scholarly journals Phenolic Compounds: Classification, Chemistry, and Updated Techniques of Analysis and Synthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamad H. Al Mamari
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis

Phenolic compounds are vast, diverse, ubiquitous and widespread in nature. The biological significance of bioactive phenolic natural secondary metabolites is immense and of high and significant importance. Phenolic compounds are known to exhibit various biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This book chapter begins with classification of phenolic compounds in concise manner followed by going through their chemical properties that are essential for their biological activities. Some chemical properties such as acidity and formation of radicals are directly linked with their important and key biological activities such as antioxidant properties. The chapter covers methods and updated techniques of analysis of phenolic compounds. Finally, biosynthesis of such important organic molecules is covered going through some of their current synthesis methods in the laboratory, methods of their synthetic elaboration. Due to the high potential of phenolic compounds for applications in various industries such as pharmaceutical and food industries, the search for the development of efficient methods for their synthesis as well as modern and accurate methods for their detection and analysis will continue.

scholarly journals Proanthocyanidins: Oligomeric Structures with Unique Biochemical Properties and Great Therapeutic Promise

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1200700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanjie Xu ◽  
Peng Du ◽  
Peter Meiser ◽  
Claus Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cancer Chemoprevention ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Proanthocyanidins represent a unique class of oligomeric and polymeric secondary metabolites found ubiquitously and in considerable amounts in plants and some algae. These substances exhibit a range of rather surprising physical and chemical properties which, once applied to living organisms, are translated into a multitude of biological activities. The latter include antioxidant properties, cancer chemoprevention, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects as well as some exceptional, yet highly interesting activities, such as anti-nutritional and antimicrobial activity. Despite the wide range of activities and possible medical/agricultural applications of proanthocyanidins, many questions still remain, including issues related to bioavailability, metabolism and the precise biochemical, extra- and intracellular targets and mode(s) of action of these highly potent materials. Among the various physical and chemical interactions of such substances, strong binding to proteins appears to form the basis of many of their biological activities. Once easy-to-use synthetic methods to produce appropriate quantities of pure proanthocyanidins are available, it will be possible to identify the prime biological targets of these oligomers, study oligomer-protein interactions in more detail and develop possible practical applications in medicine and agriculture.

scholarly journals Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Pulp and Peel from Peach and Nectarine Fruits

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branka T. STOJANOVIC ◽  
Snezana S. MITIC ◽  
Gordana S. STOJANOVIC ◽  
Milan N. MITIC ◽  
Danijela A. KOSTIC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Phenolic Profiles ◽  
Antioxidant Characteristics

Peach (Prunus persica L.) is a fruit of high nutritional and economic value. Carbohydrates, dietary fibers, minerals and organic acids are among the major constituents of peach fruit, which contribute to the nutritional quality of both fresh fruits and juice. Polyphenolic compounds found in peach may play an important role in physiological functions related to human health. Different polyphenolics may have varied biological activities including antioxidant activity. In this study antioxidant characteristics between peel and pulp of different peach cultivars (‘Radmilovčanka’, ‘June Gold’, ‘Blake’, ‘Hale’, ‘Vesna’, ‘Adria’) and one of nectarine (‘Fantasia’) were investigated. The peel and pulp extracts showed a huge amount of total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), total hydroxycinnamates (TH) and total flavonols (TFL), ranging from 42.7-211.4, 11.1-128.5 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight (f.w.) (TP), 21.9 -94.9, 5.0-58.9 mg CE/100 g f.w. (TF), 28.4-389.2, 8.5-165.8 mg kg-1 f.w. (TH) and 17.3-54 mg kg-1 f.w. (TFL). High contents of phenolic compounds were significantly correlated with high antioxidant capacities. Peach pulp and peel differ significantly in their phenolic profiles: the pulp contains mainly chlorogenic, neochlorogenic and p-coumaric acids, whereas the peel possesses chlorogenic, neochlorogenic and p-coumaric acids together with several flavonol glycosides in huge amounts. Our results indicate that cultivar and extraction solvent play important roles in phenolic compositions and antioxidant properties of peach and nectarine extracts, which was shown using statistical analysis (ANOVA). There are high correlations between extracted phenolic compounds and peach and nectarine cultivars, and used solvent and part of the fruit (peel and pulp).

scholarly journals Natural Antioxidants from Plant Extracts in Skincare Cosmetics: Recent Applications, Challenges and Perspectives

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Hien Thi Hoang ◽  
Ju-Young Moon ◽  
Young-Chul Lee
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Cosmetic Formulation

In recent years, interest in the health effects of natural antioxidants has increased due to their safety and applicability in cosmetic formulation. Nevertheless, efficacy of natural antioxidants in vivo is less documented than their prooxidant properties in vivo. Plant extracts rich in vitamins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds can induce oxidative damage by reacting with various biomolecules while also providing antioxidant properties. Because the biological activities of natural antioxidants differ, their effectiveness for slowing the aging process remains unclear. This review article focuses on the use of natural antioxidants in skincare and the possible mechanisms underlying their desired effect, along with recent applications in skincare formulation and their limitations.

scholarly journals Characterization and multivariate classification of grapes and wines of two Cabernet Sauvignon clones

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 474-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vívian Maria Burin ◽  
Aparecido Lima da Silva ◽  
Luciane Isabel Malinovski ◽  
Jean Pierre Rosier ◽  
Leila Denise Falcão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Total Anthocyanins ◽  
Phenological Cycle

The objective of this work was to assess and characterize two clones, 169 and 685, of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and to evaluate the wine produced from these grapes. The experiment was carried out in São Joaquim, SC, Brazil, during the 2009 harvest season. During grape ripening, the evolution of physical-chemical properties, phenolic compounds, organic acids, and anthocyanins was evaluated. During grape harvest, yield components were determined for each clone. Individual and total phenolics, individual and total anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity were evaluated for wine. The clones were also assessed regarding the duration of their phenological cycle. During ripening, the evolution of phenolic compounds and of physical-chemical parameters was similar for both clones; however, during harvest, significant differences were observed regarding yield, number of bunches per plant and berries per bunch, leaf area, and organic acid, polyphenol, and anthocyanin content. The wines produced from these clones showed significant differences regarding chemical composition. The clones showed similar phenological cycle and responses to bioclimatic parameters. Principal component analysis shows that clone 685 is strongly correlated with color characteristics, mainly monomeric anthocyanins, while clone 169 is correlated with individual phenolic compounds.

scholarly journals Turkish Endemic Achillea Species Protect Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Cytotoxicity

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Kübra Uzun ◽  
Ayşe Kübra Karaboğa Arslan
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Human Neuroblastoma ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The genus Achillea L. belongs to Asteraceae (Compositae), the largest family of vascular plants. There are 50 species, which of 24 is endemic in this genus in Turkey. Achillae species are used as a tonic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagogic agents and have been used for treatment of hemorrhage, pneumonia, rheumatic pain and wounds healing traditionally. The imbalanced antioxidant systems leads to various pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Achillea species have several components; essential oils, sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are the most important medicinal metabolites of Achillea species. Flavonoids have been reported to exert a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor effects. This study aimed to assess the in vitro antioxidant properties of the methanol extracts from the aerial parts of A. cucullata (ACME) and A. sieheana (ASME) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Our study showed that the ACME and ASME provided neuroprotection against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. In conclusion, ACME and ASME might help in reducing oxidative stress for preventive therapy associated with neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.

Synbiotic Functional Malt Beverage Supplemented with Inulin and Probiotic Strains

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1098-1105
Author(s):  
Nayereh Zakipour ◽  
Leila R. Nasiraie ◽  
Amir M. Mortazavian ◽  
Nasim Khorshidian ◽  
Sara Sohrabvandi
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Background: Cereal-based beverages can provide essential nutrients and phytochemicals as well as being suitable carriers for probiotics. Prebiotic ingredients present in grains or incorporated into beverages can improve the growth of probiotics leading to the emergence of functional synbiotic beverages. Objective: This study aimed to produce a malt-based synbiotic beverage containing inulin as a prebiotic and three strains of probiotics and evaluate its physiochemical and antioxidant properties during storage. Methods: A synbiotic malt beverage containing 2.25% inulin and 2.25% sucrose with three probiotic strains including Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum was produced and its chemical properties, antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds and viability of probiotics were determined during 28 days of storage. Results: The results showed that although the viability of probiotic bacteria in synbiotic malt beverage was decreased during refrigerated storage, it remained above 107 cfu/mL. The lowest and the highest viability was observed in the case of L. acidophilus and L. plantarum, respectively after 28 days of storage. pH, brix and total sugar decreased due to probiotic growth and activity. Ethanol concentration increased, but was lower than 0.1% in all samples and thus the final product can be considered as non-alcoholic. Moreover, the content of phenolic compounds was increased in samples with probiotics due to the hydrolysis of glycosylic phenolic compounds and the generation of free phenolic compounds. The samples containing L. casei presented the highest total phenolic content followed by L. acidophilus and L. plantarum, respectively. Malt beverages containing L. casei showed the highest antioxidant activity followed by samples with L. acidophilus and L. plantarum. Conclusion: It can be concluded that proper probiotic strains besides inulin as a prebiotic can be used for the development of a functional synbiotic malt beverage with high phenolic content and antioxidant activity.

scholarly journals Chemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. Spreng. at the Southern Border of the Geographical Range of the Species in Europe

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 7692
Author(s):  
Piotr Sugier ◽  
Łukasz Sęczyk ◽  
Danuta Sugier ◽  
Rafał Krawczyk ◽  
Małgorzata Wójcik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Antioxidant Additive ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Antioxidant Parameters ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Southern Border

The bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. Spreng.) is a source of herbal material—bearberry leaf (Uvae ursi folium), which is highly valued and sought by pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. For many years, leaves of this plant have been used in traditional medicine as a diuretic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory agent for various diseases of the urogenital tract. The bearberry has also been proposed as a natural antioxidant additive due to the high contents of phenolic compounds in its leaves. The study was focused on characterization of the basic phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of extracts derived from bearberry leaves collected from plants located at the southern border of the geographical range of the species in Europe. The investigated herbal material is characterized by a different chemical profile compared to the chemical profiles of bearberry found in other parts of the continent. Bearberry extracts from plants growing in two different habitat types—heathlands and pine forests showed a wide range of variation, especially in the concentration of hyperoside, corilagin, and methylartutin and the total flavonoid contents. In addition to arbutin, bearberry can be a valuable source of phenolic compounds, which are mainly responsible for the antioxidant properties of extracts. The high content of phenols and high values of antioxidant parameters indicate a high potential of bearberry leaves to be used as a powerful natural source of antioxidants in herbal preparations. Therefore, the A. uva-ursi populations can be a source of plant material for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of the Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Two Types of Moroccan Euphorbia Entire Honey and Their Phenolic Extracts

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1909
Author(s):  
Oumaima Boutoub ◽  
Soukaina El-Guendouz ◽  
Ana Manhita ◽  
Cristina Barrocas Dias ◽  
Letícia M. Estevinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Phenolic Extracts

Honey is a natural food product very famous for its health benefits for being an important source of antioxidant and phenolic compounds. Euphorbia honeys obtained from different regions of Morocco were evaluated for their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, lipoxygenase, tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase activities. Their antioxidant properties were evaluated using the: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity, nitric oxide scavenging activity (NO) and scavenging ability of superoxide anion radical. Then, the phenolic extracts of the same entire honey samples were evaluated by liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS) and tested for the biological activities previously evaluated on the entire honeys, in order to conduct a comparative study between both (honey and phenolic extracts). The chromatographic profiles for the studied Euphorbia honey extracts were different. Phenolic compounds gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid were detected in all samples, whereas kampferol was only present in two samples. Physicochemical parameters and total phenolic content were also determined. Entire honey that recorded the highest rate of phenols was sample M6 (E. resinifera) = 69.25 mg GAE/100 g. On the other hand, the phenolic extracts had better antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities than the entire honeys, regardless the monofloral honey type. In conclusion, the studied Euphorbia honeys may have a great potential as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tyrosinase sources for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.

scholarly journals Seaweed-Based Molecules and Their Potential Biological Activities: An Eco-Sustainable Cosmetics

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (17) ◽  
pp. 5313
Author(s):  
Haresh S. Kalasariya ◽  
Virendra Kumar Yadav ◽  
Krishna Kumar Yadav ◽  
Vineet Tirth ◽  
Ali Algahtani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Marine Macroalgae ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Cosmetic Industry

Amongst the countless marine organisms, seaweeds are considered as one of the richest sources of biologically active ingredients having powerful biological activities. Seaweeds or marine macroalgae are macroscopic multicellular eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms and have the potential to produce a large number of valuable compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids, phenolic compounds, pigments, etc. Since it is a prominent source of bioactive constituents, it finds diversified industrial applications viz food and dairy, pharmaceuticals, medicinal, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, etc. Moreover, seaweed-based cosmetic products are risen up in their demands by the consumers, as they see them as a promising alternative to synthetic cosmetics. Normally it contains purified biologically active compounds or extracts with several compounds. Several seaweed ingredients that are useful in cosmeceuticals are known to be effective alternatives with significant benefits. Many seaweeds’ species demonstrated skin beneficial activities, such as antioxidant, anti-melanogenesis, antiaging, photoprotection, anti-wrinkle, moisturizer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant properties, as well as certain antimicrobial activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. This review presents applications of bioactive molecules derived from marine algae as a potential substitute for its current applications in the cosmetic industry. The biological activities of carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic compounds and pigments are discussed as safe sources of ingredients for the consumer and cosmetic industry.

Innovative Extraction Techniques for the Optimum Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Peanut Meal and Evaluation of Their Biological Activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Carcinoma Cell ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽  
Carcinoma Cell Lines ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Phenolic Extract ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted ◽  
Water Ratio

There is a worldwide demand for phenolic compounds (PC) because they exhibit several biological activities. This work aimed at extracting phenolic compounds from peanut meal. The methods of extraction were mainly: conventional solvent extraction (traditional methods) and ultrasound assisted extraction (recent methods) and comparing their results. Peanut meal (PM) was prepared by defatting with n-hexane, and then extracted by the two previous methods. First, the conventional solvents used were 80% methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, and distilled water. Then studied Different parameters such as meal: water ratio, also the effect of temperature and the pH on the extraction process. Second, ultrasonic assisted extractions (USAE), the parameters investigated were temperature, time and speed of sonication. Finally, all the extracts were analyzed by HPLC for their phenolic contents. Results indicated that the highest extracted PC achieved by solvents was in distilled water where 1:100, Meal: Water ratio which extracted 40 mg PC / g PM at 30& 35°C. Highest extracted PC was achieved by alkaline medium at pH 12 more than acidic and neutral medium. While (USAE) at speed 8 ultrasonication and temperature 30ᵒC, extracted 49.2mg PC /g PM. Sothe ultrasound assisted extraction exhibited great influence on the extraction of phenolic compounds from peanut meal. The ultrasonic peanut extract was examined for its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic activities. The antioxidant activity of PM phenolic extract prepared by ultrasonic technique, was measured by, β-carotene, and DPPH methods, and reducing antioxidant power. Results revealed values: 84.57, 57.72 and 5960 respectively. The PM extract showed different levels of antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic bacteria used. As for the anticarcinogenic effect PM phenolic extract most effective on inhibiting colon carcinoma and lung carcinoma cell lines with IC50 = 20.7 and 20.8 µ/ml., respectively. This was followed by intestinal carcinoma and liver carcinoma cell lines with IC50= 39.6 and 40.2µ/ml.

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