scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol 70% Daun Matoa (Pometia pinnata) Terhadap Kadar Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Hati Tikus

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Devi Maulina
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
One Way Anova

Daun matoa (Pometia pinnata) mengandung senyawa flavonoid yang diduga mempunyai aktivitas sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh  ekstrak etanol 70% daun matoa terhadap kadar SOD pada hati tikus putih jantan galur Sprague dawley yang diinduksi CCl4. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 30 ekor tikus yang dibagi dalam 6 kelompok. Kelompok normal, kontrol negatif,  kontrol positif  diberi curcuma 81 mg/kg BB selama 10 hari; dan Kelompok Ekstrak Etanol 70% daun matoa dengan variasi dosis 100 mg/kg BB, 200 mg/kg BB, dan 400 mg/kg BB selama 10 hari. Semua kelompok kecuali kelompok normal di induksi dengan CCl4 dosis 0,05 cc/hari selama 5 hari. Pada hari ke-16, dilakukan pengambilan organ hati kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar Superoksida Dismutase (SOD). Pemeriksaan kadar SOD yang diperoleh dari kelompok normal adalah 1301,852 ± 33,12 U/mg, sedangkan pada kontrol negatif kadar SOD lebih rendah yaitu 772,22 ± 73,95 U/mg. Kadar SOD pada E1, E2, dan E3 berturut-turut yaitu 1253,79 ± 5,07 U/mg; 1411,11 ± 64,68 U/mg dan 1376,57 ± 12,06 U/mg. Analisis statistik menggunakan one way anova menunjukan kadar SOD berbeda bermakna pada setiap kelompok ekstrak dibanding dengan kelompok kontrol negatif. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 70% daun Matoa dapat meningkatkan kadar SOD hati.

scholarly journals Efek Ekstrak Etanol Daun Gedi Merah (Abelmoschus Manihot (L.) Medik) Terhadap Kadar Superoxide Dismutase Dan Malondialdehyde Jaringan Ginjal Tikus Model Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fuadi ◽  
Yoyon Arif ◽  
Yudi Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Multiple Dose ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Per Oral ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Diabetes Melitus

Hiperglikemia pada Diabetes Melitus (DM) meningkatkan produksi Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) dan berperan terhadap risiko komplikasi nefropati diabetik. Daun gedi merah (Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik) berkhasiat sebagai antidiabetik dan antioksidan tetapi penelitian ekstrak etanol daun gedi merah (EEDGM) untuk mencegah nefropati diabetik belum banyak dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek EEDGM terhadap kadar SOD dan MDA ginjal tikus model DM.Metode: Tikus Sprague dawley jantan usia 4-6 minggu dikelompokan menjadi 2 kelompok kontrol dan 3 kelompok perlakuan (n=25 ekor). Tikus DM dibuat dengan diet tinggi lemak-fruktosa (DTLF) dan streptozotocin (STZ) 25 mg/kgBB i.p multiple dose. Ekstrak etanol daun gedi merah (EEDGM) diberikan per oral selama 4 minggu. Kadar SOD dan MDA ginjal diukur menggunakan SOD rat kit dan MDA rat kit. Hasil dianalisa dengan One Way Anova dilanjutkan dengan uji BNT (p<0,05).Hasil: Pemberian EEDGM dosis 800 mg/kgBB menghambat penurunan kadar SOD jaringan ginjal dengan persentase sekitar 60% dibandingkan KDM (p<0,05). Pemberian EEDGM dosis 400 mg/kgBB menghambat peningkatan kadar MDA jaringan ginjal dengan persentase sekitar 20% dibandingkan KDM (p<0,05). Induksi DTLF dan STZ menurunkan kadar SOD jaringan ginjal dengan persentase sekitar 40% dan meningkatkan kadar MDA jaringan ginjal dengan persentase sekitar 30%.Kesimpulan: Pemberian EEDGM dapat menghambat penurunan kadar SOD dan peningkatan kadar MDA jaringan ginjal tikus model DM.

scholarly journals Efek Ekstrak Etanol Daun Gedi Merah (Abelmoschus Manihot (L.) Medik) Terhadap Kadar Sod Dan Mda Pada Aorta Tikus Model Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hendra Putra ◽  
Fathia Annis ◽  
Yudi Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Multiple Dose ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Diabetes Melitus

Pendahuluan: Hiperglikemia pada diabetes melitus (DM) meningkatkan produksi reactive oxygen species (ROS) yang berperan terhadap komplikasi makroangiopati diabetik. Daun gedi merah dikenal memiliki efek antioksidan dan antihiperglikemia sehingga diharapkan dapat menghambat kerusakan oksidatif pada DM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek ekstrak etanol daun gedi merah dalam mencegah kerusakan oksidatif pada DM dengan mengamati kadar Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) dan Malondialdehyde (MDA) aorta tikus model DM.Metode: Tikus Sprague Dawley jantan berusia 4-6 minggu dikelompokkan menjadi 2 kelompok kontrol dan 3 kelompok perlakuan (n= 5 ekor). Hewan coba diinduksi diet tinggi lemak-fruktosa (DTLF) dan Stretpzotocin (STZ) 25 mg/kgBB intraperitoneal multiple dose. Selanjutnya kelompok perlakuan diberikan ekstrak etanol daun Gedi merah (EEDGM) dosis 200 mg/kgBB, 400 mg/kgBB dan 800 mg/kgBB. Pengukuran kadar SOD dan MDA aorta menggunakan Elisa SOD rat kit dan Elisa MDA rat kit. Analisa data menggunakan One Way Anova dilanjutkan dengan uji BNT (p<0,05).Hasil: Pemberian EEDGM dosis 200 mg/kgBB, 400 mg/kgBB dan 800 mg/kgBB menghambat penurunan kadar SOD aorta berturut-turut sekitar 10%, 30% dan 50% dibandingkan kelompok kontrol diabetes melitus (KDM) (p<0,05) sementara kadar MDA aorta diturunkan kurang lebih sekitar 20%, 40%, dan 70% (p<0,05). Induksi DTLF dan STZ pada kelompok KDM menurunkan kadar SOD aorta 50% dan meningkatkan MDA aorta 2 kali lipat dibandingkan KN (p<0,05).Kesimpulan: Pemberian EEDGM 200 – 800 mg/kgBB menghambat penurunan kadar SOD aorta dan menghambat peningkatan kadar MDA aorta tikus model DM.

scholarly journals Ethanol Extracts of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Leaf Increase Superoxide Dismutase-2 (SOD-2) Expression on Rat Cerebellar Purkinje Cells After Chronic Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Desby Juananda ◽  
Dwi Cahyani Ratna Sari ◽  
Mawaddah Ar-Rochmah ◽  
Nur Arfian ◽  
Muhammad Mansyur Romi
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Centella Asiatica ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Cerebellar Purkinje Cells ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase 2

Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa stres kronis meningkatkan produksi reactive oxygen species (ROS), dan /atau menekan mekanisme pertahanan antioksidan. Efek neuroprotektif dari Centella asiatica (L.). Urb telah dilaporkandapat melindungi neuron dari kerusakan oksidatif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek ekstraketanol C. asiatica leaf terhadap ekspresi superoxide dismutase-2 sel (SOD- 2) pada sel Purkinje serebelum tikussetelah diberikan kejutan kronis di kaki. Sebanyak 25 tikus Sprague Dawley jantan dewasa muda diacak ke dalam limakelompok. Kelompok kontrol negatif terdiri dari tikus yang tidak stres; kelompok kontrol stres menerima aquadest; dankelompok lain diobati dengan dosis yang berbeda (mg / kg berat badan / hari, p.o.) ekstrak etanol daun C. asiatica: 150,300 dan 600, masing-masing diikuti oleh pemberian kejutan kronis di kaki selama dua puluh delapan hari. Ekspresi SOD-2 dari lapisan sel Purkinje diukur menggunakan metode imunohistokimia. Data dianalisis dengan one-way ANOVA (p<0,05). Kami menemukan bahwa ekspresi SOD-2 (%) dari lapisan sel Purkinje untuk kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompokkontrol stres, CeA150, CeA300 dan CeA600 kelompok adalah 22,38 ± 9,73, 9,81 ± 2,21, 10,29 ± 3,60, 14,72 ± 6,65, dan22,75 ± 10,93, masing-masing (p <0,05). Analisis post-hoc menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompokkontrol negatif dan kelompok kontrol stres (p <0,05). Ada juga perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok kontrolstres dan kelompok CeA600 (p <0,05), tetapi tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok perlakuan (p> 0,05).Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun C. asiatica meningkatkan ekspresi SOD-2 pada sel Purkinjecerebellar tikus setelah stres kronis.

Effect of pineal indoles on activities of the antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase, and levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione in rat tissues

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Liu ◽  
T B Ng
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Pineal Indoles ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Enzymes ◽  
Reduced And Oxidized Glutathione

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. Two of the groups received a single intraperitoneal injection of melatonin and 5-methoxytryptamine (5 mg/kg body weight), respectively, at 9 PM. One group received an intraperitoneal injection of 5-methoxytryptophol (5 mg/kg body weight) at 9 AM. The remaining group received alcoholic saline (vehicle) and served as the control. All rats were sacrificed 90 min after injection and the livers, kidneys, and brains were dissected. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase in the organs were measured. It was found that both melatonin and 5-methoxytryptamine were approximately equipotent in enhancing the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase in the kidney and liver, while 5-methoxytryptophol displayed a weaker effect. Both melatonin and 5-methoxytryptamine augmented the level of reduced glutathione in the kidney and liver, while 5-methoxytryptophol did so only in the kidney. All three pineal indoles increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and lowered the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione in the brain.Key words: pineal indoles, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase.

scholarly journals The Effects of Trimetazidine and Sildenafil on Bilateral Cavernosal Nerve Injury Induced Oxidative Damage and Cavernosal Fibrosis in Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dogan Atilgan ◽  
Bekir S. Parlaktas ◽  
Nihat Uluocak ◽  
Fikret Erdemir ◽  
Fatma Markoc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Collagen Density ◽  
Cavernosal Nerve

Aim. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of sildenafil and trimetazidine on bilateral cavernosal nerve injury-induced oxidative damage and fibrotic changes in cavernosal tissue in rat model.Material and Methods. A total of 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; each group consist 8 rats (control, BCI, BCI + TMZ, and BCI + sildenafil groups). Tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl (PC) levels were determined biochemically and distribution of cavernosal fibrosis density among groups was performed histopathologically.Results. Tissue SOD levels in BCI group were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). Tissue MDA and PC levels in BCI group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). TMZ and sildenafil administration significantly increased tissue SOD levels (P<0.05) and reduced tissue MDA and PC levels (P<0.05). Histologically, the degree of cavernosal fibrosis and collagen density was higher in BCI group in comparison to control, TMZ-treated, and sildenafil-treated groups.Conclusion. BCI caused oxidative damage and increased cavernosal fibrosis in rat penis. TMZ and sildenafil treatment decreased oxidative damage and reduced the degree of fibrosis in penile tissue due to BCI.

Protective role of superoxide dismutase in rat eustachian tubal mucosa against acute otitis media induced by upper respiratory tract infection

2000 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 832-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Soo Lee ◽  
Jeong-Soo Woo ◽  
Soon-Jae Hwang ◽  
Hyun-Ho Lim ◽  
Han-Kyu Suh
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Upper Respiratory Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Superoxide dismutase has been known to play a role as an anti – oxidative system against oxidative injury during acute inflammation. To investigate the role of superoxide dismutase in eustachian tubal mucosa during acute otitis media (AOM), an animal model was made. Sprague – Dawley rats were inoculated with Streptococcus pneumoniae through the nasal cavity following development of virus – induced upper respiratory infection. The animals were divided into three groups according to their tympanic cavity conditions following bacterial inoculation; inoculated animals with no resultant AOM (no – AOM), animals with resultant AOM (AOM) and animals with resolving otitis media (recovery). The changes of superoxide dismutase in each tubal mucosa were compared with that of the normal control using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting methods. On Western blot, there were little changes of optical density and surface area in no-AOM (213.5. ± .22.4, 13.2. ± .0.8.mm2) and recovery group (219.3. ± .18.7, 14.8. ± .0.7 mm2) compared to the normal control (223.5 ± 26.2, 16.7 ± 0.4 mm2). However, a marked decrease was found in the AOM model (167.6. ± .19.3, 6.5. ± .0.9 mm2). These findings suggest that superoxide dismutase may play a role in protecting tubal mucosa from free radical injury during AOM.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF Aloe vera GEL ON SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD) LEVEL IN STREPTOZOTOCIN (STZ)-INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR Rattus novergicus LIVER

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Nia Lukita Ariani ◽  
Abdul Gofur ◽  
Dwi Listyorini ◽  
Hendra Susanto ◽  
Yuda Handaya
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Aloe Vera Gel ◽  
One Way Anova

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by the increasing levels of blood glucose as a result of either impaired of insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Persistent hyperglycemia causes oxidative stress. Aloe vera is known of having an antioxidant activity. One of intrinsic antioxidant enzyme is superoxide dismutase (SOD) which eliminates superoxide radical. This research aims to determine the effect of Aloe vera gel on SOD level in STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rat liver. Wistar strain of Rattus novergicus used in this research were grouped into eight groups, consist of negative control (K-), non diabetic groups (NDM) consist of NDM 1 (dose of 30 mg/day), NDM 2 (dose of 60 mg/day), NDM 3 (dose of 120 mg/day), positive control (DM), and the DM group consists of DM 1 (dose of 30 mg/day), DM 2 (dose of 60 mg/day), and DM 3 (dose of 120 mg/day), with three replications each. Diabetic rats were induced using an intra-peritoneal injection of 60 mg/kg BW STZ. Three milliliters of Aloe vera gel were given intragastrointestinally for 14 days started from three days after injection of STZ. The level of liver SOD was measured with spectrophotometer.The results of One-Way Anova showed that Aloe vera gel has a significant effect on SOD levels (p< 0.05). Further analysis using LSD showed that only the treatment of NDM with 60 mg/day of Aloe vera gel giving a significant decreasing of SOD level compared to (K-). The conclusion is that Aloe vera has potency as a natural antioxidant. Keywords: Aloe vera, diabetes mellitus, superoxide dismutase (SOD), liver, streptozotocin (STZ) 

scholarly journals PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF KADUKKAI MAATHIRAI (TERMINALIA CHEBULA-BASED POLYHERBAL SIDDHA FORMULATION) IN ETHANOL-INDUCED LIVER DISEASE IN RATS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 368
Author(s):  
Manjunath Shetty ◽  
Smita Shenoy ◽  
Vasudha Devi ◽  
Nitesh Kumar ◽  
Arul Amuthan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Liver Parenchyma ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Therapeutic Dosage ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Gum Acacia ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Normal Architecture

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prophylactic effect of Kadukkai maathirai (KM) against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Methods: Four groups (n=6) of adult female Sprague–Dawley rats were used. Ethanol was administered in the dose of 45% v/v 15 mL/kg/body weight twice a day for 8 weeks in the study. The four groups were treated orally for 8 weeks with 2% gum acacia (control), ethanol (toxic control), ethanol + KM 72 mg/kg, and ethanol + KM 400 mg/kg, respectively. At the end of 8 weeks, blood was collected by a retro-orbital puncture for the estimation of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]). The liver was dissected out for histopathology. Using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s test, the data were analyzed.Results: There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the serum AST and ALT level in rats treated with KM 72 mg/kg as compared to toxic control. Liver parenchyma showed near normal architecture in KM 72 mg/kg-treated group as compared to ethanol-treated group which showed extensive ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes and microvesicular steatosis.Conclusion: KM, in the dose of 72 mg/kg, which is the therapeutic dosage described in Siddha additional literature, exerted hepatoprotective effect against ethanol-induced liver damage in rats.

scholarly journals Combination Therapy with Losartan and Pioglitazone Additively Reduces Renal Oxidative and Nitrative Stress Induced by Chronic High Fat, Sucrose, and Sodium Intake

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Kong ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Hai-bing Wu ◽  
Fang-xia Li ◽  
Dao-you Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Nitrative Stress

We recently showed that combination therapy with losartan and pioglitazone provided synergistic effects compared with monotherapy in improving lesions of renal structure and function in Sprague-Dawley rats fed with a high-fat, high-sodium diet and 20% sucrose solution. This study was designed to explore the underlying mechanisms of additive renoprotection provided by combination therapy. Losartan, pioglitazone, and their combination were orally administered for 8 weeks. The increased level of renal malondialdehyde and expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunitp47phoxand nitrotyrosine as well as the decreased total superoxide dismutase activity and copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase expression were tangible evidence for the presence of oxidative and nitrative stress in the kidney of model rats. Treatment with both drugs, individually and in combination, improved these abnormal changes. Combination therapy showed synergistic effects in reducing malondialdehyde level,p47phox, and nitrotyrosine expression to almost the normal level compared with monotherapy. All these results suggest that the additive renoprotection provided by combination therapy might be attributed to a further reduction of oxidative and nitrative stress.

scholarly journals Efek suplementasi β-carotene terhadap kolesterol total, trigliserida dan malondialdehid pada tikus sprague dawley yang diabet

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Devi Ermawati ◽  
Banundari Rachmawati ◽  
Nyoman Suci Widyastiti
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Control Objective ◽  
Lipid Control ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Β Carotene

Background : diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased total cholesterol and triglyceride, also well characterized by increased malondialdehyde production. β-carotene has antioxidant activity, glycemic and lipid control. Objective : to analyze the effect of β-carotene on total cholesterol, triglyceride and MDA on diabetic Rattus norvegicus sprague dawley. Methods : thirty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups : 1 (STZ), 2 (STZ+β-carotene 1 mg/kg BW), 3 (STZ+β-carotene 10 mg/kg BW), 4 (STZ+β-carotene 20 mg/kg BW), 5 (normal). Streptozotocin induced intraperitoneal 40 mg/kg BW. β-carotene was given by nasogastric tube on alternate days within thirty days. Blood glucose level was measured by GOD-PAP, total cholesterol by CHOD-PAP, triglyceride by GPO and MDA by ELISA with TBARS methods. Hypothesis test used one way anova then followed by post hoc bonferroni to analyze the efficient dose effect. Results : there was a significant difference of total cholesterol (p=0.002) after β-carotene 10 mg/kg BW supplementation on alternate days within 30 days orally. β-carotene 10 mg/kg BW was the most efficient dose to lowering total cholesterol. There were significant differences of triglyceride (p=0.0001) and MDA (p=0.0001) after β-carotene 1, mg/kg BW, 10 mg/kg BW and 20 mg/kg BW supplementation on alternate days within 30 days orally. β-carotene 10 mg/kg BW was the most efficient dose to lowering triglyceride, while 20 mg/kg BW to lowering MDA. Conclusion : β-carotene 10 mg/kg BW is the most efficient dose to lowering total cholesterol and triglyceride. β-carotene 20 mg/kg BW is the most efficient dose to lowering MDA.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document