The Influence of the Rules of Succession on the Structure of Hungarian and German Families of Southern Transdanubia in the Early 20th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Dóra Frey
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
German Population ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
The Family ◽  
Hungarian Population ◽  
Single Child ◽  
The One

The topic of the article is the influence of the rules and customs of succession on the family structures and life strategies in Southern Transdanubia. At the beginning of the 20th century, scientists and the local administration observed significant differences between the demographical structures of the Hungarian and German inhabitants in both Tolna and Baranya counties. While a significant part of the Hungarian rural population followed the “single-child-policy” (“egyke” in Hungarian), German families in the same area did not have this concept. It was observed, that the villages with families following the singlechild-policy kept losing population and were endangered by a demographical collapse. Seeking the reasons behind the single-child-policy, the rules of succession were identified as the main difference between the Hungarian and German population. The German population practiced the so-called primogeniture (Anerbenrecht), probably brought along from the early 18th century Southern Germany, meaning that one single successor inherits the entire land asset of the family. In contrast, the custom of the Hungarian population was a proportional succession. As all heirs inherited part of the land asset, it fragmented from generation to generation. To avoid this, the rural population developed the singlechild-policy, which, on the one hand, was very effective in preventing the fragmentation of family assets and became an unwritten law in several villages, but on the other hand it caused radical demographical changes. Different measures to prevent the single-child policy didn’t have a markable effect.

Imitation: Simple, Stretto, Canonical (On the Difficulties of Absolute Differentiation in the Polyphony of Strict Style)

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
Т.В. Франтова
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Text Line ◽  
Theoretical Literature ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Stable Connection ◽  
Polyphonic Music ◽  
Musical Forms

Статья посвящена проблемам изучения теории и практики имитационной техники в полифонии строгого письма. Три типа имитации — простая, стреттная, каноническая — постоянно фигурируют в современной музыкально-теоретической литературе. Трактовки сути простой и канонической имитации в разных источниках совпадают, хотя формулировки в деталях разнятся. При этом значительны расхождения в понимании стретты. По традиции, заложенной учениями XVIII века, в теоретическом музыкознании стретту рассматривают в контексте формы фуги. Одновременно ряд исследователей считает возможным использовать понятие стретты по отношению к имитационному многоголосию Ренессанса. При этом термин употребляется в разных значениях. Материал исследования — начальные имитационные секции четырех-шестиголосных мотетов Палестрины без c. f. Тематическая организация рассматривается с учетом тексто-музыкальной формы мотета, в соответствии с которой функцию темы выполняет тексто-музыкальная строка, построенная на относительно стабильном соединении текстовой строки и развернутого мелодического soggetto. Ее неоднократные повторения позволяют обнаружить сходства и различия канонов и стретт в строгостильном многоголосии. The article is devoted to the problems of studying the theory and practice of imitation technique in polyphonic music of strict writing. Three types of imitation — simple, stretto and canonical — appear as relevant in modern musical theoretical literature. An analysis of the existing concepts showed that the interpretations of the essence of simple and canonical imitation in different sources coincide, although the formulations in details, as a rule, differ. Against this background, significant differences in the understanding of stretto (narrow, tight) imitation are especially noticeable. Many authors, foreign and domestic, starting from the teachings of the 18th century, consider the stretto in the context of the fugue form. At the same time, a number of researchers of the 20th century (domestic and foreign) have formed a different position. They believe that it is possible to expand the musical and historical boundaries of the use of the concept of stretto, its use in relation to the imitative polyphony of the Renaissance. The authors talk about the stretto in at least three different cases: the effect of a compressed temporary introduction of imitation voices (S. Skrebkov, T. Dubravskaya), narrow introduction of voices with their subsequent non-imitation promotion (N. Simakova), the tight entry of the rispost before the end of the theme in the propost, which does not fit into the canon (K. Eppessen, S. Skrebkov). The analysis of the musical material showed that the broadly understood stretto (the conciseness of the timing of the introduction of voices) is very typical of the polyphony of strict writing and manifests itself in many and different methods. The musical material of the study was the one-theme initial imitation sections of the four-six-part Palestrina motets, the compositional foundation of which lacks cantus firmus. The thematic organization was considered taking into account the genre of the motet, which belongs to the class of text-musical forms. In accordance with the nature of the genre, the function of the theme in the imitation section is performed by a text-musical line built on a relatively stable connection of a text line and an expanded melodic soggetto.

The only-child premium and moderation by social origin: Educational stratification in post-reform China

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-409
Author(s):  
Haowen Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Control Policy ◽  
Social Origin ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Only Child ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
The Family ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The One ◽  
Birth Control Policy ◽  
Critical Grade

The One Child Policy initiated in the late 1970s created a birth cohort with an unusually high proportion of only children. This paper examines the relationship between being the only child in the family and educational attainment, as well as its potential variations by social origin. Drawing my sample from the China Family Panel Studies, I compare two birth cohorts born before and after the birth-control policy. Results show that in the younger cohort, being the only child in the family produces a premium in educational outcomes, including years of completed schooling and odds of progressing through critical grade transitions. In addition, I observe a pattern that the only-child premium tends to be larger for people with higher social origins in competitive grade transitions.

Health, Malaria Campaigns, and Development in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilberto Hochman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Malaria Eradication ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

Since the early 20th century, Brazilian public health has focused on rural areas, the people living there, and the so-called endemic rural diseases that plague them. These diseases—particularly malaria, hookworm, and Chagas disease—were blamed for negatively affecting Brazilian identity (“a vast hospital”) and for impeding territorial integration and national progress. For reformist medical and intellectual elites, health and educational public policies could “save” the diseased, starving, and illiterate rural populations and also ensure Brazil’s entry into the “civilized world.” In the mid-20th century, public health once again secured a place on the Brazilian political agenda, which was associated with the intense debates about development in Brazil in conjunction with democratization following World War II (1945–1964). In particular, debate centered on the paths to be followed (state or market; nationalization or internationalization) and on the obstacles to overcoming underdevelopment. A basic consensus emerged that development was urgent and should be pursued through modernization and industrialization. In 1945, Brazil remained an agrarian country, with 70 percent of the rural population and a significant part of the economy still dependent on agricultural production. However, associated with urbanization, beginning in the 1930s, the Brazilian government implemented policies aimed at industrialization and the social protection of organized urban workers, with the latter entailing a stratified system of social security and health and social assistance. Public health policies and professionals continued to address the rural population, which had been excluded from social protection laws. The political and social exclusion of this population did not change significantly under the Oligarchic Republic (1889–1930) or during Getúlio Vargas’s first period in office (1930–1945). The overall challenge remained similar to the one confronting the government at the beginning of the century—but it now fell under the umbrella of developmentalism, both as an ideology and as a modernization program. Economic development was perceived, on the one hand, as driving improvements in living conditions and income in the rural areas. This entailed stopping migration to large urban centers, which was considered one of the great national problems in the 1950s. On the other hand, disease control and even campaigns to eradicate “endemic rural diseases” aimed to facilitate the incorporation of sanitized areas in agricultural modernization projects and to support the building of infrastructure for development. Development also aimed to transform the inhabitants of rural Brazil into agricultural workers or small farmers. During the Cold War and the anti-Communism campaign, the government sought to mitigate the revolutionary potential of the Brazilian countryside through social assistance and public health programs. Health constituted an important part of the development project and was integrated into Brazil’s international health and international relations policies. In the Juscelino Kubitschek administration (1956–1961) a national program to control endemic rural diseases was created as part of a broader development project, including national integration efforts and the construction of a new federal capital in central Brazil (Brasilia). The country waged its malaria control campaign in conjunction with the Global Malaria Eradication Program of the World Health Organization (WHO) and, to receive financial resources, an agreement was signed with the International Cooperation Agency (ICA). In 1957 malaria eradication became part of US foreign policy aimed at containing Communism. The Malaria Eradication Campaign (CEM, 1958–1970) marked the largest endeavor undertaken by Brazilian public health in this period and can be considered a synthesis of this linkage between development and health. Given its centralized, vertical, and technobureaucratic model, this project failed to take into account structural obstacles to development, a fact denounced by progressive doctors and intellectuals. Despite national and international efforts and advances in terms of decreasing number of cases and a decline in morbidity and mortality since the 1990s, malaria remains a major public health problem in the Amazon region.

THE OTTOMAN ALGERIAN ELITE AND ITS IDEOLOGY

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Shuval
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The One

By the late seventeenth century, Algeria and Tunisia had established regimes that were largely independent of Ottoman sovereignty in almost every regard, although the Porte continued, in strictly legal terms, to exert minimal rights of sovereignty.        Michel Le Gall1But, let there be no mistake: the more a regency of Barbary has become fearsome to the Christian princes, the more the Sultan is its absolute master. He had only to utter a word to end an unjust war and fix even the terms for peace.        Jean-Michel Venture de Paradis2Separated by two centuries, these two quotations describe the role of the Ottoman Empire in North Africa in very different—indeed, contradictory—terms. On the one hand, Ottoman North Africa is depicted as a region where independent political entities emerged out of a century of Ottoman rule, ready as it were for the eventual emergence of nation-states in the 20th century. Venture de Paradis's earlier description, however, is devoid of the hindsight gained by our knowledge of the “end of the story.” It tells us that by the end of the 18th century, contrary to the contemporary accepted view of the remoteness of the Maghribi “regencies” from the imperial center in Istanbul, the three Ottoman provinces of North Africa were indeed an integral part of the Ottoman Empire, and the rulers of these provinces were obedient subjects of the Sublime Porte.

Las primeras propuestas de ‘Selección de Norma’ para el gallego

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-157
Author(s):  
Mauro Fernández
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The People ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Actual Speech ◽  
The One

Summary Linguistic sttudies of Galician began in the last third of the 18th century with Father Martín Sarmiento (1695–1772). Since the tradition of writing in this language had been interrupted towards the end of the 15th century, its later recovery required certain decisions on what the model for ‘good Galician’ would be as well as on the norm for the writing system. In this article, I will explore the various destinies of the available options: (1) the adherence to actual speech; (2) the adherence to an archaic available norm; and (3) the approach to the Portuguese norm, which in its extreme formulation, assumes the adoption of this language as the high variant and the written form of Galician. A close examination of prefaces and introductions to grammars, dictionaries, and other relevant texts shows a clear preference for the first solution. ‘Good Galician’ would thus be the one spoken by the people, in all its diversity, with some exclusions which varied according to the author: In some cases, important towns and urban variants were excluded; in others, the mountainous regions and the areas bordering with Castile; and in certain cases, the ‘people’ only meant ‘the best’ in each town. Options 2 and 3 made a timid appearance towards the end of 19th century even though 3 gained acceptance throughout the 20th century, specially in the last twenty years.

scholarly journals Boris Valkh and the development of zoology and museology in the East of Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Ancient Maps ◽  
Made In

The details of biography and scientific works of Boris Valkh (1876–1942), one of the leading zoologists who worked in eastern Ukraine in the first half of the 20th century, were analysed. Boris Valkh worked at the interface of zoology, plant protection, and epidemiology and he was a leading specialist in controlling the abundance of economically important groups of rodents and insects (plant protection stations) and an epidemiologist (studying zoonoses). At the same time, he was a nature protector, one of the key organizers of nature reserves in the southeast of Ukraine (Kamiani Mohyly, Bilosaraiska Kosa). The main attention in this review is paid to Valkh's research into zoology (ornithology, entomology, and theriology), and his work upon creation of zoological collections, including the one in the Bakhmut Museum of Local Lore, which was organized with his participation. All of these developments made by the scientist are considered along with details of his biography analysed using family archives and by conversations with Valkh’s descendents, including his grandson Boris Valkh, granddaughter Olympiada Gryshchenko, and great-grandson Sergei Valkh. Significant clarifications and important additions to the biography of Boris Valkh have been made, in particular regarding his education (once in Pavlohrad Gymnasium and twice in Kharkiv University), wife and children, as well as his long-term trips to Turkestan and Azerbaijan. The location of "Hory-Mohyly hamlet", from which most of the zoological samples collected by the Valkhs are derived, is clarified and determined as the same place that was marked on ancient maps as "Horemohylove" The history of the species Mus sergii described by Boris Valkh and its type locality were analysed. The information about the history of accumulation and further fate of his and his son Sergey’s zoological collections including mammal specimens from Hory-Mohyly is summarized. Unique original photographs from the family archives have been used, for most of which the dates and places of taking were determined. Pictures of collections and original zoological labels are also presented.

scholarly journals „Osobliwie muszę tu wyznać zrządzenie Boskie nad tobą Synu mój kochany, iż twoja najlepiej cię kochająca Matka, uniesiona często słabością rozumu swojego, biła cię i źle ci życzyła”. Choroba psychiczna w rodzinie w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku na przykładzie dzieciństwa Stanisława Mikołaja Tretera

2019 ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Ewa Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Mentally Ill ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Central State ◽  
Her Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
History Of ◽  
Professional Care ◽  
The One

Stanisław Mikołaj, son of Agnieszka, nee Izbicki, and Stanisław Treter, the king’s chamberlain, was born on 19th November 1776. When he was seven years old it turned out that his mother was mentally ill, most probably suffering from schizophrenia. In the 18th century mental and nervous disorders were very rare, and foreigners visiting Poland even thought they were characteristic of Poles. Certainly, mental disease in a family does not only affect the one who actually suffers from it, it has an impact on each family member and somehow everyone is involved. Agnieszka’s psychosis started with aggressive behaviour towards her family, and especially her son. She would destroy things which either belonged to him or were in some way related to him, she would scream at him, physically and mentally harass him. His father would usually buy the things the boy needed most, such as underwear, clothes and shoes, in well-kept secret. Agnieszka categorically opposed this and even “became stubborn and restless which influenced the atmosphere in this home”. Because of his mother’s disease and its influence on the atmosphere in the family, the boy often felt anxiety and fear, and sometimes even annoyance and despair. In November 1786 Stanisław Treter decided that it would be better if his wife stayed in Warsaw for a while. The atmosphere at home was becoming worse and worse, and their ten-year-old son required systematic and extensive education, while Agnieszka herself needed “professional” care. In the 18th century people who suffered from mental diseases would usually live with their families and be provided with good care and a kind of particular respect, unless they were dangerous to others. However, Agnieszka was completely unpredictable. Her irrepressible aggression was understood by her son as a lack of love and acceptance. He often felt lost and very lonely. His mother’s mental disease did not create supportive conditions for the development of the child’s emotions and mentality. Certainly, like any other child he loved his “Mummy” very much, so parting with her was a very difficult experience for the boy. Disharmony in the Treter family, which was the consequence of Agnieszka’s disease, developed in Stanisław Mikołaj patterns of instability, hostility and neglect. Thus it is not surprising that he became oversensitive, egoistic, combative and aggressive. We learn about Stanisław Mikołaj Treter’s difficult childhood from his father’s notes. In 1785 he decided to write a history of his son’s life and education, and it took him four years to write in 13 letters which are now kept in the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lvov.

scholarly journals The 18th-Century Udmurt Women’s Outfits Depicted in J.P. Falk’s Book: Interpretation and Attribution

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
E. E. Nechvaloda
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Ethnographic Data ◽  
The One ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Source Of Information

This study describes three engravings in the book by Academician Johan Peter Falk, showing Udmurt women in traditional outfi ts. Falk headed one of the most important expeditions of the 18th century, sponsored by the Russian Academy of Sciences. According to the fi gure captions, the women are Votyak, Bashkir, and Mishar, respectively; but ethnographic data suggest that two of these attributions are wrong. On the basis of comparison of the women’s outfi ts to those drawn by members of other 18th-century expeditions and of late 19th to early 20th-century ethnographic sources, relating to the composition of outfi ts, their construction, decoration, and ornaments, all the three women are Udmurt. The “Votyak” outfi t matches that of the southern Udmurt, the allegedly Mishar woman is central Udmurt, and the one said to be Bashkir is northern Udmurt. The accuracy of detail allows us to specify not only the ethnicity of the women, but their social status as well. The so-called “Votyak” and “Bashkir” outfi ts are those worn by married women, and that of the alleged “Mishar” is a girl’s dress. Generally, accurate representations, such as those illustrating the proceedings of the 18th-century expeditions from the Academy of Sciences, are a valuable and underexplored source of information.

Femininity and masculinity in Chinese culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-49
Author(s):  
Wang Huan
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Sexual Pleasure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
The Family ◽  
Femininity And Masculinity ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The One ◽  
Population Numbers

n traditional Chinese culture, the concepts of femininity and masculinity are “plural categories” which are based on family and society, hence they are not clearly distinguished nor opposite to each other. In ancient times, people valued the power of women, channelling it by saying that women should devote themselves to benefiting the state. Meanwhile, society oppressed women by limiting them to their marital homes in order to eradicate men’s unconscious fear of the destructive side of feminine power. On the other hand, for Chinese men, sexual pleasure and aggression were unwelcome, while the mother–son relationship was most important within the family, and comradeship and brotherhood between men another important aspect of relationships. Profoundly mutual relationships were not encouraged between men and women in ancient China. Even until now, all men and women and their intimate relationships have been in the service of politics. The interests of the family and state are placed above individual interests. However, the one-child policy, as the product of government decision based on population numbers rather than human factors, and implemented by coercion, has produced a generation of empowered daughters and “little emperors” who increasingly value and appreciate individualism. The new generations must learn how to develop new forms of mutuality between the partners, with evolving implications for masculinity and femininity.

Why Family Savings and Investing in Children Matter to the Economy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Chim Richard Wong
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Divorce Laws ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
The Family ◽  
Marriage Laws ◽  
The One ◽  
Economic Vitality

Enhancing and protecting the family’s investment in children is central to China’s long-term economic vitality and growth and to rebalancing its economy away from investment and towards consumption. Important steps in that direction may include reforming divorce laws, repealing the one-child policy, liberalizing banking and financial markets, and supplying more low-cost housing using the Singapore approach, which allows subsidized homes to be resold (not the Hong Kong approach, whereby most people in public housing are tenants without title to the property). In Hong Kong and on the Mainland, state intervention through marriage laws, government housing programs, financial regulation, and old age retirement schemes have had a large detrimental impact on how families save, have children, and invest in them. Is it surprising that the family is in demise?Fortunately, the family is fighting to survive, because there is no alternative. The experience of Western industrialized economies offers lessons in what to avoid, not embrace, as many in Hong Kong think.

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