synergy, where the collective ‘epistemic push’ of actors from both within the state and society ‘tips over’ the institution from ‘secrecy’ to ‘openness’.

Statistics as a Tool for Information Wars

Vestnik NSUEM ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
M. V. Karmanov ◽  
O. A. Zolotareva
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
The State ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
First Century ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
High Turbulence

In the twenty-first century, information wars have become so widespread that it makes no sense to hush up their role in shaping public opinion. Objectively, it is necessary to recognize that the contradictions within any society that arise for a variety of reasons can undermine stability, plunge the state into a zone of «high turbulence» with uncertain but clearly negative consequences. Statistics, providing specific digital information, allows you to generate, change, maintain, public opinion, to form a worldview and value orientations. In this regard, it is of great interest to analyze the place and role of statistics in conducting information campaigns aimed at achieving national interests of both individual countries and their unions.

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