scholarly journals Infectious Esophagitis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniella Kingsley-Godwin ◽  
Maria Jana Kingsley-Godwin ◽  
Joshua Godwin
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Acid Reflux ◽  
Tubular Structure ◽  
Treatment Management

Esophagitis is the inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, which is characterized by its swelling and irritation. The esophagus is tubular structure which helps in the swallowing, and it links the back of the throat to the stomach. The swelling is commonly caused by acid reflux. Sometimes, this swelling can also be caused by infections. Infectious esophagitis can be set off by fungi, yeast, viruses, bacteria and other types of organisms. Anyone can get infectious esophagitis, but people with weakened or comprised immune system are more likely to develop the disease. Anyone can get it, but people are more likely to develop it if their immune system is weakened or compromised. The purpose of this chapter is to review the clinical manifestations, etiology, pathophysiology, histopathology, diagnosis, treatment/management, prevention, prognosis and other healthcare issues of infectious esophagitis.

scholarly journals Anosmia pada COVID-19: Studi Neurobiologi

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Dwi Martha Nur Aditya
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Educational Material ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nutritious Food

Abstract— A few months ago there was Covid-19 virus outbreak by SARS-CoV-19 virus which has clinical manifestations, one of which is Anosmia. Anosmia cause patient was experienced smell’s decreasing which causes psychological problems that loss of comfort and appetite. This condition may also cause imunity’s decreasing in patient. Anosmia in Covid-19 patients could be temporary, if the body's immune system is maintained in good condition, one of the factors is continuing provide healthy and nutritious food intake, even though in tasteless conditions. Therefore, this article can be used as an educational material for the public, how to understand the neurobiological conditions of anosmia in Covid-19, further to avoid depressed due to loss of taste which could be lead to loss appetite. Keywords: Covid-19, Anosmia, Neurobiology Abstrak— Beberapa bulan lalu telah terjadi penyebaran wabah virus Covid-19 oleh SARS-CoV-19 virus yang memiliki manifestasi klinis salah satunya adalah Anosmia. Kondisi anosmia menyebabkan kondisi pasien mengalami penurunan daya penciuman yang menyebabkan gangguan psikologis berupa kehilangan rasa nyaman dan kehilangan napsu makan. Kondisi ini sudah barang tentu akan menyebabkan penurunan daya imunitas pasien. Anosmia pada pasien Covid-19 bersifat sementara, apabila daya imunitas tubuh tetap dijaga dalam keadaan baik, salah satu faktornya adalah tetap memberikan asupan makan sehat dan bergizi, meskipun dalam kondisi tasteless. Oleh karena itu, dengan adanya artikel ini dapat digunakan sebagai bahan edukasi kepada khalayak, bagaimana memahami kondisi anosmia pada Covid-19 secara neurobiologi, sehingga dapat menghindarkan rasa depresi karena kehilangan rasa akan makaman yang dapat menyebabkan turunnya napsu makan. Kata kunci: Covid-19, Anosmia, Neurobiologi

scholarly journals Neuroinflammation and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed M. Almutairi ◽  
Farzane Sivandzade ◽  
Thamer H. Albekairi ◽  
Faleh Alqahtani ◽  
Luca Cucullo
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cytokine Levels

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 include dry cough, difficult breathing, fever, fatigue, and may lead to pneumonia and respiratory failure. There are significant gaps in the current understanding of whether SARS-CoV-2 attacks the CNS directly or through activation of the peripheral immune system and immune cell infiltration. Although the modality of neurological impairments associated with COVID-19 has not been thoroughly investigated, the latest studies have observed that SARS-CoV-2 induces neuroinflammation and may have severe long-term consequences. Here we review the literature on possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced-neuroinflammation. Activation of the innate immune system is associated with increased cytokine levels, chemokines, and free radicals in the SARS-CoV-2-induced pathogenic response at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB disruption allows immune/inflammatory cell infiltration into the CNS activating immune resident cells (such as microglia and astrocytes). This review highlights the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in COVID-19-induced neuroinflammation, which may lead to neuronal death. A better understanding of these mechanisms will help gain substantial knowledge about the potential role of SARS-CoV-2 in neurological changes and plan possible therapeutic intervention strategies.

Failure of passive transfer in foals

UK-Vet Equine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
Catriona Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Treatment Management ◽  
Immunodeficiency Disorder ◽  
Increased Risk

Foals are born with a naive immune system, and rely upon the ingestion and absorption of immunoglobulins from the dam's colostrum to obtain passive immunity. Failure of passive transfer (FPT) is the most common immunodeficiency disorder in the horse and is associated with an increased risk of infectious disease and mortality. Routine screening is recommended, to allow early detection and treatment. Management of failure of passive transfer is dependent on the age of the foal at the time of diagnosis, but primarily involves intravenous plasma administration or the administration of colostrum (orally or via nasogastric intubation). Given the association between IgG concentration and clinical outcome, early detection and management of FPT are important in reducing morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals.

scholarly journals Uncovering the Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Curcumin on Transthyretin Amyloidosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Ferreira ◽  
Maria Saraiva ◽  
Maria Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Amino Acid Substitutions ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Transthyretin Amyloidosis ◽  
Chemical Chaperones ◽  
Attr Amyloidosis

Transthyretin (TTR) amyloidoses (ATTR amyloidosis) are diseases associated with transthyretin (TTR) misfolding, aggregation and extracellular deposition in tissues as amyloid. Clinical manifestations of the disease are variable and include mainly polyneuropathy and/or cardiomyopathy. The reasons why TTR forms aggregates and amyloid are related with amino acid substitutions in the protein due to mutations, or with environmental alterations associated with aging, that make the protein more unstable and prone to aggregation. According to this model, several therapeutic approaches have been proposed for the diseases that range from stabilization of TTR, using chemical chaperones, to clearance of the aggregated protein deposited in tissues in the form of oligomers or small aggregates, by the action of disruptors or by activation of the immune system. Interestingly, different studies revealed that curcumin presents anti-amyloid properties, targeting multiple steps in the ATTR amyloidogenic cascade. The effects of curcumin on ATTR amyloidosis will be reviewed and discussed in the current work in order to contribute to knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in TTR amyloidosis and propose more efficient drugs for therapy.

scholarly journals Influence of intestinal microbiota on the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in children

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Alexander Viktorovich Zhestkov ◽  
Olga Olegovna Pobezhimova
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
Human Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Th1 Cytokines

Particular attention is paid to atopic dermatitis (AD) as one of the earliest and most frequent clinical manifestations of allergy in children. AD is a multifactorial disease, the development of which is closely related to genetic defects in the immune response and adverse environmental influences. It was found that the action of these factors determines the rate of development of AD, especially in young children. One of these factors is a violation of the intestinal microbiota, which plays an essential role in the development of the child's immune system and has a protective effect in the formation of atopy. It has been shown that 80-95% of patients with AD have intestinal dysbiosis, while, along with a deficiency of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, there is an excessive growth of Staphilococcus. The use of modern molecular genetics technologies made it possible to obtain a fairly complete understanding of the number, genetic heterogeneity and complexity of the bacterial components of the intestinal microbiota, while clinical studies have shown the importance of its interactions with the host organism in the formation of various forms of pathology. It has been established that the human intestinal microbiota is an evolutionary set of microorganisms that exists as a balanced microecological system in which the symbiotic microflora is in dynamic equilibrium, forms microbial associations that occupy a certain ecological niche in it, and is one of the most important factors affecting human health. The gut microbiota plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, which causes immunosuppression, but the exact mechanism of its action is still unclear. It is widely known that probiotics act on the immune system. These are living microorganisms with immunomodulatory effects that stimulate Th1 cytokines and suppress Th2 responses, which are being investigated for the treatment of several diseases. The most commonly used probiotics are part of the intestinal microflora such as lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and enterococci. The purpose of this article: to systematize the information available today on the influence of the composition of the intestinal microflora on the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.

scholarly journals A rare case of compression atelectasis due to spontaneous diaphragmatic hernia: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fachreza Damara
Keyword(s):  
Diaphragmatic Hernia ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Epigastric Pain ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Intrathoracic Pressure ◽  
Acid Reflux ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Rare Occasion ◽  
High Level

Type IV diaphragmatic hernia is a rare case which has various clinical manifestations. The clinical manifestations as a result of protruded organ towards thoracic cavity in diaphragmatic hernia are varied from gastrointestinal symptoms such as epigastric pain, dysphagia and acid reflux. However, in a rare occasion, dyspnea may present as a result of compression atelectasis due to excessive increased in intrathoracic pressure. Here, we report a 57-year-old male patient who had spontaneous diaphragmatic hernia admitted with dyspnea as a chief complaint. This report might add another perspective to the physicians in facing the patient with atelectasis as the result of a high level of lung compression secondary to type IV diaphragmatic hernia.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Infection, COVID-19, and long covid: Saga of erratic immune response, waning immunity, and immune system failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 077-086
Author(s):  
Nikhra Vinod
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
System Failure ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Adaptive Mutations

Introduction - evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants: With the unrestrained pandemic for over last one-and-half year, SARS-CoV-2 seems to have adapted to its habitat, the human host, through mutations that facilitate its replication and transmission. The G variant incorporating D614G mutation, potently more transmissible than the ancestral virus arose during January 2020 and spread widely. Since then, various SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs) with higher infectivity or virulence or both, have evolved on the background of G variant, and spread widely. SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immunodynamics: As the virus becomes more transmissible, its lethality may drop. Apart from the humoral immunity, T-cell recognition from a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination may modify the disease transmission correlates and its clinical manifestations. On the other hand, the immunity generated may reduce probability of re-infection as well as limit evolution of adaptive mutations, and emergence of highly infectious and immune-escape variants. There are complex issues related to the SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics and host’s immunodynamics. Trending etiopathoimmunological correlates: The evolution potential of SARS-CoV-2 is limited because of proofreading function of nsp14. The S protein mutations affect transmissibility, virulence, and vaccine efficacy. The D614G mutation in G variant with higher infectivity has turned the Chinese epidemic into a pandemic. Other SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta seem to have evolved as result of adaptation to selective pressures during periods of prolonged infections and subsequent transmission. Further, there is issue of convergent association of mutations. Basics of immunity and immune system failure: The nature of the immune response after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection is variable and diverse. There are pre-existing neutralizing antibodies and sensitized T cells elicited during previous infection with seasonal CoVs influencing the disease susceptibility and course. The virus has evolved adaptive mechanisms to reduce its exposure to IFN-I and there are issues related to erratic and overactive immune response. The altered neutralizing epitopes in the S protein in SARS-CoV-2 variants modify the immune landscapes and clinical manifestations. Conclusion: current scenarios and prospects: Presently, the SARS-CoV-2 infection is widespread with multiple evolving infectious variants. There is probability of its transition from epidemic to endemic phase in due course manifesting as a mild disease especially in the younger population. Conversely, the pandemic may continue with enhanced disease severity due to evolving variants, expanded infection pool, and changing immunity landscape. There is need to plan for the transition and continued circulation of the virus during the endemic phase or continuing pandemic for indefinite period.

scholarly journals Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Related Thyroid Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Possible Pathogenesis, and Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhan ◽  
Hong-fang Feng ◽  
Han-qing Liu ◽  
Lian-tao Guo ◽  
Chuang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Killing Effect ◽  
Cell Death Gene

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a group of drugs employed in the treatment of various types of malignant tumors and improve the therapeutic effect. ICIs blocks negative co-stimulatory molecules, such as programmed cell death gene-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), reactivating the recognition and killing effect of the immune system on tumors. However, the reactivation of the immune system can also lead to the death of normal organs, tissues, and cells, eventually leading to immune-related adverse events (IRAEs). IRAEs involve various organs and tissues and also cause thyroid dysfunction. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, possible pathogenesis, and management of ICIs-related thyroid dysfunction.

Nanotechnological Strategies as Smart ways for Diagnosis and Treatment of the Atherosclerosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (39) ◽  
pp. 4681-4684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virna M. Martín Giménez ◽  
Alejandra B. Camargo ◽  
Diego Kassuha ◽  
Walter Manucha
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesion ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
New Therapeutic Targets

Atherosclerosis provokes a continuous worsening of affected vessels causing a blood flow diminution with several complications and with clinical manifestations that generally appear in advanced phases of the illness. Hence, the conventional therapies are not enough because the atherosclerotic injuries are often irrevocable. For this reason, emerges the necessity to implement smart ways of drug supply and develop new therapeutic targets that decrease the advance atherosclerotic lesion. It results due to particular interest to use new tools for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this cardiovascular disease, thus concentrating our attention to accomplish better management on the immune system. Finally, this mini-review highlights the most recent knowledge about nanotechnology as a robust, novel and promissory therapeutic option applied to atherosclerotic pathology, nevertheless, we also alert for possible issues associated with their use.

Immunological interaction of organisms of the women with infertility included in the IVF program

2017 ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
N.V. Lytvyn ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Cytokine Profile ◽  
Trophoblast Invasion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immunological Parameters

It is known from scientific research that immune effector mechanisms that are under the regulatory influence of the pituitary gonadotropins and sex hormones at the local level become critical for successful implantation. In such patients, at the pre-conceptual stage and at the stage of the program of fertilization of «in vitro fertilization» (IVF), pathological mechanisms of violation of trophoblast invasion are triggered, in which activated in the early stages of pregnancy development, the immune-pathological process leads to the implementation of the mechanism of miscarriage. Since all the processes of immunological recognition, protection or detachment in married couples with unsuccessful implantation attempts within the IVF program in early pregnancy, undergo directly at the conception cycle, immunotherapy should be started immediately before pregnancy, which creates preconditions for the formation of complete trophoblast invasion. The objective: to evaluate some of the indicators of the cytokine profile in women with infertility and clinical manifestations of subchorionic hematoma in the first trimester of pregnancy. Patients and methods. We have performed a clinical and laboratory-instrumental examination of 80 women with infertility, treated under the conditions of IVF program, with manifestations of subchorionic hematoma. The control group included 20 patients with no reproductive function impairment. In parallel, studies and analysis of the peculiarities of vascular endothelial function and cytokine profile were performed using immunoassay. Results. At the pre-conceptional stage against the background of accustomed miscarriage in anamnesis, an increase in 3.2 times of IL-1b concentration in the peripheral blood of the studied groups of women (p<0.05), TNF-a – in 7.3 times and a decrease in 2.6 times of the content of IL-4 against the data of the control group (p<0.01) were observed. Estimation of the cytokine status in this category of patients during the nidation stage and the development of the fetal egg allowed to mark a progressive increase in 3.6 times of the IL-1b level, as well as a significantly higher was percentage of TNF-a level in 4 times as compared to the control (p<0.05), while IL-4 level remained lower in 3.0 times as for the control indeces (p<0.05). Conclusions. The performed studies of the immune system in pregnant women with treated infertility showed moderate inhibition and an imbalance of immunological parameters characteristic for pregnancy with the presence of maternal suppression. The analysis of the obtained results testifies to the necessity of general immune-correction and prophylactic treatment in this category of patients. Thus, it is evident that the inadequate activation of the local protective factors of the immune system plays a major role in the pathogenetic mechanisms of miscarriage initiating, which requires the expansion of the boundaries of scientific research and is a promising direction for further research. Key words: infertility, miscarriage, subchorionic hematoma, auxiliary reproductive technologies, cytokines.

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