scholarly journals Enterococci: An Important Nosocomial Pathogen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
High Level ◽  
Acquired Antibiotic Resistance

Enterococci, particularly Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, are an important cause of nosocomial infections and have become a major issue worldwide. Nosocomial infections due to vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) occur frequently. A significant increase in prevalence of VRE has been reported recently in many countries. Enterococci are second most frequent cause of nosocomial urinary tract infection, bacteremia and infective endocarditis. They are also related to etiology of intra-abdominal an pelvic infections, gastrointestinal infections and oral infections. The ability of Enterococci to survive in adverse conditions, presence of virulence factors and possession of intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance traits poses a therapeutic challenge. Due to high level of multidrug resistance in VRE, Enterococcus has become an important organism in health based settings.

scholarly journals Is there any association between antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in Enterococcus isolates?

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 310-315
Author(s):  
Nergis Aşgın ◽  
Emre Taşkın
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Automated System ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
High Level

Objective: In this study, we aim to determine the frequency of antibiotic resistance and five virulence genes in Enterococcus species and the relationship between antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. Material and Methods: A total of 86 Enterococcus strains isolated from inpatients between 2015 and 2016 were included. Identification and antibiotic susceptibilities of strains were determined using a BD Phoenix fully automated system. The presence of virulence-associated genes (esp, gel E, asa1, hyl, and cyl) were investigated by using PCR method. Results: Of the 86 Enterococcus strains, 53 (61.6%) and 33 (38.4%) were Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively. Vancomycin and high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) in E. faecalis strains were 0.6% and 60.6%, respectively. Furthermore, 52 of the 53 E. faecium strains were both vancomycin-resistant and HLGR. The frequency of esp, gel E, asa1, cyl, and hyl was 91.9%, 60.5%, 54.7%, 43%, and 26.7%, respectively.  The asa 1, cyl, and gel E genes were detected at high frequencies in vancomycin-susceptible and non-HLGR strains, whereas hyl gene was detected at high frequencies in vancomycin-resistant and HLGR strains. Conclusion: Virulence genes were more frequent in vancomycin-susceptible and non-HLGR Enterococcus strains than in the resistant strains. Although infections caused by multidrug-resistant strains are difficult to treat, it should be considered that susceptible strains have more virulence genes. This may reduce the in vivo efficacy of drugs and lead to treatment failures. Therefore, in addition to the in vitro susceptibilities of drugs, clinical efficacy should be monitored.

scholarly journals Changes in Prevalence of Nosocomial Infection Pre- and Post-COVID-19 pandemic from a Tertiary Hospital in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmei Su ◽  
Zhiqin Zhang ◽  
Xu Zhao ◽  
Hanlin Peng ◽  
Yi Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Nosocomial infections (NIs) are an important cause of mortality, and increasing evidence reveals that the prevalence of NIs can be reduced through effective prevention and control measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic on NIs.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the prevalence of NIs before and after COVID-19 pandemic for six months in the Children’s Hospital of Soochow University.Results: A total of 39,914 patients in 2019 and 34,645 patients in 2020 were admitted to the hospital during the study. There were 1.39% (481/34645) of patients with NIs in 2020, which was significantly lower than the 2.56% (1021/39914) of patients in 2019. The rate of critical and fatal cases was also decreased. Except for the ICU, the prevalence of nosocomial infection in most departments decreased from 2019 to 2020. Regarding the source of infections, a significant reduction was mainly observed in respiratory (0.99% vs 0.42%, p=0.000) and digestive tract (0.63% vs 0.14%, p=0.000). The microorganism analysis of respiratory infections indicated an obvious decline in acinetobacters and fungi. The most significant decline of pathogens in gastrointestinal infections was observed for rotavirus. The comparison of catheter-related nosocomial infections between 2019 and 2020 did not show significant differences. Conclusions: The prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic have reduced the nosocomial infection in almost all departments, except the ICU, mainly regarding respiratory, gastrointestinal, and oral infections, while catheter-related infections did not show any differences.

scholarly journals Survey of Antibiotic Resistance among Enterococci in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1638-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Reinert ◽  
G. Conrads ◽  
J. J. Schlaeger ◽  
G. Werner ◽  
W. Witte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Surveillance Study ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
High Level ◽  
Resistance Rates

A surveillance study on antibiotic resistance of enterococcal isolates (n = 730) was carried out in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in 1997. Resistance rates to ampicillin (7.4%), high-level gentamicin (15.0%), high-level streptomycin (27.9%), ciprofloxacin (37.9%), vancomycin (1.5%), and teicoplanin (1.5%) were determined. All vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) carried the vanA gene. SmaI andApaI macrorestriction patterns indicated an intra- and interhospital spread of VRE.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequences ofStenotrophomonas maltophiliaStrains Sm32COP, Sm41DVV, Sm46PAILV, SmF3, SmF22, SmSOFb1, and SmCVFa1, Isolated from Different Manures in France: TABLE 1

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josselin Bodilis ◽  
Benjamin Youenou ◽  
Jérome Briolay ◽  
Elisabeth Brothier ◽  
Sabine Favre-Bonté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Genetic Determinism ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Opportunistic Human Pathogen ◽  
Acquired Antibiotic Resistance

Stenotrophomonas maltophiliais a major opportunistic human pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of Sm32COP, Sm41DVV, Sm46PAILV, SmF3, SmF22, SmSOFb1, and SmCVFa1, isolated from different manures in France, which provide insights into the genetic determinism of intrinsic or acquired antibiotic resistance in this species.

scholarly journals Changes in prevalence of nosocomial infection pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic from a tertiary Hospital in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmei Su ◽  
Zhiqin Zhang ◽  
Xu Zhao ◽  
Hanlin Peng ◽  
Yi Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Nosocomial infections (NIs) are an important cause of mortality, and increasing evidence reveals that the prevalence of NIs can be reduced through effective prevention and control measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic on NIs. Methods A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the prevalence of NIs before and after COVID-19 pandemic for 6 months in the Children’s Hospital of Soochow University. Results A total of 39,914 patients in 2019 and 34,645 patients in 2020 were admitted to the hospital during the study. There were 1.39% (481/34645) of patients with NIs in 2020, which was significantly lower than the 2.56% (1021/39914) of patients in 2019. The rate of critical and fatal cases was also decreased. In addition, the rate of appropriate handwashing, the number of protective gloves and aprons used per person and the number of healthcare staff per patients were significantly increased. Except for the ICU, the prevalence of nosocomial infection in most departments decreased from 2019 to 2020. Regarding the source of infections, a significant reduction was mainly observed in respiratory (0.99% vs 0.42%, p = 0.000) and digestive tract (0.63% vs 0.14%, p = 0.000). The microorganism analysis of respiratory infections indicated an obvious decline in acinetobacters and fungi. The most significant decline of pathogens in gastrointestinal infections was observed for rotavirus. The comparison of catheter-related nosocomial infections between 2019 and 2020 did not show significant differences. Conclusions The prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic have reduced the nosocomial infection in almost all departments, except the ICU, mainly regarding respiratory, gastrointestinal, and oral infections, while catheter-related infections did not show any differences.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Colistin Nonsusceptible Nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii Strains from Russia for 2013-2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene A. Sheck ◽  
Mikhail V. Edelstein ◽  
Marina V. Sukhorukova ◽  
Natali V. Ivanchik ◽  
Elena Yu. Skleenova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
High Level ◽  
Therapeutic Possibilities

A high level of resistance to carbapenems in Acinetobacter baumannii strains severely limits therapeutic possibilities. Colistin is the last resort drug against such strains, although the cases of resistance to this drug have become more frequent. This article presents the epidemiological features and genetic diversity of colistin nonsusceptible A. baumannii strains collected as part of a national multicenter epidemiological study of the antibiotic resistance of pathogens of nosocomial infections (MARATHON), which was conducted in 2013-2014 in Russia. A total of 527 A. baumannii isolates were collected, 10 (1.9%) of which were nonsusceptible to colistin. The majority of nonsusceptible A. baumannii isolates to colistin showed resistance to carbapenems and had the genes of the acquired OXA-40-like carbapenemases (n=6). In one case, a combination of OXA-23-like + OXA-40-like (n=1) genes was identified. One strain had the multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype, 6 isolates had extensively drug-resistant (XDR) phenotype, and 3 isolates had pandrug-resistant (PDR) phenotype. Among the colistin nonsusceptible A. baumannii isolates, 6 individual genotypes were identified, most of which belonged to successful international clones (CC92OXF/CC2PAS, n=4; CC944OXF/ST78PAS, n=4; CC109OXF/CC1PAS, n=1).

scholarly journals Study of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial profile of nosocomial infections and their antibiotic resistance in a referral center, Southwest Iran: A three year cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259512
Author(s):  
Nazanin Ahmadkhosravi ◽  
Azar Dokht Khosravi ◽  
Aram Asareh Zadegan Dezfuli ◽  
Mohammad Hashemzadeh ◽  
Morteza Saki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
High Level ◽  
Southwest Iran ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Background The drug resistance is expected to be the most important challenge in infection control in Iran, where there is no local report or standard drug resistance monitoring system. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the aerobic and anaerobic bacterial profile of nosocomial infections and their antibiotic resistance in Ahvaz, southwest Iran. Methodology The gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were identified on the basis of conventional culture and biochemical tests. The antibiotic resistance of the bacterial isolates against antibiotics was determined by the disk diffusion method. Results Among total 1156 collected positive samples, E. coli and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were the most frequent pathogenic gram negative bacteria (GNB) and gram positive bacteria (GPB) respectively. Drug susceptibility testing revealed that among GNB, P. aeruginosa was 100% resistant to amikacin, cefepime, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. In the case of E. coli, the resistance rate was (98%) for trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole and cefepime. For GPB, S. aureus showed the highest resistance rates to amikacin (100%) and clindamycin (100%). In addition, CoNS strains showed a high level of resistance to doxycycline (100%), erythromycin (100%) and cefoxitin (97%). In Bacteroeides fragilis isolates, the highest resistance rate belonged to clindamycin (72%), and Clostridium perfringens strains showed high level of resistance to penicillin (46%). Conclusion The results highlighted that there are distinct factors leading to antimicrobial resistance in Ahvaz, southwest Iran. The primary contributors to the resistance development, include poor surveillance of drug-resistant infections, poor quality of available antibiotics, clinical misuse, and the ease of access to antibiotics. Moreover, similar factors such as self-medication and the lack of regulation on medication imports play a role in antibiotic resistance in the region.

scholarly journals High level of vancomycin resistance in invasive strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in Italy: initial results from the national AR-ISS antibiotic resistance project

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Boccia ◽  
F D'Ancona ◽  
A Pantosti
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Vancomycin Resistance ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
High Level ◽  
Initial Results

A total of 5.9% of isolates from blood cultures of enterococci in Italy during the last half of 2001 were resistant to three or more antibiotics (of different classes) (1). The frequency of vancomycin resistance and overall multiresistance in invasive strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are reported in table 1. It is of note that 80.0% of those isolates that were vancomycin resistant were also multiresistant.

scholarly journals High Level of Gastrointestinal Nosocomial Infections in the German Surveillance System, 2002–2008

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1273-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Spackova ◽  
Doris Altmann ◽  
Tim Eckmanns ◽  
Judith Koch ◽  
Gerard Krause
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Hospital Infection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Robert Koch Institute ◽  
Public Health Action ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Hospital Infection Control ◽  
High Level

Objective.Surveillance of nosocomial infections (NIs) is well established in many countries but often does not include gastrointestinal infections. We sought to determine the proportion of NIs among all hospitalized cases for the 4 most prevalent types of gastrointestinal infections in Germany.Methods.We analyzed all notifications of laboratory-confirmed or epidemiologically linked gastrointestinal infections due to norovirus, rotavirus,Salmonellaspecies, andCampylobacterspecies reported to the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin, Germany, from 2002 through 2008. Infections were considered nosocomial if disease onset was more than 2 days after hospitalization for norovirus, rotavirus, andSalmonellainfection and more than 5 days after hospitalization forCampylobacterinfection.Results.During the study period, 710,725 norovirus, 394,500 rotavirus, 395,736Salmonella, and 405,234Campylobactergastrointestinal infections were reported. Excluding cases for which nosocomial status could not be determined, we identified 39,424 (49%) of 80,650 norovirus, 11,592 (14%) of 83,451 rotavirus, 3,432 (8%) of 43,348Salmonella, and 645 (2%) of 33,503Campylobactergastrointestinal infections as definite nosocomial cases. Multivariate analysis confirmed higher risk of gastrointestinal NIs for patients aged more than 70 years (relative risk [RR], 7.0 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 6.7–7.2];P< .001) and residents of western states (RR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.2–1.3];P< .001) and lower risk for female patients (RR, 0.9 [95% CI, 0.9–0.9;P< .001). Yearly NI proportions remained stable except for norovirus.Conclusions.The investigated gastrointestinal NIs in Germany do not show a clear trend, but they are at high level, revealing potential for public health action and improvement of hospital infection control mainly among older patients. National prevalence studies on gastrointestinal NIs would be of additional value to give more insight on how and where to improve hospital infection control.

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