Extrusion enhances apparent metabolizable energy, ileal protein and amino acid digestibility of palm kernel cake in broilers

Objective: This study consisted of two stages; the first was to determine the effect of extrusion and sieving treatments on the chemical properties of palm kernel cake (PKC), and accordingly, a follow-up experiment (second stage) was conducted to determine and compare the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and protein and amino acid digestibility of extruded and sieved PKC.Methods: Two physical treatments, namely extrusion (using temperature profiles of 90°C/100°C/100°C, 90°C/100°C/110°C, and 90°C/100°C/120°C) and sieving (to 8 particles sizes ranging from >8.00 to 0.15 mm) were carried out to determine their effects on chemical properties, primarily crude protein (CP) and fiber contents of PKC. Based on the results from the above study, PKC that extruded with temperature profile 90/100/110°C and of sieved size between 1.5 to 0.15 mm (which made up of near 60% of total samples) were used to determine treatments effect on AME and CP and amino acid digestibility. The second stage experiment was conducted using 64 male Cobb 500 chickens randomly assigned to 16 cages (4 cages [or replicates] per treatment) to the following four dietary groups: i) basal (control) diet, ii) basal diet containing 20% untreated PKC, iii) basal diet containing 20% extruded PKC (EPKC), and iv) basal diet containing 20% sieved PKC (SPKC).Results: Extrusion and sieving had no effect on CP and ash contents of PKC, however, both treatments reduced (p<0.05) crude fiber by 21% and 19%, respectively. Overall, extrusion and sieving reduced content of most of the amino acids except for aspartate, glutamate, alanine and lysine which increased, while serine, cysteine and tryptophan remained unchanged. Extrusion resulted in 6% increase (p<0.05) in AME and enhanced CP digestibility (p<0.05) by 32%, as compared to the untreated PKC while sieving had no effect on AME but improved CP digestibility by 39% which was not significantly different from that by extrusion.Conclusion: Extrusion is more effective than sieving and serves as a practical method to enhance AME and digestibility of CP and several amino acids in broiler chickens.

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Phosphorus bioavailability, amino acid digestibility and metabolizable energy of broiler chick diets supplemented with low-oil distiller’s dried grains with solubles

Veterinaria México OA ◽

10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.3.543 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Arturo Cortes ◽

José Arce-Menocal ◽

Ernesto Ávila-González ◽

Carlos López-Coello

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Control Diet ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Broiler Chick ◽

Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽

P Bioavailability

Phosphorus (P) bioavailability, crude protein (CP), amino acid (AA) digestibility, and apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) were determined in broiler chick diets, supplemented with one of two low-oil distiller´s dried grains with solubles (oil contents 6.54% and 5.35% for DDGS A and B, respectively). Diets were provided ad libitum in a mash form, from days 8 to 21 of age. In Experiment 1, one day old male broiler chicks (n=210) were assigned to one of 7 treatments, with 3 replicates of 10 birds each. Animals in treatment 1 (T1) were fed a basal diet formulated to be deficient in nonphytate P (0.14%). Birds in T2 and T3 received the basal diet supplemented with 0.05% or 0.10% of P from monodicalcium phosphate (MCP), respectively. Phosphorus from DDGS was added to diets in T4 (0.05% from DDGS A), T5 (0.1% from DDGS A), T6 (0.05% from DDGS B) and T7 (0.1% from DDGS B). Percent of inclusion of DDGS was dictated by total P content as determined by chemical analyses. Growth performance and P intake were assessed in all birds. Phosphorus bioavailability was determined using the slope ratio assay, with tibia ash as the response variable. For Experiment 2, one-day-old male broiler chicks (n=200), were assigned to 5 treatments with 4 replicates of 10 birds each. A sorghum-soya control diet was given to animals in T1. Treatments 2 and 3 included this same diet supplemented with either 5% or 10% of DDGS A. Birds in T4 and 5 received the control diet with either- 5% or 10% of DDGS B. Amino acid digestibility was measured from ileal contents in 7 euthanized birds from each group at day 21. Apparent metabolizable energy was determined in oven dried feces from all animals during the last 3 days of the experiment. Weight gain and feed consumption increased (P <0.001) with larger inclusion of dietary P in birds from experiment 1. Relative P bioavailability for DDGS A and B was 72% and 86% respectively, from a P total content of 0.85% and 0.94%.,. Growth performance was similar for all treatment groups in experiment 2 (P >0.05). The average apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficient for DDGS A 76.5% and B was 76.4%. No differences were found for essential AA coefficients between the two DDGS (P >0.05). The AMEn values on a dry matter basis were 2828 and 2854 kcal/kg for DDGS A and B, respectively.

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Effects of Fermentation on Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids and Apparent Metabolizable Energy in Rapeseed Meal Fed to Broiler Chickens

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10101774 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1774

Author(s):

Zhengke Wu ◽

Jiao Liu ◽

Jiang Chen ◽

Shoaib Ahmed Pirzado ◽

Yang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Rapeseed Meal ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Isoleucine Leucine ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Apparent Metabolizable Energy

Rapeseed meal (RSM) is a common protein ingredient in animal diets, while the proportion of RSM in diets is limited because of its anti-nutritional factors. Fermentation based on mixed microbial strains appears to be a suitable approach to improve the nutritive value of rapeseed meal in animal feed. In this study, we evaluated the effects of fermentation on the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids in RSM fed broilers. The AME and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of RSM and fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) were determined by the substitution method, with RSM and FRSM proportionally replacing the energy-yielding components of the basal diet by 30%. Results show that fermentation improved AME and AMEn of RSM from 7.44 to 8.51 MJ/kg and from 7.17 to 8.26 MJ/kg, respectively. In the second experiment, two experimental diets were formulated, with RSM and FRSM being the sole sources of amino acids. A nitrogen-free diet (NFD) was also formulated to determine endogenous amino acids losses (EAAL). Feeding on FRSM resulted in higher (p < 0.05) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and SID of alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, lysine, arginine, and phenylalanine. No significant differences between RSM and FRSM were found for AID and SID of asparagine, histidine, threonine, serine, glutamine, praline, glycine, methionine, and cystine. FRSM had greater AMEn values and SID of amino acids compared to RSM, therefore, FRSM was nutritionally superior to RSM in broiler diets.

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Excessive heating of 00-rapeseed meal reduces not only amino acid digestibility but also metabolizable energy when fed to growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa219 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Maryane S F Oliveira ◽

Markus K Wiltafsky-Martin ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Rapeseed Meal ◽

Sole Source ◽

Heating Time ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Ileal Digestibility

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that both the degree of heating and the time that heat is applied will affect the concentration of DE and ME, and the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 00-rapeseed meal (00-RSM) fed to growing pigs. The nine treatments were prepared using a conventional 00-RSM that was either not autoclaved or autoclaved at 110 °C for 15 or 30 min or at 150 °C for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 min. In experiment 1, 20 growing barrows with an average initial BW of 21.2 ± 1.2 kg were randomly allotted to the 10 diets in a replicated 10 × 4 Youden square with 10 diets and four periods in each square. A corn-based basal diet and nine diets containing corn and each source of 00-RSM were formulated. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. In experiment 2, nine diets contained one of the nine sources of 00-RSM as the sole source of AA, and an N-free diet that was used to measure basal endogenous losses of AA and CP was formulated. Twenty growing barrows with an initial BW of 69.8 ± 5.7 kg had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to a 10 × 7 Youden square design with 10 diets and 7 periods. Ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7 of each 7-d period. Results from the experiments indicated that there were no effects of autoclaving at 110 °C on DE and ME or on AID and SID of AA in 00-RSM, but DE and ME, and AID and SID of AA were less (P < 0.01) if 00-RSM was autoclaved at 150 °C compared with 110 °C. At 150 °C, there were decreases (quadratic, P < 0.05) in DE and ME, and in AID and SID of AA as heating time increased. In conclusion, autoclaving at 110 °C did not affect ME or SID of AA in 00-RSM, but autoclaving at 150 °C had negative effects on ME and SID of AA and the negative effects increased as heating time increased.

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THE TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY AND AMINO ACID CONTENT OF CANDLE, ALTEX AND REGENT CANOLA MEALS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas82-061 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 521-525 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A. JABBAR MUZTAR ◽

S. J. SLINGER

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Canola Meal ◽

Force Feeding ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Ad Libitum Feeding ◽

New Cultivars

Rapeseed (Canola) meals derived from two B. napus cultivars, Altex and Regent, were studied for their true metabolizable energy (TME) and amino acid (AA) contents and the results were compared with meal from the B. campestris cultivar, Candle. The TME was determined by force-feeding the ingredients singly as well as by feeding them ad libitum for 1.5 h in conjunction with a basal diet. The Regent meal showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher TME value than Altex or Candle when fed singly. However, based on the results obtained by ad libitum feeding of these samples mixed with a basal diet, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the TME values of any of the three meals. This latter result was in keeping with their proximate composition which was fairly similar for all three meals. When calculated as a percentage of the protein, Candle meal was slightly higher in most of the essential AA as compared with the Altex and Regent meals. However, considering all of the parameters used, the new cultivars Altex and Regent should be as vauable for the nutrition of poultry as the Candle meal. Key words: Canola meal, Candle, Altex, Regent, True metabolizable energy, amino acids

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Metabolizable energy and digestible amino acids of full-fat soybean without or with protease supplementation in diets for broilers

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/1413-70542016405047915 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (5) ◽

pp. 565-576 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Felipe Santos Dalólio ◽

Luiz Fernando Teixeira Albino ◽

Horácio Santiago Rostagno ◽

Diego Ladeira da Silva ◽

Maurílio de Lucas Xavier Júnior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Control Diet ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽

Protein Free Diet ◽

Digestible Amino Acids

ABSTRACT Two experiments were carried out to determine the energy values and the true ileal digestibility of amino acids of nine toasted full-fat soybeans (FFSB), without or with the addition of monocomponent protease. In the first experiment, to determine the energy values, the method of excreta collection was used with 1120 broiler chicks at 14 days old, distributed in randomized blocks in a 10x2 factorial arrangement with nine full-fat soybeans (30% included) plus a control diet (70%) without or with the addition of protease, totaling 20 treatments with 8 replicates and 7 birds per cage. In the second experiment, 1120 broiler chickens from 24 to 28 days of age were distributed in randomized blocks in a 10x2 factor arrangement, with nine full-fat soybeans (40% included) + a protein free diet (60%), without or with the addition of protease, totaling 20 treatments with 8 replicates and 7 birds per cage. Ileal digesta collection was used to determine the true digestibility coefficients and the digestible amino acid content of full-fat soybean. The average values of nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and their respective metabolization coefficients (CAMEn) were 3207 kcal/kg and 62.57%, respectively. The average values of digestibility coefficients of crude protein and essential and nonessential amino acids were 86.79, 87.90 and 84.34%, respectively. The inclusion of protease improved (P<0.05) all evaluated parameters. Therefore, its use is recommended in diets containing full-fat soybeans for broiler chickens.

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Amino acid requirements of growing pigs 2. Identification of the limiting amino acid(s) in a low-protein diet supplemented with lysine

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100025241 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 87-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A. J. Taylor ◽

D. J. A. Cole ◽

D. Lewis

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Control Diet ◽

Live Weight ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

Limiting Amino Acid

ABSTRACTA basal diet containing 120 g crude protein per kg and 9g lysine per kg, and previously shown to be limiting in one or more essential amino acids and/or non-essential nitrogen, was examined. It was fed either alone to growing female pigs from 25 kg to 55 kg live weight or in combination with four supplements of synthetic amino acids each containing three out of isoleucine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan. A control diet containing 140 g crude protein per kg and 9g lysine per kg was also included. Blood samples were collected at 40 kg live weight in order to examine the influence of dietary treatments on blood metabolites. Results for growth performance, carcass composition and blood urea indicated that threonine was the first limiting amino acid in the basal diet. Plasma free amino acids gave no clear trend. Growth performance and carcass composition were unaffected by supplementation of the diet with glycine indicating that the dietary supply of non-essential nitrogen was adequate.

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Amino acid nutrition of the lactating sow: limitation by indispensable amino acids

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100002269 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 263-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Wilkinson ◽

D. J. A. Cole ◽

D. Lewis

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Control Diet ◽

Latin Square ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Plasma Urea ◽

Synthetic Amino Acids ◽

Dietary Amino Acid ◽

Indispensable Amino Acids ◽

Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn the first of two experiments of 6 × 6 Latin-square design a diet of barley, soya bean meal and fish meal, known to give an adequate lysine intake (56 g/day) at the level of feeding adopted, was diluted with maize starch to give crude protein intakes ranging between 448 and 923 g/day but with the lysine intake held constant by using synthetic lysine in the diets. The diets were given to sows suckling ten piglets between days 12 and 30 of lactation. Dietary amino acid adequacy was assessed by changes in plasma urea, urinary urea, urinary nitrogen and plasma amino acid concentrations. The dietary amino acid supply became limiting with a protein intake of approximately 730 g/day. In the second experiment, a diet of similar composition was used with varying additions of synthetic threonine, methionine, isoleucine and tryptophan: the control diet contained all the synthetic amino acids added, the basal diet none and the other diets were formed by adding groups of three out of the four synthetic amino acids. On the basis of some of the variables studied, it was concluded that, for this diet, threonine was the limiting amino acid after lysine.

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Diets with reduced levels of nutrients supplemented with phytase and amino acids for broilers

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/s1413-70542012000100013 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 100-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Elisangela Minati Gomide ◽

Paulo Borges Rodrigues ◽

Luciana de Paula Naves ◽

Verônica Maria Pereira Bernardino ◽

Luziane Moreira dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Control Diet ◽

Abdominal Fat ◽

Ash Content ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽

Fat Diets ◽

Tibia Ash ◽

Broiler Feed

One performance experiment and another metabolism experiment were conducted simultaneously with broilers from 22 to 35 days of age, evaluating five diets in six replicates. The control diet, without phytase, contained 19% of crude protein (CP); 0.412% of available phosphorus (aP) and 0.824% of calcium (Ca). The other diets were supplemented with phytase and were formulated with 0.262% of aP and 0.524% of Ca, with the CP level ranging from 19 to 16%. In the performance assay, 750 birds were used, in which were evaluated the performance, the tibia ash content and yields of carcass, cuts, and abdominal fat at 35 days of age. The metabolism assay was conducted with 90 birds, evaluating the apparent metabolizable energy corrected by the nitrogen balance; the metabolizability coefficient of dry matter (MCDM) of the diets, and also the balance and retention of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Diets did not affect performance, tibia ash content and yields of carcass, breast and thigh + drumstick. However, birds fed diet containing 16% of CP showed greater abdominal fat. Diets containing 19% of CP had the smaller energetic value and MCDM. The retention of N and P was higher in birds fed diets formulated with reduced CP content and phytase. Therefore, when the broiler feed is supplemented with phytase and amino acids it is possible to reduce the CP, aP and Ca for up to 16; 0.262 and 0.524%, respectively.

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Energy values and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in some feedstuffs for broilers

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6p2651 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 2651

Author(s):

Felipe Santos Dalólio ◽

Diego Ladeira Silva ◽

Luiz Fernando Teixeira Albino ◽

Ricardo Vianna Nunes ◽

Valdir Ribeiro Junior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Control Diet ◽

Brown Rice ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Amino Acid Contents

The objective of this study was to determine the energy values, standardized ileal digestibility coefficients and digestible amino acid contents of parboiled brown rice bran (PBRB), protein sorghum meal (PSM) and bread waste meal (BWM) in broiler diets. In the first trial, 144 broiler chicks at 14 days of age were evaluated in a completely randomized design involving three feedstuffs + a control diet, with six replicates and six birds per experimental unit. The total excreta collection method was adopted to determine the energy values of the feedstuffs. In the second trial, 144 broilers at 24 days of age were used in a completely randomized design involving three feedstuffs + a protein-free diet, with six replicates and six birds per experimental unit. Ileal digesta was harvested to determine the standardized ileal digestibility coefficients and digestible amino acid contents of the feedstuffs. The nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of PBRB, PSM and BWM were 2638, 2799 and 3399 kcal.kg-1, respectively. The metabolizability coefficients of AMEn (CAMEn) of PBRB, PSM and BWM were 54.13, 57.35 and 86.66%, respectively. Bread waste meal had the highest CAMEn (p < 0.05) and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (p < 0.01), followed by PBRB and PSM. The main limiting digestible amino acids in PBRB, PSM and BWM were found at the following respective levels: methionine - 0.19, 0.33 and 0.24%; lysine - 0.40, 0.46 and 0.40%; threonine - 0.25, 0.50 and 0.45%; and valine - 0.44, 0.73 and 0.48%.

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10 THE ROLE OF DIETARY L-SERINE IN THE REGULATION OF INTESTINAL MUCUS BARRIER DURING INFLAMMATION

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽

10.1093/ibd/zaa010.110 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S42-S42

Author(s):

Kohei Sugihara ◽

Nobuhiko Kamada

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Control Diet ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Germ Free ◽

Intestinal Mucus ◽

Gnotobiotic Mice ◽

Mucus Barrier

Abstract Background Recent accumulating evidence suggests that amino acids have crucial roles in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), amino acid metabolism is changed in both host and the gut microbiota. Among amino acids, L-serine plays a central role in several metabolic processes that are essential for the growth and survival of both mammalian and bacterial cells. However, the role of L-serine in intestinal homeostasis and IBD remains incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary L-serine on intestinal inflammation in a murine model of colitis. Methods Specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice were fed either a control diet (amino acid-based diet) or an L-serine-deficient diet (SDD). Colitis was induced by the treatment of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The gut microbiome was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. We also evaluate the effect of dietary L-serine in germ-free mice and gnotobiotic mice that were colonized by a consortium of non-mucolytic bacterial strains or the consortium plus mucolytic bacterial strains. Results We found that the SDD exacerbated experimental colitis in SPF mice. However, the severity of colitis in SDD-fed mice was comparable to control diet-fed mice in germ-free condition, suggesting that the gut microbiota is required for exacerbation of colitis caused by the restriction of dietary L-serine. The gut microbiome analysis revealed that dietary L-serine restriction fosters the blooms of a mucus-degrading bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in the inflamed gut. Consistent with the expansion of mucolytic bacteria, SDD-fed mice showed a loss of the intestinal mucus layer. Dysfunction of the mucus barrier resulted in increased intestinal permeability, thereby leading to bacterial translocation to the intestinal mucosa, which subsequently increased the severity of colitis. The increased intestinal permeability and subsequent bacterial translocation were observed in SDD-fed gnotobiotic mice that colonized by mucolytic bacteria. In contrast, dietary L-serine restriction did not alter intestinal barrier integrity in gnotobiotic mice that colonized only by non-mucolytic bacteria. Conclusion Our results suggest that dietary L-serine regulates the integrity of the intestinal mucus barrier during inflammation by limiting the expansion of mucus degrading bacteria.

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