scholarly journals Ginseng: Pharmacological Action and Phytochemistry Prospective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuchi Dave Mehta ◽  
Priyanka Rathore ◽  
Gopal Rai
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Triterpenoid Saponin ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Panax Species ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Ginseng, the root of Panax species is a well-known conventional and perennial herb belonging to Araliaceae of various countries China, Korea, and Japan that is also known as the king of all herbs and famous for many years worldwide. It is a short underground rhizome that is associated with the fleshy root. Pharmacognostic details of cultivation and collection with different morphological characters are discussed. Phytocontent present is saponins glycosides, carbohydrates, polyacetylenes, phytosterols, nitrogenous substances, amino acids, peptides, vitamins, volatile oil, minerals, and enzymes details are discussed. The main focusing of the bioactive constituent of ginseng is ginsenosides are triterpenoid saponin glycosides having multifunctional pharmacological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and many more will be discussed. Ginseng is helpful in the treatment of microbial infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, diabetes, and obesity. Nanoparticles and nanocomposite film technologies had developed in it as novel drug delivery for cancer, inflammation, and neurological disorder. Multifaceted ginseng will be crucial for future development. This chapter review pharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacognostic studies of this plant.

scholarly journals Volatile oils analysis of fern (Pteridophyte) around Pangajaran waterfalls, Wonosalam, Jombang

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
YUYUN MARINI ◽  
SUTARNO SUTARNO ◽  
AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Keyword(s):  
Field Survey ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Volatile Oils ◽  
Mesophyll Tissue ◽  
Fern Species ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Percentage Similarity ◽  
Leaf P

The aims of the research were: to know species diversity of fern (Pteridophyte) from Pangajaran, Wonosalam, Jombang, to know fern species containing volatile oil, to know concentration and percentage similarity of substances and characteristics of the substances containing in the oil, and to know the structure of cell producing volatile oil in trees and leaf of the fern. Fern diversity was studied by field survey, volatile oil concentration measured by hydro-distillation followed with gas chromatography to further know the components in the oil, while structure of the cell producing volatile oil was detected cross section of the trees and leaf for microscopic analysis. Based on the data and analysis result can be concluded that there were 13 fern species in Pangajaran. Two of the 13 species were confirmed as producing volatile oil, Pteris beaurita Linn. and Cyathea contaminans, that were produced volatile on their leaf only. Concentration of volatile oil of leaf P. beaurita was 0,005%, while in C. contaminans 0,01%. Percentage similarity of the volatile oil between two species based on its Retention Time (RT) was 2,5%, at the RT point of 21.247 in P. beaurita and at RT point of 21.294 in C. contaminans. Percentage similarity of both species based on morphological characters was 36.36%. Location of volatile oil producing cells in both species of fern was spreadly dispersed in schlerenchyma tissue and in mesophyll tissue of the leaf.

Chemical and morphological variation within a population of Eucalyptus radiata (Myrtaceae) exhibiting leaf volatile oil chemical forms

1992 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Whiffin ◽  
A Bouchier
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Chemical Forms ◽  
Fruit Morphology ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Flavonoid Composition ◽  
Chemical Groups ◽  
Fruit Characters

Fifty trees were collected from a population of Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata known to contain leaf volatile oil chemical forms. These were studied for leaf volatile oil composition, flavonoid composition, and leaf and fruit morphology. Three distinct groups were detected on the basis of leaf volatile oil composition, representing low, medium and high percentages of piperitone, with 43, 3 and 4 plants in each respectively. The low piperitone group contained two subgroups differing in the inversely varying amounts of α-phellandrene and p-cymene. While there was variation in leaf and fruit morphological characters and in flavonoid composition, there was no correlation between any of these characters and the leaf volatile oil chemical groups. Groups could also be distinguished on the basis of morphological characters, especially fruit characters, but these morphological groups were not as distinct as those based on volatile oil characters. There was no association between the morphological groups and the chemical groups on the basis of group membership. The nature and importance of this variation within a Eucalyptus population are discussed.

scholarly journals An Overview of Therapeutic Applications

2017 ◽  
pp. 366-390
Author(s):  
Sandeep Waghulde ◽  
Pravin Naik
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
System A ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Novel Drug Delivery System ◽  
Novel Drug

Over the last few years' great advances have been made on the development drug delivery systems for different purposes for targeting the diseased conditions. Novel drug delivery originates from polymers or associated with some devices is generally related with the emergence of novel characteristics. These changes are what eventually comprise the value of drug delivery system and Novel drug delivery system. Novel properties become existed without making new materials. Novel drug delivery system comparable to traditional system, following Targeted Drug Delivery System (TDDS) is also called targeting drug system. A new drug delivery system makes the drugs densely gather pathological-change structures, and has an improved healing effect and less toxic side effects. The drugs can improve the strength of pharmacological action and reduce the bad effect all over the body, for they release in the target organs.

A new species of Onobrychis sect. Onobrychis (Fabaceae) from Iran

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 347 (4) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASSOUD RANJBAR ◽  
ALI ASKARI ◽  
ROYA KARAMIAN ◽  
MOHMAD REZA JOHARCHI ◽  
ZEINAB TOLUI
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
The North ◽  
Corolla Colour ◽  
A New Species

Onobrychis farimanensis is described as a new species and an identification key, illustrations and distribution map provided. The new species is restricted to the north Zharf Mountains between Fariman and Torbat-e Heydarieh, in the Khorasan Razavi Province of Iran. It is a perennial herb, becoming woody at the base and has long wing petals, standard as long as the keel, and pods loosely covered by appressed hairs. The new species differs from morphologically similar taxa, O. alamutensis and O. major, in several morphological characters such as plant height, stem indumentum, leaflet length and indumentum, bract length, calyx length, corolla colour, and pod size and shape.

Enzymolysis–Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation for Extraction of Volatile Oil from Atractylodes Chinensis and Its Hypoglycemic Activity in vitro

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yitong Wang ◽  
Meixing Yan ◽  
Ruiqing Qin ◽  
Yanling Gong
Keyword(s):  
Cell Structure ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Microwave Time

Abstract Background Atractylodes chinensis (family Asteraceae) is a perennial herb with many pharmacological effects. Objective Extraction of volatile oil from Atractylodes chinensis was optimized and its hypoglycemic activities were studied. Methods Enzymolysis–microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (EMAHD) was adopted to extract the volatile oil, and the technology was optimized using a single-factor experiment that incorporated response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction rates of volatile oil by EMAHD, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and hydrodistillation (HD) methods were compared at different times. The ingredients of Atractylodes chinensis volatile oil were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the microstructural changes in Atractylodes chinensis residue before and after extraction. The inhibition of α-amylase activity was determined. Results The obtained optimal extraction conditions for EMAHD were as follows: enzyme concentration 1.6%, pH 7, enzymolysis time 20 min, enzymolysis temperature 50°C, liquid–solid ratio 30:1, microwave power 455 W, and microwave time 40 min. The levels of the main ingredients and the in vitro inhibition of α-amylase activities were higher for Atractylodes chinensis volatile oil extracted by EMAHD than by HD or MAHD. The powder residue of Atractylodes chinensis remaining after EMAHD showed a ruptured and collapsed cell structure, indicating accelerated dissolution of the volatile oil. Conclusions and Highlights EMAHD is deemed a method with many advantages for extraction of volatile oil from Atractylodes chinensis. The volatile oil of Atractylodes chinensis is a promising component for treating hyperglycemia.

scholarly journals First Report of Ilyonectria robusta Causing Rusty Root of Asian Ginseng in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. H. Lu ◽  
X. L. Jiao ◽  
A. J. Chen ◽  
Y. Luo ◽  
W. W. Gao
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Histone H3 ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
First Report ◽  
Irregular Shapes ◽  
Histone H3 Gene

Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) is an economically important perennial herb, mainly cultivated in Jilin Province, China. In September 2013, Asian ginseng plants in Jilin showed rusty root symptoms. Typical symptoms included rusty superficial lesions of irregular shapes and margins. Ten symptomatic roots were collected from each of five fields for investigation. To isolate the pathogen, root epidermal tissues with typical lesions were excised, surface-sterilized, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 50 μg/ml tetracycline. After incubation at 20 ± 1°C in the dark for a week, 18 single-spore isolates out of 50 samples were obtained and identified as Ilyonectria robusta (A.A. Hildebr.) A. Cabral & Crous based on morphological characters and DNA sequence analysis (1). After incubating 7 days on PDA in the dark at 20°C, colonies were cottony to felty in texture and orange white to brownish grey in color with average diameters of 60 ± 3 mm. Isolates were cultured on synthetic nutrient-poor agar for conidial measurements. Macroconidia formed on simple conidiophores predominately, with mostly one and occasionally up to three septa, and were cylindrical with both ends broadly rounded. Macroconidia varied in size depending on the number of cells as follows: one-septate, 7.0 ± 0.6 × 27.7 ± 2.7 μm; two-septate, 7.3 ± 0.7 × 33.3 ± 2.1 μm; three-septate, 7.4 ± 0.6 × 33.4 ± 2.2 μm. Microconidia that formed on complex conidiophores were ellipsoid to ovoid and ranged in size from aseptate 3.7 ± 0.5 × 8.7 ± 1.1 μm to one-septate 5.0 ± 0.6 × 13.1 ± 1.6 μm. Brown chlamydospores were abundantly produced on PDA, globose to subglobose in shape, and in size of 10.9 ± 1.3 × 11.8 ± 1.5 μm (n ≥ 30 observations per structure for each measurement). The isolates were further classified by amplifying and sequencing the ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 region and histone H3 gene with primer pairs ITS5 and ITS4 (4), and H3-1a and H3-1b (3), respectively. Sequences of the two loci (GenBank Accession Nos. KM015300 and KM015299) showed 100% identity among the three examined isolates and the published I. robusta isolates (JF735268 and JF735517). To confirm the pathogenicity, bare roots of 3-year-old Asian ginseng were inoculated with mycelial plugs of three isolates of I. robusta selected randomly. Four roots were inoculated as replicates for each isolate with pathogen-free agar plugs as a control. One week post-inoculation in the dark at 20 ± 1°C, all the inoculated ginseng roots showed light-brown to dark-brown lesions. I. robusta was recovered from symptomatic roots and confirmed by analyzing the DNA sequence of the histone H3 gene. The inoculation experiment was repeated, and both trials showed the same results. The ginseng tissue under the control agar plugs remained symptomless, and no fungi were isolated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of I. robusta causing rusty root of P. ginseng in China (1,2,5). References: (1) A. Cabral et al. Mycol. Prog. 11:655, 2012. (2) I. Erper et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 136:291, 2013. (3) N. L. Glass et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1323, 1995. (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990. (5) X. Lu et al. Plant Dis. 98:1580, 2014.

scholarly journals Formulation and evaluation of in situ herbal gel containing aqueous and methanolic extract of fruits of Quercus infectoria Oliv. for vaginal application

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 495-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarika Sharma Tiwari ◽  
Shailesh K. Gupta ◽  
Sumeet Dwivedi ◽  
Raghvendra Dubey
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Vaginal Infection ◽  
In Situ Gel ◽  
Tribal Women ◽  
In Situ Gelation ◽  
Plant Grown ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
Quercus Infectoria

Conventional vaginal dosage forms frequently produce leakages and drip. There is a need for the development of innovative vaginal formulation technology that fulfills certain criteria such as desirable product dispersion throughout the vagina, retention for intended intervals, and adequate release of drug. These features can be achieved by the use of bioadhesive based novel delivery systems. In-situ gelation is a process of gel formation at the site of application after the composition or formulation has been applied the site. Formulation and evaluation of one such bioadhesive based novel drug delivery system for an effective and patient friendly use of an antifungal drug to formulated In-situ gel. Quercus infectoria is medicinally important plant grown wildly in India and is useful in the treatment of fungal and microbial infection by tribal’s of India. The plant is used by tribal women to treat vaginal infection as mentioned in folk-lore. Therefore, the present plant as selected to formulate in-situ herbal gel using Quercus infectoria as active ingredients for the treatment of vaginal infection. Keywords: Herbal Gels, Quercus infectoria, bioadhesive, vaginal drug delivery

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Effects of Drought on the Biosynthesis of Methyleugenol in Asarum sieboldii Miq.

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1233
Author(s):  
Fawang Liu ◽  
Tahir Ali ◽  
Zhong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
The Family ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis

Asarum sieboldii Miq., a perennial herb in the family Aristolochiaceae, is widely used to treat colds, fever, headache and toothache in China. However, little is known about the drought-tolerance characteristics of A. sieboldii. In this study, to elucidate the molecular–genetic mechanisms of drought-stress tolerance of A. sieboldii, RNA-seq was conducted. In total, 53,344 unigenes were assembled, and 28,715 unigenes were annotated. A total of 6444 differential-expression unigenes (DEGs) were found, which were mainly enriched in phenylpropanoid, starch and sucrose metabolic pathways. Drought stress revealed significant up-regulation of the unigenes encoding PAL, C4H, HCT, C3H, CCR and IGS in the methyleugenol-biosynthesis pathway. Under the condition of maintaining drought for 15 days and 30 days, drought stress reduced the biosynthesis of volatile oil by 24% and 38%, respectively, while the production of key medicinal ingredients (such as methyl eugenol) was increased. These results provide valuable information about the diverse mechanisms of drought resistance in the A. sieboldii, and the changes in the expression of the genes involved in methyleugenol biosynthesis in response to drought stress.

scholarly journals Binomial nomenclature and its relation to nomenclature of medicinal plants in Classical literatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
BD Patel ◽  
A Upadhayaya ◽  
NN Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Therapeutic Uses ◽  
Cissus Quadrangularis ◽  
Close Observation

Background: Practice of Ayurveda nomenclature (Nāmākaranam) of dravyas (Medicinal Plants) in Ayurveda traces back to the Vedic periods which is supposed to be 5000 B.C. In Vedas, plants were named after mythological belief, structure of plant’s part resembling with part of birds and animals, or rituals uses, uddabhava sthana (Habitat), svarūpa (morphological characters), karma (Pharmacological action), etc. It got scientific basis in samhitas period and named more than thousand dravyas by close observation of morphological characters, habit and habitat, and therapeutic uses. However, it states that basis of Nāmākaranam of dravyas was elaborated in Nighantus and enriched with more terminologies, and hence it is known as parayāyas (synonyms). Recently, Bentham & Hooker’s binomial nomenclature has been practiced in Ayurveda so that uniformity of Dravyas names can be maintained and accepted worldwide. Aim and objective: The main objective of this review is to explore methodology of Nāmākaranam in Vedas, samhitas and Nighantus and its relationship with binomial nomenclature. Material and method: Ayurvedic literatures and surfing web was main sources of gathering information related to names of plants. Results: Nāmākaranam of plants was found to be based on scientific evidences that describe morphological features, habit and habitat, therapeutic indications, and physical and chemical properties, doctrine of signature, source of raw materials for industries or home made products, etc. For instance, the name catuḥsira for asthisamharī coined in śabdacandrikā suggests its quadrangular stem on which the Latin name Cissus quadrangularis Linn. has been accepted. Some more names can be suggested like Bahusutā (Asparagus racemosa Linn.), Raktāngi (Rubia cordifolia), Sthirasāra (Tectona grandis), Gudatvak (Cinnamomum tamala), Visākha (Boerhaavia diffusa), etc. On the basis of above examples, it can be revealed that binomial nomenclature is improved ones of Ayurveda nomenclature for its acceptance worldwide. Conclusion: Names of plants mentioned in Vedas and Samhitas; and parayāyas in Nighantus are based on its udabhava, svarūpa, karma, sādharma, ruḍhī, svabhāva, lokopayoga, etc. Which are also considered by Bentham & Hooker’s binomial nomenclature to coin scientific name of plant species.

scholarly journals Dietary Genistein Rescues Reduced Basal Chloride Secretion in Diabetic Jejunum via Sex-Dependent Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn Catmull ◽  
Faisal Masood ◽  
Sydney Schacht ◽  
Robert Dolan ◽  
Daniel Stegman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Targets ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Chloride Secretion ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Secretory Transport ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Background/Aims: The goal of this study was to determine the effect of dietary genistein (naturally occurring phytoestrogen) on jejunal secretory function in a clinically relevant model of diabetes and obesity, the leptin-defIcient ob/ob mouse. Methods: We measured transepithelial short circuit current (Isc), across freshly isolated segments of jejunum from 12-week old male and female ob/ob and lean C57Bl/6J mice fed a genistein diet (600 mg genistein/kg diet) for 4-weeks. Separate segments of jejunum were frozen for western blot determination of key proteins involved in secretory transport. Results: Basal Isc was signifIcantly decreased (by 33%, P<0.05) in ob/ob females versus leans, and genistein-diet reversed this. Similarly, in males, basal Isc was decreased (by 47%, P<0.05) in ob/ob mice versus leans, and genistein-diet reversed this. Inhibition with either clotrimazole (100 µM, bilateral) or ouabain (100 µM, basolateral) was signifIcantly reduced in ob/ob mice compared to leans (P<0.05), and genistein-diet reversed clotrimazole-sensitive inhibition in ob/ob females, and reversed the ouabain-sensitive inhibition in males (indicating sex-dependent mechanisms). Our data suggested that PDE3 levels were dysregulated in ob/ob females and genistein reversed this. Expression of total CFTR (normalized to actin) was signifIcantly decreased ∼80% (P<0.05) in all ob/ob mice compared to leans, and genistein-diet was without effect. Expression of total NKCC1 (normalized to actin) was signifIcantly decreased ∼80% (P<0.05) in ob/ob male mice versus leans, and genistein-diet reversed this. Conclusions: Our data suggests that the reduced basal jejunal Isc in ob/ob female mice is a consequence of reduced CFTR expression, decreased activities of the basolateral KCa channel and Na+/K+-ATPase, and in male mice reduced basal jejunal Isc is a consequence of reduced CFTR and NKCC1 expression, along with decreased activities of the basolateral KCa channel and Na+/K+-ATPase. Genistein-diet has beneficial effects on basal Isc mediated by sex-dependent mechanisms in diabetic mice: in females via increased KCa-sensitive Isc and in males via increased Na+/K+-ATPase activity and increased NKCC1 expression. Improved understanding of intestinal dysfunctions in the ob/ob jejunum, may allow for the development of novel drug targets to treat obesity and diabetes, and may also be of benefit in CF-related diabetes.

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