Production of and Supply of the Army with Small Arms on the Eve of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). A Brief Overview of the Russian Military Industry

Epohi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simeon Tsvetkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crimean War ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Military Industry ◽  
Small Arms ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Main System ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Almost All

In the wake of the Crimean War, the upper military circles in Russia changed their thinking with regard to firearms. General Milyutin became Minister of War. It was the time when Alexander II reigned over Russia. In 1856, the calibre of Russian firearms was reduced to 6 inches, or 15.24 mm. The process of re-equipping the Russian army with M1856 rifles using expanding Minié bullets was launched. These rifles demonstrated that the percussion systems had reached the limit of their capacity for improvement. Nothing else could be improved in terms of their firing speed. Despite the resistance of the conservative military circles, Milyutin encouraged new inventions, and the 1860s became a period of experimentation with firearms. Some new cartridge systems were introduced. The high-quality M1856 percussion rifle was not destined to take part in war times, but the Russian army had been fully equipped with it for a short period of time. Almost all systems of the 1860s were based on this rifle. Over 10 systems of firearms with an internal needle fuse were proposed to the weapons commission. In 1866, the Englishman Karle proposed his own system with an internal needle fuse. Krnka, Berdan I, and Berdan II came next. After 1866, the Terry-Norman, Karle, and Krnka rifles entered the Russian army. These systems were developed on the basis of the 6-line M1856/58 rifle. The latter was converted into a rear-loading rifle. In 1869, the Krnka rifle was chosen as the main system, which became the main weapon of the Russian army in the following years. At the beginning of 1877, there were 613,297 Krnka rifles, 150,868 Karle rifles, 17,810 Berdan I and 325,254 Berdan II rifles in the Russian army.

scholarly journals Development of the Russian industrial base and technology for the production of artillery weapons in the 18th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Vladimir Nikolaevich Benda
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Military Industry ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Quality Of Products ◽  
Iron Foundries ◽  
Great Northern War

The purpose of the research is to reveal the features of the creation and activity of the Russian military industry for the production of artillery weapons and ammunition in the 18th century. The article deals with issues related to the accelerated development of industry under Peter I, especially metallurgy, associated with the Great Northern War (1700-1721). Attention is drawn to the fact that due to the construction of a group of state-run private iron foundries and ironworks, four industrial districts were formed – Tula, Olonets, the Urals and St. Petersburg. These districts had for a long time been the main arsenals for the production of artillery weapons for the Russian army. The author focuses on the aspects of improving the quality of products produced by weapons factories in the 18th century. Scientific novelty consists in an interdisciplinary consideration of the issue involving the works of authors whose works were published in the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern periods and in the introduction of previously unpublished sources into scientific circulation. It is concluded that the development of the organisational structure of the Russian army caused an increase in the production of artillery weapons and ammunition and the creation of the necessary amount of stocks of these weapons to meet the current needs of the army and navy.

scholarly journals Russian Arms Industry During the Period of Military Reforms of the 60s–70s of the XIX Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-235
Author(s):  
V.N. Benda
Keyword(s):  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
Military Reform ◽  
Small Arms ◽  
Combat Training ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Post War ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article states that the Crimean War of 1853–1856 showed the imperfection of the Russian army’s weapon. The growth of weapons in European countries in the post-war period urged Russia to eliminate the backlog of the Russian army in the field of weapons and to carry out fundamental reform in this field. The article considers the issues related to military reforms in Russia in the second half of the 19th century, which covered all the main areas of military construction such as recruitment and organization of troops, principles of troop management, rearmament of infantry, artillery and cavalry, a system of combat training of troops and officers. The study focuses on the fact that one of the most important and difficult problem of military reform was the rearmament of the army. The scientific novelty lies in the interdisciplinary consideration of issues related to the results of the activities of the weapons industry in manufacturing new samples of small arms and their supply to the army with the involvement of the works of domestic historians. It is concluded that although during the period of military reforms of the 1860–1870s significant success was achieved in the development of the arms industry; its production capacities were not enough to fully satisfy the army’s needs for weapons. Keywords: XIX century, Crimean war, Russian army, reforms, weapons industry, new samples of small arms, production, rearmament of the army.

A Process of Glocalisation? Roman Marble Imports and the Rise of Blocked-Out Capitals in Local Stone

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
Matthias Grawehr
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
High Quality ◽  
White Marble ◽  
Aesthetic Preference ◽  
Local Responses ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Short Period ◽  
New Type ◽  
Local Materials

In the Augustan Age, a new aesthetic preference was propagated in the Roman Empire – the surface of white marble was valued as it symbolised the strength and superiority of the ‘new age’. Soon, an immense trade in high quality marble over land and sea developed to meet the emergent demand. While the development and scale of this trade is well studied, the repercussions that the new aesthetic preference had on the local architectural traditions in areas where no marble was close at hand is not commonly considered. In this contribution, two developments are traced, taking the Corinthian capital as the leitmotif. First, in the short period between c. 40 and 10 BC, patrons would choose imitation of marble in plaster to meet up with the demands of the new standard and to demonstrate their adherence to the Empire. In the second line of development, a different path was taken – a conscious use of local materials which went hand in hand with the development of a new type of capital, the so-called ‘Nabataean blocked-out’ capital. This combination turned into a new vernacular tradition across large parts of the eastern Mediterranean. Both developments were local responses to a new ‘global’ trend and can therefore be viewed as a phenomenon of glocalisation in the Roman Period.

scholarly journals Mineral Element Deposition and Gene Expression across Different Tissues of Cherry Valley Ducks

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Qianqian Song ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Hao Bai ◽  
Li Zhong ◽  
Xiaofan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Breast Muscle ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Atomic Fluorescence ◽  
Breeding Efficiency ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Different Tissues

This study was conducted to investigate the deposition of several mineral elements and the mRNA levels of mineral-related genes across different tissues of cherry valley ducks. The contents of magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) in ducks’ breast muscle, thigh muscle, liver, skin, and tibia at the age of 0, 21, 35, 49, and 63 days, respectively, were measured using an atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer, while the mRNA levels of mineral-related genes were detected by qRT-PCR. The results revealed that the dynamics of Mg and K were generally similar in each tissue, with a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05). In the breast muscle, thigh muscle, and liver, the contents of almost all mineral elements reached their peak values (p < 0.05) at the age of 49 to 63 days. Interestingly, the expression of most mineral-related genes was the highest at birth (p < 0.05). In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between the expression of ATP1A1 and the deposition of K (r = −0.957, p < 0.05), and a similar result was found for the expression of ATP8 and the deposition of Zn (r = −0.905, p < 0.05). Taken together, Mg and K could be used as joint indicators for the precise breeding of the high-quality strain of cherry valley ducks, while the age of 49 to 63 days could be used as the reference for the best marketing age. In addition, ATP1A1 and ATP8 could be used as the key genes to detect K and Zn, respectively. Hence, the findings of this study can be used to improve the production and breeding efficiency of high-quality meat ducks.

Sex difference in the cytosolic and nuclear distribution of androgen receptor in mouse submandibular gland

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kyakumoto ◽  
R. Kurokawa ◽  
Y. Ohara-Nemoto ◽  
M. Ota
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Nuclear Receptors ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Androgen Receptors ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Scatchard Analysis ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Androgen Binding

ABSTRACT Cytosol and nuclear androgen receptors in submandibular glands of male and female mice were measured by an exchange assay at 0 °C. The binding of [3H]methyltrienolone to cytosol receptors in females was mostly saturated within a short period of incubation (3 h), whereas the saturation was much slower in males; suggesting that almost all of the cytosol receptors were unoccupied in females and the receptors were partially occupied in males. Nuclear receptors were extracted with pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (5 mmol/l) from nuclear fractions with 93–95% efficiency. The exchange of the bound steroids occurred by 24–48 h at 0 °C, suggesting that most of the nuclear androgen receptor was occupied. The binding was low at higher temperatures, probably due to inactivation of the receptor. Scatchard analysis showed that the apparent dissociation constants of cytosol and nuclear receptors were similar (0·8 and 0·9 nmol/l respectively) in both sexes. On the other hand, the number of androgen-binding sites in the nucleus was much higher in males than in females (1052 fmol/mg DNA and 32 fmol/mg DNA respectively), while the number in the cytosol was higher in females than in males (512 fmol/mg DNA and 368 fmol/mg DNA respectively). These observations show that androgen receptors exist mainly (74%) in the nuclei of males, while they exist mostly (94%) in the cytosol of females. J. Endocr. (1986) 108, 267–273

Electronic structure of short-period ZnSe/ZnTe superlattices grown by MOVPE at 300ºC

1993 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Briot ◽  
T. Cloitre ◽  
O. Briot ◽  
P. Boring ◽  
B.E. Ponga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Stokes Shift ◽  
Vapour Phase ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Vapour Phase Epitaxy ◽  
Light Emitting Devices ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Movpe Growth

ABSTRACTThe ZnSe-ZnTe combination is a potential candidate for the realisation of visible light-emitting devices. The lattice mismatch between bulk ZnSe and bulk ZnTe is important (∼ 8%). Therefore, their hetero-structures are strained and high quality superlattices will only be grown if having small periods. This prescription can be fulfilled in the case of metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) growth by combining triethylamine dimethyl zinc adduct with di-isopropyl telluride as precursors for the growth of the ZnTe layers. The growth of high quality ZnTe can then be performed at a temperature of 300ºC , close to the best MOVPE-growth temperature for ZnSe (280ºC). Lowering the growth temperature of ZnTe to this value, we could thus obtain sharp interfaces. This work reports on ZnSe-ZnTe superlattices grown on ZnSe and ZnTe buffers deposited on GaAs substrates. We demonstrate that the stokes-shift between the reflectance and photoluminescence features ( ∼ 40 meV ) measured when the thickness of ZnSe layers does not exceed 20 Å, drastically increases for layer thicknesses beyond this critical value. This, we interpret in terms of the onset of plastic relaxation which favours tellurium diffusion in the ZnSe slices. Then photoluminescence spectra broaden ( contributions of trapped-excitons dominate), and observation of free excitons in reflectance become impossible. We have studied in detail the optical properties of the superlattices and compared our findings with the predictions of a multiband envelope function calculation. We show that both zone centre excitons as well as excitons associated with the miniband dispersions (saddle-point excitons) are observed in these superlattices.

REFORM OF LEGAL REGULATION OF REMOTE WORK AS A STIMULATION FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-143
Author(s):  
Maria A. Andrianova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Law ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Quality Work ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Usual Order

The pandemic has created many difficulties for entrepreneurs around the world, including in Russia. As you know, difficulties, disrupting the usual order, can give impetus for radical changes that would not have a chance to be realized in times of peace and prosperity. It seems that remote mode is not suitable for all forms of employment, but if initially the employer assumes such an opportunity, the main problem is not the lack of the ability to control the employee, but ensuring effective communication with him and the ability to timely obtain the results of high-quality work done. It is noted that this goal can be achieved with the help of greater detail in local regulations of the order and conditions of interaction between the employee and the employer. One of the most promising consequences of the pandemic has been the reform of the legal regulation of remote work. In a very short period of time, remote work in Russia from an unviable rudiment has become one of the most progressive institutions, which has every chance of making all labor law more flexible and effective. Such labor law will undoubtedly become one of the incentives for the development of entrepreneurship in Russia.

Effects of ova transfer on the birthcoats of lambs

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marca Burns
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Transfer Experiment ◽  
Primary Follicle ◽  
Skin Expansion ◽  
Foetal Growth ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Size At Birth

SUMMARYBirthcoat samples from Lincoln and Welsh Mountain lambs born in an ova transfer experiment (Weiner & Slee, 1965) were examined to determine the fibre type arrays and any effect of ova transfer on manifestation of the prenatal check or the base (Dry, 1965).In the Lincoln breed arrays were Truncated Ravine or Truncated Valley thus showing central checking. Pre-curly tip fibres were mainly confined to central primary follicles. Post-natal medullation was plentiful, especially in peak curly-tips, but kemp was absent. In the Welsh lambs all identifiable arrays were either Plateau or Saddle, with the lateral primary fibres more checked than the centrals. Pre-curly tip fibres occupied almost all the primary follicles, with only a few curly-tips in primary laterals. Post-natal medullation was strongest in pre-curly tips and their successors.The effect of ova transfer was to decrease the manifestation of check in Lincoln-in-Welsh and increase it in Welsh-in-Lincoln, without affecting the base. Although this, in each case, changed the check of the lamb in the direction of that of the foster breed, it is suggested that this may not be due to any influence of maternal check on foetal check. The effect on pre-natal check may be due to foetal size, and in particular skin expansion, during a short period immediately following completion of primary follicle initiation. As compared to their respective controls, the Welsh transfer lambs had a higher S/P ratio at birth, whilst that of the transferred Lincolns was reduced.If increased prenatal fibre check is associated with increased foetal growth rate at the relevant period, it may also be correlated with increased lamb size at birth and therefore have been favoured in selection for meat production, at least in some breeds.

scholarly journals То history of organization of obstetrics assistance in the Russian Army

2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
Victor G. Abashin ◽  
Yuri V. Tsvelev
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Military Medicine ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sisters Of Mercy ◽  
The 19Th Century

Until now, it was believed that the first experience of using female labor in military medicine dates back to the middle of the 19th century, when during the Crimean War of 1853-1856. a detachment of sisters of mercy under the leadership of N. I. Pirogov worked in the theater of military operations. However, some documents indicate that in peacetime, female personnel in domestic military medicine began to be used much earlier.

scholarly journals Semi-Supervised Multi-View Clustering with Weighted Anchor Graph Embedding

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Senhong Wang ◽  
Jiangzhong Cao ◽  
Fangyuan Lei ◽  
Qingyun Dai ◽  
Shangsong Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Graph Embedding ◽  
Multiple Views ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Free Graph ◽  
Anchor Points ◽  
Almost All

A number of literature reports have shown that multi-view clustering can acquire a better performance on complete multi-view data. However, real-world data usually suffers from missing some samples in each view and has a small number of labeled samples. Additionally, almost all existing multi-view clustering models do not execute incomplete multi-view data well and fail to fully utilize the labeled samples to reduce computational complexity, which precludes them from practical application. In view of these problems, this paper proposes a novel framework called Semi-supervised Multi-View Clustering with Weighted Anchor Graph Embedding (SMVC_WAGE), which is conceptually simple and efficiently generates high-quality clustering results in practice. Specifically, we introduce a simple and effective anchor strategy. Based on selected anchor points, we can exploit the intrinsic and extrinsic view information to bridge all samples and capture more reliable nonlinear relations, which greatly enhances efficiency and improves stableness. Meanwhile, we construct the global fused graph compatibly across multiple views via a parameter-free graph fusion mechanism which directly coalesces the view-wise graphs. To this end, the proposed method can not only deal with complete multi-view clustering well but also be easily extended to incomplete multi-view cases. Experimental results clearly show that our algorithm surpasses some state-of-the-art competitors in clustering ability and time cost.

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