Briquettes Produced With a Mixture of Urban Pruning Waste, Glycerin and Cassava Processing Residue

The briquette is considered a solid biofuel, made from the compaction of lignocellulosic residues used for the generation of energy. This work aimed to study the production of briquettes from mixtures of Urban Pruning Waste (RPU) (pruning of leaves and thin branches of trees), glycerin and cassava bagasse (Manihot esculenta). Samples of RPU, cassava bagasse and glycerol were mixed to yield treatments T1 (100% RPU), T2 (92% RPU and 8% cassava bagasse), T3 (97% RPU and 3% glycerin), T4 (89% RPU, 8% cassava bagasse and 3% Glycerin), T5 (94.5% RPU, 4% cassava bagasse and 1.5% glycerin) and T6 (control). Following this step, physical, chemical and energetic analyses (moisture content, volatile material content, fixed carbon and ash content, superior, inferior and useful calorific value, mechanical resistance, apparent and energetic density) of the briquettes were carried out. Treatment T2 had a lower fixed carbon value and volatile content, as well as higher ash content and mechanical strength. The percentages of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen did not differ statistically between the treatments. The higher, lower and useful heating values were higher in treatment T3. The results showed that treatments T1, T2 and T3 were more efficient, producing briquettes with properties that meet market specifications, besides presenting great energetic potential, being good substitutes for firewood.

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Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Kakao Menjadi Briket Arang sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif dengan Penambahan Ampas Buah Merah

Jurnal Rekayasa Proses ◽

10.22146/jrekpros.41517 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 57

Author(s):

Syarifhidayahtullah Syarif ◽

Rochim Bakti Cahyono ◽

Muslikhin Hidayat

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Carbon Content ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fruit Pulp ◽

Volatile Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Shell Waste ◽

Cocoa Shell ◽

Fixed Carbon Content

A B S T R A C TThe conversion of cocoa shell waste into char briquettes has been carried out through various methods. However, the product characteristics do not meet the SNI briquettes requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to improve process engineering by mixing cocoa peel waste with red fruit pulp to get char briquettes in order to improve quality of briquette products. This research was carried out through pyrolysis process with temperthwatures up to 500 oC and held for 4 hours. The research objective was to produce char briquettes from cacao pod shell waste with the addition of red fruit pulp and its characteristic test. The study was designed with 2 variables, namely independent variables in the form of char raw material powder that passed 50 mesh sieve, weight ratio of cocoa shell char powder and red fruit pulp char powder (100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and 0%:100%), pressure (100 kg/cm2), 10% starch adhesive from raw materials, and briquette diameter of 40 mm. Whereas the dependent variables are the moisture content (%), volatile content (%), ash content (%), fixed carbon content (%), and calorific value (cal/g). The results showed that the process of pyrolysis of char briquettes waste cocoa shell with red fruit pulp can increase its calorific value. The best characteristics of briquette were obtained from mixed briquettes (composition of 30%:70%) with moisture content of 5.63%, volatile content of 18.65%, ash content of 9.45%, fixed carbon content of 66.27%, and calorific value of 6422 cal/g.A B S T R A KPemanfaatan limbah kulit buah kakao menjadi briket arang telah banyak dilakukan melalui berbagai metode tetapi belum memenuhi persyaratan SNI briket arang. Oleh karena itu, perlu diupayakan untuk mendapatkan briket arang yang memenuhi persyaratan SNI. Salah satunya dengan cara mencampurkan limbah kulit kakao dengan ampas buah merah karena ampas buah merah memiliki nilai kalor yang cukup tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui proses pirolisis dengan suhu sampai dengan 500 oC dan ditahan selama 4 jam. Tujuan penelitian untuk memproduksi briket arang dari limbah kulit buah kakao dengan penambahan ampas buah merah serta uji karakteristiknya. Penelitian dirancang dengan 2 variabel, yaitu variabel bebas (independent variable) berupa ukuran serbuk bahan baku arang yang lolos saringan 50 mesh, rasio massa campuran serbuk arang kulit kakao dengan serbuk arang ampas buah merah (100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, dan 0%:100%), tekanan pengempaan (100 kg/cm2), perekat kanji 10% dari bahan baku, dan diameter briket 40 mm. Variabel terikat (dependent variable) yang diukur yaitu kadar air (%), kadar zat mudah menguap (%), kadar abu (%), kadar karbon terikat (%), dan nilai kalor (kal/g). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, dengan melalui proses pirolisis briket arang limbah kulit kakao dengan ampas buah merah dapat meningkatkan nilai kalor-nya. Karakteristik briket terbaik diperoleh dari briket komposisi campuran (30%:70%) dengan kadar air 5,63 %, kadar zat mudah menguap 18,65 %, kadar abu 9,45 %, kadar karbon terikat 66,27 %, dan nilai kalor 6422 kal/g.

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KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET DARI KOMPOSIT SAMPAH BUAH, SAMPAH PLASTIK HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) DAN TEMPURUNG KELAPA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF DI RUMAH TANGGA

Jurnal Presipitasi Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan ◽

10.14710/presipitasi.v14i1.5-14 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Yenni Ruslinda ◽

Fitratul Husna ◽

Arum Nabila

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Alternative Fuel ◽

Ash Content ◽

Plastic Waste ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

Volatile Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Fruit Waste

This study aims to examine the characteristics of briquettes from fruit waste, HDPE plastic waste, and coconut shell composite, as an alternative fuel. Characteristic tests include physical characteristics (density and compressive strength), chemical characteristics (moisture, volatile content, fixed carbon, ash content, calorific value), and cost calculation for making briquettes. Physical characteristics tests obtained that density is between 0.60 to 0.89 g/cm3 and compressive strength is between 0.88 to 6.87 kg/cm2. Chemical characteristics tests found that water content 5.73 - 9.06%; volatile content 70.02 - 79.92%; fixed carbon 12.39 - 18.41%; ash content of 1.47 - 4.86%, and calorific value 4549 - 7213 cal/g. Cost for making briquettes range between 0.56 to 0.86 rupiahs/kcal. Except for compressive strength parameter, other parameters are in the standard range of biobriquettes quality according to Permen ESDM No. 047 Tahun 2006. Optimum briquette found in this research is a mixture of 20% fruit waste, 20% of plastic waste HDPE, and 60% coconut shell. Briquettes made as a mixture of those three raw material with that composition is optimum as an alternative fuel, because it produces higher calorific value and lower cost.

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EFFECT OF PLANTING AGE AND SPACING ON ENERGY PROPERTIES OF Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill EX Maiden

Revista Árvore ◽

10.1590/0100-67622016000400019 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 749-758 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Elder Eloy ◽

Dimas Agostinho da Silva ◽

Denise Schmidt ◽

Rômulo Trevisan ◽

Braulio Otomar Caron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Basic Density ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Volatile Material ◽

Gross Calorific Value ◽

Energy Productivity ◽

Fixed Carbon Content

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the effect of planting age and spacing on energy properties of different compartments of the biomass of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, disseminated in different spacings: 2.0 x 1.0 m, 2.0 x 1.5 m, 3.0 x 1.0 m e 3.0 x 1.5 m, in the 1st, 3rd and 5th year after the planting. The present study was carried out as an experiment installed in an experimental design of randomized complete blocks in three replications. Variables determined were Biomass (BIO), Gross Calorific Value (GCV), Basic Density (BD), Energy Productivity (EP), Energy Density (ED), Fixed Carbon Content (FCC), Volatile Material Content (VMC), and Ash Content (AC). Ages have an effect on all studied variables, and in the 5th year after planting, the largest BIO, EP, BD, ED and FCC values are checked. The planting spacings induce different productions of BIO and EP, with a trend towards lower values with increasing planting spacing in all assessed periods. The compartments of trees influence BIO, GCV, FCC, VMC and AC variables. Regarding to energy, the higher the age and lower the planting spacing, the better the energy properties of biomass.

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Valorization of briquettes fuel using Pinus spp. sawdust from five regions of Mexico

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.2.2249-2263 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 2249-2263

Author(s):

María Alejandra Ramírez-Ramírez ◽

Artemio Carrillo-Parra ◽

Faustino Ruíz-Aquino ◽

Luis Fernando Pintor-Ibarra ◽

Nicolás González-Ortega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Impact Resistance ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Volumetric Expansion ◽

Pinus Spp ◽

The Impact

This research characterized briquettes made with Pinus spp. sawdust without the use of additives. For this purpose, 19 samples of sawdust from different wood industries located in five states of the Mexican Republic were used. The densification process was carried out in a vertical hydraulic piston laboratory briquette machine. The briquettes were made with 40 g of sawdust, at 50 °C, 20 kPa and pressing for 5 min. The results obtained varied as follows: moisture content (4.1% to 7.2%), density (813.9 to 1,014.4 kg/m3), volumetric expansion (7.4% to 37.3%), compressive strength (4.9 to 40.8 N/mm), impact resistance index (46.7% to 200%), ash (0.1% to 1.1%), volatile matter (82.9% to 90.7%), fixed carbon (8.9% to 16.4%), and calorific value (20.5 to 22.8 MJ/kg). The density of the briquettes was within the “acceptable” classification (800 to 1,200 kg/m3). It was observed that, the higher the density, the lower the volumetric expansion, the higher the compressive strength, and the higher the impact resistance index. According to the ash content, the briquettes could achieve international quality. Due to high volatile matter values, rapid combustion of the briquettes with little generation of toxic smoke would be expected. Fixed carbon and calorific value results were acceptable.

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Energy Evaluation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Reed Plant Pelletizing and Utilization as Solid Biofuel

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13061516 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1516 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Algirdas Jasinskas ◽

Dionizas Streikus ◽

Egidijus Šarauskis ◽

Mečys Palšauskas ◽

Kęstutis Venslauskas

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Ash Content ◽

Reed Canary Grass ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Energy Evaluation ◽

Solid Biofuel ◽

Ash Melting ◽

Canary Grass

This paper presents the results of research on the preparation and use for energy purposes of three reed herbaceous energy plants: reed (Phragmites australis) and bulrush (Typha); both grown in local vicinities on lakes and riverbanks and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). The physical-mechanical characteristics (density, moisture, and ash content) of chopped and milled reeds were investigated. The investigation of mill fractional compositions determined the largest amount of mill—reed mill, collected on the sieves of 0.63 mm (40.0%). The pellet moisture ranged from 10.79% to 6.32%, while the density was 1178.9 kg m−3 for dry matter (DM) of reed. The ash content of reed, bulrush and reed canary grass pellets was 3.17%, 5.88%, and 7.99%, respectively. The ash melting temperature ranged from 865 to 1411 °C; these temperatures were high enough for ash melting. The determined pellet calorific value varied from 17.4 to 17.9 MJ kg−1 DM. The disintegration force, indicating pellet strength, ranged from 324.25 N for reed canary grass to 549.24 N for reed. The determined emissions of harmful pollutants—CO2, CO, NOx, and unburnt hydrocarbons (CxHy)—did not exceed the maximum permissible levels. The assessment of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from technology showed that the CO2 equivalents ranged from 7.3 to 10.1 kg CO2-eq. GJ−1 for reed and reed canary grass, respectively.

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ANALISIS KUALITAS PEMBAKARAN BRIKET BATUBARA DENGAN METODE KARBONISASI BERDASARKAN PARAMETER KUALITAS BRIKET, UKURAN PARTIKEL DAN KOMPOSISI

Jurnal GEOSAPTA ◽

10.20527/jg.v4i01.4433 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (01) ◽

Author(s):

Didi Kasi Setiawan ◽

Agus Triantoro ◽

Annisa Annisa

Keyword(s):

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

American Society

Briket batubara merupakan bahan bakar padat yang mempunyai kelayakan teknis dan ketersedian batubara cukup banyak di Indonesia. Permasalahan yang sering di jumpai dalam penggunaan briket batubara sebagai bahan bakar energi adalah lamanya penyalaan, aroma yang tidak sedap pada saat dibakar, dan daya rekat briket yang tidak bagus sehingga briket mudah pecah. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut perlu mengetahui pengaruh komposisi dan ukuran partikel briket batubara terhadap kualitas pembakaran serta kualitas briket batubara. Dalam hal ini, diperlukan analisis laboratorium yang hasilnya dapat digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan tingkatan kualitas briket batubara.Metode analisis yang digunakan untuk kualitas briket yaitu American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) meliputi pengujian moisture, ash content, volatile matter, calorific value, fixed carbon dan karbonisasi untuk peningkatan kualitas, meliputi moisture, volatile matter serta calorific value. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses karbonisasi batubara dapat menurunkan kandungan kualitas batubara inherent moisture adb (17,1 % - 6,38%) dan meningkatkan nilai calorific value cal/g adb (5462 - 6261), waktu nyala api (0:23:14 – 0:47:06), waktu nyala bara (0:44:56 – 1:23:10) serta durasi pembakaran (1:08:10 – 2:10:16). Kata-kata kunci: Briket, Batubara, Karbonisasi, Kualitas Batubara.

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Making Charcoal Briquettes from Corncobs Organic Waste Using Variation of Type and Percentage of Adhesives

JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) ◽

10.20961/jkpk.v2i1.8518 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 43 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lilih Sulistyaningkarti ◽

Budi Utami

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Carbon Content ◽

Wheat Flour ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Ash Content ◽

Volatile Content ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Tapioca Flour

This study aimed to (1) make charcoal briquettes from corncobs organic waste; (2) determine the right type of adhesive to make a corncobs charcoal briquette to produce good quality briquettes; (3) determine the appropriate percentage of adhesive to produce corncobs briquettes to produce good quality briquettes; and (4) know the best characteristics of corncobs charcoal briquettes which include moisture content, volatile content, ash content, carbon content and caloric value. The sample used was corncob obtained from a corn farmer in Pasekan Village, Wonogiri regency. This research used experimental method in laboratory with several stages, namely: (1) preparation of materials; (2) carbonization; (3) crushing and sifting of charcoal (4) mixing charcoal with adhesive and water; (5) briquetting; (6) briquette drying; And (7) analysis of briquette quality. This adhesive types used in this research were tapioca flour and wheat flour and the percentage of adhesive material were 5%, 10% and 15% from total weight of charcoal powder. The result of the research were: (1) charcoal briquettes as alternative energy source can be made from biomass waste (corncobs organic waste); (2) charcoal briquettes from organic corncobs wastes using tapioca flour adhesives have better quality than using wheat flour adhesives; (3) the both charcoal briquettes using 5% of tapioca flour adhesive and 5% wheat flour adhesives have better quality than 10% and 15% in terms of moisture content, volatile content, ash content, carbon content and calorific value; and (4) the best characteristics obtained are for the charcoal briquettes using 5% of tapioca flour adhesive, which have water content of 3,665%; volatile matter amounting of 11.005%; ash content of 4.825%; fixed carbon content of 80.515%; and high heat value of 5661,071%.

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Experimental Study on Low-Temperature Carbonization of Low Rank Coal

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.1311 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 805-806 ◽

pp. 1311-1316

Author(s):

Li Qun Wang ◽

Zhong Xiang Wei ◽

Zhong Bo Yi

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Ash Content ◽

Carbonization Temperature ◽

Holding Time ◽

Low Rank ◽

Volatile Content ◽

Low Rank Coal ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Dry Distillation ◽

Increasing Trend

In this paper,a research was carried out on the regularities of carbonization temperature,holding time and mass on weightlessness of low rank coal. The experiment showed experiments in a certern range (450°C~700°C,<60min),weightlessness of coal in an increasing trend,the remained volatile content of semi-coke was measured reduce tending to value,ash content increased,fixed carbon gradually increased in the temperature range with the improvement of the carbonization temperature and holding time,also hydrogen and oxygen content of the char decreased,a significant increased in the carbon content,nitrogen and sulfur content was essentially the same. Reactivity of CO2 and semi-coke obtained in different carbonization conditions were better,the response rates are 100% when the temperature exceeded 1000°C. Best condition of dry distillation: carbonization temperature was 500°C~650°C,mass of low rank coal was less than 30g,holding time was between 30 minutes to 40 minutes.

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PENGARUH SUHU DAN KONSENTRASI PEREKAT TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET BIOARANG BERBAHAN BAKU TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN PROSES PIROLISIS

Konversi ◽

10.20527/k.v4i2.266 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Yuli Ristianingsih ◽

Ayuning Ulfa ◽

Rachmi Syafitri K.S

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Heating Value ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Rate Of Combustion

Abstrak-Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit merupakan limbah padat hasil produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Setiap 1(satu) ton tandan buah segar dihasilkan 23% limbah padat. Limbah padat ini dapat di konversi menjadi bahan bakar pengganti minyak yaitu briket. Briket bioarang adalah bahan bakar padat yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bahan bakar yang berasal dari fosil seperti minyak dan gas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu pirolisis terhadap yield bioarang yang dihasilkan dan mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi perekat kanji (5% w/w, 10% w/w, 15% w/w) terhadap karakteristik briket hasil penelitian (kadar air, volatile matter, kadar abu, fixed carbon, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran). Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode pirolisis yaitu proses pembakaran bahan baku dalam reaktor pirolisis dengan menggunakan suhu yang tinggi dan tanpa atau dengan sedikit oksigen. Pirolisis dilakukan selama 2,5 jam dengan variasi suhu yaitu 350°C, 400°C, 450°C dan 500°C. Arang yang dihasilkan dicampur dengan perekat sesuai variasi dan dicetak menjadi briket. Briket kemudian dianalisa kadar air, kadar abu, kadar karbon, kadar zat terbang, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran. Briket dengan yield tertinggi terdapat pada suhu 350°C sebesar 51,53% dan yield terendah pada suhu 500°C sebesar 26,03%. Briket hasil penelitian ini telah memenuhi standar mutu briket sebagai bahan bakar dilihat dari nilai kalor. Komposisi optimal antara perekat kanji dan arang TKKS hasil pirolisis yaitu pada 5%:95% yang menghasilkan nilai kalor terbesar yaitu 6748,15kal/g. Kata kunci : Briket Bioarang, Pirolisis, Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Abstract-Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches are solid waste from Crude Palm Oil (CPO industry). For 1 ton of fresh fruit bunches produced 23% of solid waste. This solid waste can be converted into alternative energy that called briquettes. Briquettes are solid fuel that can be used as an alternative fuel replacement for fossil fuels such as oil and gas. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the yield generated briquettes and the effect of stach adhesive concentration (5, 10 and 15% wt) to briquettes characteristics (moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, calorific value and the rate of combustion). In this reseacrh, two kilograms of palm oil empty fruit bunches was burned using pyrolisis reactor at different temperatur (350, 400, 450 and 5000C) for 2.5 hour. Charcoal produced was mixed with an adhesive in accordance variations and molded into briquettes. Briquettes then analyzed the water content, ash content, carbon content, volatile matter content, heating value and rate of combustion. The maximum yield of briquettes which was obtained in this research is 51.53% at temperature 3500C and the lowest yield at temperature of 500 ° C by 26.03%. Briquettes results of this study have met the quality standards of fuel briquettes as seen from the heating value. Optimal adhesive composition between starch and charcoal TKKS is 5%: 95% that generates highest calorific value about 6748.15kal/ g. Keywords: Briquette Bioarang, Pyrolysis, oil palm empty bunches

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GROWTH AND ENERGY QUALITY OF EUCALYPTUS WOOD IN DIFFERENT CROP-LIVESTOCK-FOREST SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v50i4.59650 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 1707

Author(s):

Helio Tonini ◽

Marina Moura Morales ◽

Flavio Jesus Wruck ◽

Ronaldo Maran Deliberali

Keyword(s):

Genetic Material ◽

Volume Growth ◽

Basic Density ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

High Yield ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Cropland Area ◽

Eucalyptus Wood

The aim of the present study was to assess the growth and energetic properties of genetic material of eucalyptus grown in several integrated crop-livestock system spatial arrangements in Barra-do-Garças City (MT). The genetic material of 76-month old Eucalyptus spp from eight spatial arrangements were assessed according to the following properties: diameter, height and volume growth, mortality rate, dry matter yield, sapwood to heartwood ratio, form factor, bark volume, basic density, superior calorific value, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and trunk energy. Data analysis was performed by adjusting growth function, test for model identity and parameters equality and ANOVA tests to Scott-Knott’s mean clustering test. Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clones from recorded the highest energy efficiency due to their high yield volume, which was decisive to determine estimated energy available per tree and cropland area. Growth, stem shape and basic density varied among, and within, the same genetic materials, depending on their respective spatial arrangement. However, solid biomass properties (high calorific value, ash content, fixed carbon and volatile matter) remained stable.

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