scholarly journals An Overview of Occurrence and Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Sewage/Wastewater

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Salim Mahtab ◽  
Izharul Haq Farooqi
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Integrated Treatment ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Precise Characterization ◽  
Pharmaceutical Removal ◽  
Suitable Treatment ◽  
Surface Water Bodies

Nowadays, the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in sewage/wastewater is a major environmental concern. Their precise characterization and suitable treatment/disposal is a must else it pollutes the surface water bodies and causes major distress on aquatic lives and human health. Also, the up-gradation of the sewage/wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a must to consider the removal of these pollutants and to provide the best quality effluent for various reuse purposes. Mostly, the conventional treatment methods are inefficient for their removal, and hence, the most advanced and refined treatment options are needed for their effective treatment. In this chapter, we have highlighted the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in various water samples and their treatment options are reviewed. It was recommended that integrated treatment systems are more efficient, economical, and environmental friendly than single stand-alone treatment. Further advancement and modifications in the treatment options are required to overcome the shortcomings regarding pharmaceutical removal to achieve the legal standard discharge limit.

scholarly journals Local treatment of leachate from MSW landfills using soil plant - system

2019 ◽  
pp. 321-334
Author(s):  
Lars Thörneby ◽  
William Hogland ◽  
Erling Alm ◽  
Anders Lind´en ◽  
Hans Dahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant

Landfill leachate is identified as an environmental concern, as it contains both eutrophicating and hannful substances. Collection and treatment of leachate is therefore a necessity and most landfills in Sweden treat the leachate before discharge into any recipient. More and more landfills changes to local treatment and at Moskogen and Hedeskoga landfills Soil-Plant (SP) systems were designed to replace the conventional treatment of leachate at the municipal sewage treatment plant. Installed in 1998, the SP-system at Moskogen have removal efficiency today for some key parameters of about: 97% for BOD; 41 % for COD; and for NH4-N 99%. The SP-system at Hedeskoga was planted with cuttings (Salix) in the spring of 1999 and the system was put into operation in the summer and the removal efficiencies for pollutants in the ponds was in July for: BOD 80%; COD 65%; Tot-N 87%; and NH4-N 94%.

Microplastic contamination in a conventional wastewater treatment plant in Thailand

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2098205
Author(s):  
Katekanya Tadsuwan ◽  
Sandhya Babel
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Sludge Sample ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Urban Wastewater Treatment

Plastic waste has become a global environmental concern. One type of plastic waste is microplastics (MPs), which can spread easily in the environment. Wastewater effluent is one of the land-based sources of MPs. This study investigates the amount of microplastic (MP) pollution in an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Thailand. Water samples were collected and examined to find the types, morphology and sources of MPs. Wastewater was filtered through a set of sieves ranging from 5 mm to 0.05 mm. Sludge samples were also collected to find the potential risk from the application of dried sewage sludge. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to confirm the types of MPs. The amount of MPs in the influent was 26.6 ± 11.8 MPs/L. More than one-third of MP particles were removed after a grit trap, followed by 14.24% removal in the secondary treatment. If the peak flow rate of the WWTP is reached, 2.32 × 109 MP particles can be released daily. The amount of MPs in a sludge sample was 8.12 ± 0.28 × 103 particles/kg dry weight. Dry sludge is one of the potential sources of MP contamination in agricultural soil. Most MPs in the liquid fraction and sludge sample were fibres. Results from FTIR analysis showed that the major types of MPs in the WWTP were polyester fibres, followed by polypropylene, polyethylene, silicone polymer and polystyrene. This finding indicates that a conventional WWTP may act as a path by which MPs enter the environment.

scholarly journals Targeting Mutant KRAS in Pancreatic Cancer: Futile or Promising?

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Inga Nollmann ◽  
Dietrich Alexander Ruess
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Kinases ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Dismal Prognosis ◽  
Pi3k Inhibition ◽  
Suitable Treatment ◽  
Oncogenic Driver ◽  
Major Treatment ◽  
Made In

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most fatal cancers with a dismal prognosis for the patient. This is due to limited diagnostic options for the early detection of the disease as well as its rather aggressive nature. Despite major advances in oncologic research in general, the treatment options in the clinic for PDAC have only undergone minor changes in the last decades. One major treatment advance would be the successful targeting of the oncogenic driver KRASmut. In the past, the indirect targeting of KRAS has been exploited, e. g., via upstream inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases or via downstream MEK or PI3K inhibition. However, the experience gained from clinical trials and from the clinic itself in the treatment of KRASmut cancer entities has dampened the initial euphoria. Lately, with the development of KRASG12C-specific inhibitors, not only the direct but also the indirect targeting of KRASmut has gained momentum again. Though preclinical studies and preliminary early clinical studies of monotherapies have shown promising results, they have been overshadowed by the swift development of resistances resulting in inconsistent responses in patient cohorts. Currently, several different combination therapies for KRASmut cancer are being explored. If they hold the promise they have made in preclinical studies, they might also be suitable treatment options for patients suffering from PDAC.

scholarly journals A Review on Characterization of Sediments for Green Bricks Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.35) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
L. W. Ean ◽  
M. A. Malek ◽  
Bashar S. Mohammed ◽  
Chao-Wei Tang ◽  
P. X. H. Bong
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Leaching Test ◽  
Contaminated Sediment ◽  
Dredged Sediment ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
Viable Solution

Accumulation of dredged sediment has raised environmental concern in various countries. Recycling of sediment into bricks is a viable solution to the environmental pollution. Concerning to the utilization of sediment in bricks, this study reviews the needs of characterization on sediment and methods of producing sediment bricks. Particle size distribution was found to be the key criteria for characterization of sediment. Sizes of particles determined the function of the sediments in the bricks. In spite of that, leachability of heavy metals is another important aspect for contaminated sediment. Cementing bricks used cementing materials as the stabilization agent to the heavy metals. It is necessary to conduct leaching test for the end-product of the sediment to ensure the heavy metals leached are within the regulatory limits. In conclusion, method of producing sediment bricks may vary due to the various characteristics of sediment for a promising environmental friendly production.  

Water Quality Management in the Chemical Industry – BASF's Ludwigshafen Complex as an Example – Investigations, Design, Operation

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 583-607
Author(s):  
H Engelhardt ◽  
W G Haltrich ◽  
W Weisbrodt
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Halogenated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Treatment Procedure ◽  
Metal Compounds ◽  
Suitable Treatment ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Waste Water Management

The BASF works Ludwigshafen - the largest integrated chemical complex in Europe - via re-organization of its waste water management (installation of a separate sewerage system, intra-plant measures, central chemical-mechanical-biological treatment plant) has achieved a reduction of the substance load discharged to the Rhine by ca. 98% in terms of BOD5 and by ca. 94% for COD and TOC. During many years (1961 - 1974) investigations have been carried out with pilot plants on laboratory scale (50l) as well as on semi-industrial scale (20 000 population equivalents) for selecting the suitable treatment procedure and dimensioning of the central treatment plant. The treatment procedure developed according to tests in the pilot plant (high-rate primary sedimentation to avoid activated sludge with poor settling properties, followed by an aeration stage in form of a circular basin according to the carrousel system, including a denitrification zone of variable volume) has proven successful in practice. The sludge volume index is 50 ml/g. In spite of varying nitrate concentrations the denitrification is working without problems. In the central treatment plant (dimensioning data 375 000 kg/d BOD5, ca. 100 000 kg/d NO3−, DWF 660 000 m3/d) BOD5 is degraded by 96%, COD as well as TOC by ca. 80 - 85%, while nitrate is eliminated by 95 %. It will be reported mainly on the operation experience. In addition to the central treatment facilities there are numerous decentralized measures in regard to the treatment of concentrated waste waters or waters containing poorly degradable substances like halogenated hydrocarbons and heavy metal-compounds.

scholarly journals Hall Technique for Carious Primary Molars: A Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Doua H. Altoukhi ◽  
Azza A. El-Housseiny
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Pediatric Dentistry ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Primary Molars ◽  
Pediatric Dentist ◽  
Traditional Preparation ◽  
Failure Cost ◽  
Crown Preparation ◽  
Hall Technique

The high frequency of caries in primary teeth and its inadequate treatment are major public health problems during childhood. Nowadays, the Hall technique is one of the methods used for biological sealing in carious lesions in primary molars. Thus, the bacteria will be sealed from oral environment and the caries will be inactive. The objective of this article was to provide an updated search on the Hall technique description, indication, contraindication, advantages, concerns, success and failure, cost-effectiveness, acceptability, and preference in pediatric dentistry, and to compare the Hall technique with traditional crown preparation and conventional treatment options for carious primary molars. A discussion of the recently published articles on the Hall technique reveals that the Hall technique is considered a promising restorative option with high acceptability and longevity; with low failure rate for managing carious primary molars compared to conventional treatment modalities used in primary care settings. Furthermore, the survival rate of stainless steel crowns (SSCs) is considered high, whether provided using Hall technique or traditional preparation by a pediatric dentist. Thus, the Hall technique can be an effective addition to the clinician’s range of treatment options for carious primary molars. However, it should be chosen in restricted cases.

scholarly journals Osteolytic Skull Lesions–Our Experience

2017 ◽  
Vol 08 (03) ◽  
pp. 434-438
Author(s):  
B. V. Sandeep ◽  
Manpreet Singh Banga ◽  
Suniti Kumar Saha ◽  
Kaushik Roy
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Lesion ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures ◽  
Suitable Treatment ◽  
A Prospective Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To present an overview of varied clinical presentations, investigations and treatment options for Osteolytic skull lesions. Study Design: It is a prospective study. Materials and Methods: We conducted this study from January 2013 to December 2015 in the Department of Neurosurgery, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata. During this period, 14 patients presented with osteolytic skull lesions through the outpatient department. All patients were thoroughly investigated with appropriate hematological and radiological investigations and treated following admission, and surgery was performed in the Neurosurgery Department. All were followed regularly in OPD. Results: Total 14 patients were included in the study. Amongst these 7 were male and 7 female. Age group of patients ranged from 5 to 72 years. Of 14 cases, three cases had dermoid cyst, four cases had metastasis, and one each case had epidermoid cyst, intradiploic meningioma, benign cystic lesion, tuberculosis, histiocytosis X, hemangioma, and osteomyelitis. All underwent diagnostic/therapeutic procedures and referred for Radio or chemotherapy where indicated. Conclusion: All scalp/skull lesions need careful clinical correlation, appropriate radiological investigations to establish diagnosis and subject them to suitable treatment.

Integrated Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Anaerobic Filter-Constructed Wetland in Military Camps

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 1331-1334
Author(s):  
Tao Lv ◽  
Wu Long Zhang ◽  
Xie Zhang ◽  
Feng Xue
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Integrated Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Anaerobic Filter ◽  
Integrated Technique ◽  
Packing Layer

This paper studies through project cases the treatment effect of integrated technique of anaerobic filter and constructed wetland on domestic wastewater in military camps, and the method for preventing the blocking of anaerobic filter and constructed wetland packing. The results show that its average removal rate of COD, NH4+-N, TP and SS is 83.1%, 37.5%, 49.8% and 91.5% respectively, with effluent meeting the standard of Grade II in Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002); as planned, two anaerobic filters, one for operation and the other laying fallow at a alternate period of 6 months, in combination of the design of spoil disposal, can effectively prevent the packing layer from being blocked; being preprocessed, anaerobic filter can effectively prevent the packing layer of constructed wetland from being blocked; in case of a certain difference in elevation, the integrated technique can achieve unpowered operation. Besides, it is easy to implement and manage at a low operational cost without professional technician, and can treat decentralized domestic wastewater, therefore, is suitable for camps.

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