scholarly journals Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroprotection: Associated Receptors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Barros Câmara
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Clinical Scenario ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ad Therapy

Research with humans and animals has been developed over the past few years to identify receptors involved in Alzheimer’s disease, aiming at a better understanding of the mechanisms and pathophysiological aspects associated with the disease. Such receptors, whether or not directly associated with current AD therapy, are relevant since their blockage or activation might result in improving or worsening the clinical scenario of the disease. In other words, such receptors might be involved in the AD prognosis. This chapter discusses some relevant points about the receptors involved with AD.

Nanotechnology Based Delivery Systems of Drugs Currently Used to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-247
Author(s):  
Niloufar Choubdar ◽  
Sara Avizheh
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Sustained Drug Release ◽  
The Past ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Therapeutic Compound

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia affecting over 46 million people, according to AD International. Over the past few decades, there has been considerable interest in developing nanomedicines. Using nanocarriers, the therapeutic compound could be delivered to the site of action where it gets accumulated. This accumulation, therefore, reduces the required doses for therapy. Alternatively, using nanocarriers decreases the side effects. Nanotechnology has had a great contribution in developing Drug Delivery Systems (DDS). These DDS could function as reservoirs for sustained drug release or control the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the drugs. In the current review, we have collected 38 original research articles using nanotechnology as DDS for the clinically used cholinesterase inhibitor drugs donepezil (DPZ), Rivastigmine (Riv), and galantamine (Gal) used for AD treatment from 2002 to 2017 from Scopus and PubMed databases. Regarding DDS used for DPZ, most of the research in recent years dealt with polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) including Poly-D, L-Lactide-Co-Glycolide (PLGA), and chitosans (CHs), then Liposomes (LPs), nanogels, and natural products, respectively. In terms of Riv most of the research performed was focused on polymeric NPs including PLGA, polylactic acid (PLA), Poly-Ε-Caprolactone (PCL), poly-alkyl-cyanoacrylates, CH, gelatin and then LPs. The highest application of NPs in regard to Gal was related to modified LPs and polymeric NPs. Polymeric NPs demonstrate safety, higher stability in biological fluids and against enzymatic metabolism, biocompatibility, bioavailability, and improved encapsulation efficacy. LPs, another major delivery system used, demonstrate biocompatibility, ease of surface modification, and amphiphilic nature.

scholarly journals Tumor necrosis factor α Inhibition for Alzheimer’s Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 117957351770927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudy Chang ◽  
Kei-Lwun Yee ◽  
Rachita K Sumbria
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Α ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Ad Therapy ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Food and Drug Administration–approved biologic TNF-α inhibitors are thus a potential treatment for AD, but they do not cross the blood-brain barrier. In this short review, we discuss the involvement of TNF-α in AD, challenges associated with the development of existing biologic TNF-α inhibitors for AD, and potential therapeutic strategies for targeting TNF-α for AD therapy.

Visual imagery: The past and future as seen by patients with Alzheimer’s disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 12-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad El Haj ◽  
Ahmed A. Moustafa ◽  
Karim Gallouj ◽  
Frédérique Robin
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
The Past

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: Progress and Opportunity

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Yi-An Chen ◽  
Cheng-Hsiu Lu ◽  
Chien-Chih Ke ◽  
Ren-Shyan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Synaptic Loss ◽  
Molecular Machinery ◽  
And Function ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Ad Therapy

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as a neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by mass neuronal and synaptic loss and, currently, there are no successful curative therapies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an emerging approach to intercellular communication via transferring cellular materials such as proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and miRNAs from parental cells to recipient cells, leading to the reprogramming of the molecular machinery. Numerous studies have suggested the therapeutic potential of EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of AD, based on the neuroprotective, regenerative and immunomodulatory effects as effective as MSCs. In this review, we focus on the biology and function of EVs, the potential of MSC-derived EVs for AD therapy in preclinical and clinical studies, as well as the potent mechanisms of MSC-derived EVs actions. Finally, we highlight the modification strategies and diagnosis utilities in order to make advance in this field.

The hybrid compounds as multi-target ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Considerations on Donepezil

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayrettin Ozan Gulcan ◽  
Muberra Kosar
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibition ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
Hybrid Molecule ◽  
Design Studies ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Hybrid Molecules ◽  
Ad Therapy ◽  
Main Strategy

: The strategies to combat Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) have been changing with respect to the failures of many drug candidates assessed in clinical studies, the complex pathophysiology of AD, and the limitations of the current drugs employed. So far, none of the targets, either validated or nonvalidated, have been shown to be purely causative in the generation and development of AD. Considering the progressive and the neurodegenerative characteristics of the disease, the main strategy has been based on the design of molecules capable of showing activity on more than one receptor, and it is defined as multi-target ligand design strategy. The hybrid molecule concept is an outcome of this approach. Donepezil, as one of the currently employed drugs for AD therapy, has also been utilized in hybrid drug design studies. This review has aimed to present the promising donepezil-like hybrid molecules introduced in the recent period. Particularly, multi-target ligands with additional activities concomitant to cholinesterase inhibition are preferred.

scholarly journals Mediterranean and MIND Diets Containing Olive Biophenols Reduces the Prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 2797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Haris Omar
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Mind Diet

The risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) increases with nonmodifiable conditions including age and lack of effective efficacious pharmacotherapy. During the past decades, the non-pharmacotherapy mode of treatment of dietary modification received extensive attention in AD research. In order to reduce the AD pathology and cognitive decline, various dietary patterns have been attempted including caloric restriction (CR), dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH), ketogenic diets (KD), Mediterranean diet (MedDi) and Mediterranean-DASH diet Intervention for Neurological Delay (MIND) diet. Higher adherence to the MedDi diet was associated with decreases in cardiovascular and neurological disorders including AD and related cognitive decline. However, another emerging healthy dietary pattern MIND diet has also been associated with slower rates of cognitive decline and significant reduction of AD rate. Olive serves as one of the building block components of MedDi and MIND diets and the exerted potential health beneficial might be suggested due to the presence of its bioactive constituents such as oleic acids and phenolic compounds (biophenols). A few trials using medical food showed an optimal result in presymptomatic or early stages of AD. The review supports the notion that MedDi and MIND diets display potential for maintaining the cognitive function as nonpharmacological agents against AD pathology and proposed preventative mechanism through the presence of olive biophenols and presents the gaps along with the future directions.

The picture of the past: Pictures to cue autobiographical memory in Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 914-923
Author(s):  
Mohamad El Haj ◽  
Dimitrios Kapogiannis ◽  
Pascal Antoine
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
The Past

What are the Benefits of Exercise for Alzheimer’s Disease? A Systematic Review of the Past 10 Years

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma S.S. Hernández ◽  
Paula F. Sandreschi ◽  
Franciele C. da Silva ◽  
Beatriz A.V. Arancibia ◽  
Rudney da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Daily Life Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Manual Search ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
And Performance

To identify and characterize the scientific literature on the effects of exercise on Alzheimer’s disease, research was conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus. These MeSH terms—“exercise”, “motor activity”, “physical fitness”, “Alzheimer disease”, and its synonyms in English—were used in the initial search to locate studies published between 2003 and 2013. After reading the 12 final articles in their entirety, two additional articles, found by a manual search, were included. Of these, 13 had beneficial results of exercise in Alzheimer’s disease. Given the results discussed here, the exercise may be important for the improvement of functionality and performance of daily life activities, neuropsychiatric disturbances, cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory fitness, functional capacity components (flexibility, agility, balance, strength), and improvements in some cognitive components such as sustained attention, visual memory, and frontal cognitive function in patients with AD.

scholarly journals Natural Scaffolds with Multi-Target Activity for the Potential Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Piemontese ◽  
Gabriele Vitucci ◽  
Marco Catto ◽  
Antonio Laghezza ◽  
Filippo Perna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Aβ Aggregation ◽  
Amyloid Aβ ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
Ad Therapy ◽  
Target Activity

A few symptomatic drugs are currently available for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) therapy, but these molecules are only able to temporary improve the cognitive capacity of the patients if administered in the first stages of the pathology. Recently, important advances have been achieved about the knowledge of this complex condition, which is now considered a multi-factorial disease. Researchers are, thus, more oriented toward the preparation of molecules being able to contemporaneously act on different pathological features. To date, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation as well as the antioxidant activity and the removal and/or redistribution of metal ions at the level of the nervous system are the most common investigated targets for the treatment of AD. Since many natural compounds show multiple biological properties, a series of secondary metabolites of plants or fungi with suitable structural characteristics have been selected and assayed in order to evaluate their potential role in the preparation of multi-target agents. Out of six compounds evaluated, 1 showed the best activity as an antioxidant (EC50 = 2.6 ± 0.2 μmol/µmol of DPPH) while compound 2 proved to be effective in the inhibition of AChE (IC50 = 6.86 ± 0.67 μM) and Aβ1–40 aggregation (IC50 = 74 ± 1 μM). Furthermore, compound 6 inhibited BChE (IC50 = 1.75 ± 0.59 μM) with a good selectivity toward AChE (IC50 = 86.0 ± 15.0 μM). Moreover, preliminary tests on metal chelation suggested a possible interaction between compounds 1, 3 and 4 and copper (II). Molecules with the best multi-target profiles will be used as starting hit compounds to appropriately address future studies of Structure-Activity Relationships (SARs).

Learning from the Past: A Review of Clinical Trials Targeting Amyloid, Tau and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Ceyzériat ◽  
Thomas Zilli ◽  
Philippe Millet ◽  
Giovanni B. Frisoni ◽  
Valentina Garibotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Phase Iii Trial ◽  
The Past ◽  
Positive Results

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and cause of dementia. Characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated Tau, AD pathology has been intensively studied during the last century. After a long series of failed trials of drugs targeting amyloid or Tau deposits, currently, hope lies in the positive results of one Phase III trial, highly debated, and on other ongoing trials. In parallel, some approaches target neuroinflammation, another central feature of AD. Therapeutic strategies are initially evaluated on animal models, in which the various drugs have shown effects on the target (decreasing amyloid, Tau and neuroinflammation) and sometimes on cognitive impairment. However, it is important to keep in mind that rodent models have a less complex brain than humans and that the pathology is generally not fully represented. Although they are indispensable tools in the drug discovery process, results obtained from animal models must be viewed with caution. In this review, we focus on the current status of disease-modifying therapies targeting amyloid, Tau and neuroinflammation with particular attention on the discrepancy between positive preclinical results on animal models and failures in clinical trials.

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