Epidemiology and Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Confirmed Influenza in Mashhad, Iran in 2019

Background: Influenza is a contagious and acute viral disease caused by influenza viruses involving upper and lower respiratory tract system, especially in the cold seasons. Children aged less than 5 years old, elderly people, immunocompromised patients, pregnant women, and people with certain health conditions are at a higher risk for the disease and severe complications. Objectives: Due to the serious complications of influenza in certain groups, it is important to know which group of people are more at risk and need prevention strategies. This study aimed to investigate the patients with confirmed influenza, identify the people who are at a higher risk for infection, and assess the clinical outcomes of disease among patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, we studied the files of all patients with confirmed influenza referred to the health centers in Mashhad, Iran, during autumn and winter of 2019 when influenza virus was prevalent. The disease was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. We studied all registered data related to the flu, including gender, age, residency, history of vaccination, risk factors, complications, and clinical outcomes. Results: In this study, 2977 patients (3% outpatients vs. 97% hospitalized) with flu like syndrome were tested by RT-PCR for influenza. Out of 84 outpatients, only two cases were positive for influenza. Among hospitalized patients, 80 cases (51% male vs. 49% female; age range: 1 - 87 years) had a positive RT-PCR test, and influenza type A was seen in 95% of cases. Pneumonia was the most common complication. Death happened in 29 (35.36%) patients and three (33.33%) cases with risk factors. The highest number of influenza patients (31 [37.8%]) had been reported from district No. 3 of Mashhad municipality, which is a crowded place and near the holy shrine. Conclusions: The results showed a high prevalence of complication and death among hospitalized patients, especially among those who did not have a risk factor for influenza viruses. Comprehensive vaccination programs and promotion of knowledge about transmission routes are two important measures for disease prevention and lower death rates.

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Predictive risk factors towards liver fluke infection among the people in Kamalasai District, Kalasin Province, Thailand

SAGE Open Medicine ◽

10.1177/2050312119840201 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 205031211984020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Woragon Wichaiyo ◽

Wirat Parnsila ◽

Wisit Chaveepojnkamjorn ◽

Banchob Sripa

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Liver Fluke ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The People ◽

Fluke Infection ◽

Raw Fish ◽

Predictive Risk ◽

Liver Fluke Infection

Background: Liver fluke disease caused by Opisthorchis viverrini remains a major public health problem with its crucial risk factors caused by some individual habits or false beliefs among the people in northeastern Thailand concerning the consumption of raw fish meat dishes. Objectives: This study explores the predictive risk factors for the infection of liver fluke disease. Methods: The sample consisted of 400 people aged 30 years and above in Thanya sub-district, Kamalasai district, Kalasin province. A cross-sectional analytic study, using the χ2 test, odds ratio and 95% confidence interval, was used to find the influence of each variable, along with the use of multiple logistic regression (p = 0.05). A questionnaire form was used as the research instrument. Results: Factors found in the results are as follows: households with a cat were 7.00 times more at risk than households without a cat; eating raw fish dishes prepared by themselves increases the risk of infection by 2.58 times; eating raw fish dishes prepared by family members increases the risk by 4.74 times; and raw fish dishes bought from a community market increases the risk by 2.33 times. Conclusion: A campaign should be launched to educate people not to eat raw or undercooked fish dishes, but to fully cook fish dishes before eating, as the food is still delicious, but also safe, healthy, and free from liver fluke infection.

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Clinical and epidemiological features of community-acquired pneumonia during an epidemic of respiratory viral infection

Russian Pulmonology ◽

10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-4-490-498 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 490-498

Author(s):

N. I. Izmozherova ◽

A. A. Popov ◽

E. R. Prokopeva ◽

A. A. Kuryndina ◽

E. I. Gavrilova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

X Rays ◽

Imaging Data ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Epidemiological Features ◽

Working Age

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common lower respiratory tract diseases. An increase in the CAP incidence has been reported to be associated with epidemics of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI).Aim. Аssess clinical and epidemiological features of CAP in patients admitted to hospital during an ARVI epidemic.Methods. A cross-sectional study included 208 patient records. Medical history, physical examination, laboratory and imaging data were analyzed. CAP severity was assessed by CRB-65 scale and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria.Results. Most CAP patients (75%) were of active working age; all presented signs of ARVI upon admission. Nasal mucosa diagnostic smears have revealed type A influenza viruses: H1N1 – 5 (83.3%) and H3N2 – 1 (16.7%) cases. 195 (93.8%) patients were not vaccinated against influenza. X-rays showed that unilateral (81.7%) and lobular pneumonia (55.8%) were the most common CAP types. 93.2% patients had nonsevere CAP, according to CRB-65. But 88 (42.3%) subjects qualified for SIRS upon admission. Concomitant conditions as risk factors of an adverse course of CAP were present in 89 patients (42.8%). Sputum analysis, if available, most frequently identified Streptococcus pneumoniae (23 cases or 38.9%) as a causative agent. Antibacterial drugs (ABD) used to treat CAP were ceftriaxone 206 (99%), macrolides 188 (90.4%), and fluoroquinolones 94 (45.2%). The initial antibacterial treatment regimens were: 186 (89.4%) prescriptions of ceftriaxone + macrolides, 16 (7.7%) prescriptions of ceftriaxone alone, and 6 (2.9%) prescriptions of levofloxacin. A switch between ABDs was reported in 78 (37.5%) cases, including 61 switches to fluoroquinolones. The median ABD administration duration was 10 (8 – 13) days.Conclusion. Most of the hospitalized CAP patients were of working age and not vaccinated against influenza. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common causative agent. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) smear analysis was performed only in 6 patients with ARVI, which does not allow us to assess the role of viruses and viral-bacterial associations in the etiology of CAP. In spite of non-severe CAP, all hospitalizations were justified, due to multiple risk factors of unfavorable prognosis of CAP and epidemiological factors. Most patients received a combination of generation 3 cephalosporins and macrolides as the initial therapy for CAP.

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PREVALENSI DAN ANALISIS FAKTOR RISIKO HIPERTENSI DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS NANGGALO PADANG

BIMIKI (Berkala Ilmiah Mahasiswa Ilmu Keperawatan Indonesia) ◽

10.53345/bimiki.v9i1.185 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Verra Widhi Astuti ◽

Tasman Tasman ◽

Lola Felnanda Amri

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Community Health Center ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Survey Method ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Work Area ◽

Stage 1 ◽

Age Range

ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Hipertensi disebut sebagai "silent killer" artinya dapat menyebabkan kematian secara diam-diam. Hanya melalui pengukuranlah deteksi dapat dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi hipertensi dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi hipertensi di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Nanggalo, Padang. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan pada masyarakat usia > 18 tahun di wilayah Kerja Puskemas Nanggalo dengan sampel sebanyak 438 responden. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proporsi hipertensi di masyarakat Wilayah Kerja Nanggalo tahun 2019 sebesar 13,7 yang terdiri dari 10,7% hipertensi stage 1 dan 3% hipertensi stage 2. Sedangkan 19,2% responden sudah memasuki tahap pra hipertensi. Responden paling banyak pada usia produktif yaitu pada rentang usia 18-50 tahun; responden antara laki-laki dan perempuan jumlahnya hampir sama; sebagian besar memiliki status gizi (IMT) normal (64,2%), sebagian besar responden beraktivitas fisik secara rutin (77,9%); sebagian besar responden tidak merokok (61%); dan konsumsi makanan tinggi lemak jenuh dan rendah lemak jenuh hampir sama. Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara usia, berat badan (IMT) dan aktivitas fisik dengan kejadian hipertensi. Serta tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara jenis kelamin, kebiasaan merokok, dan makan makanan berlemak jenuh dengan kejadian hipertensi. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kesadaran responden terhadap faktor-faktor risiko hipertensi. Kata kunci: Faktor risiko, hipertensi, prevalensi. ABSTRACT Introduction: Hypertension is called the "silent killer" which means it can cause death silently. Therefore, detection can only be done through measurement. This study aims to determine the prevalence of hypertension and the risk factors that influence hypertension in the working area of the Nanggalo Community Health Center, Padang. Methods: This study used an analytic survey method with a cross sectional approach. The research was conducted on people aged> 18 years in the working area of Puskemas Nanggalo with 438 respondents as a sample. Result: The results showed that the proportion of hypertension in Nanggalo Work Area was 13.7 consisting of 10.7% stage 1 hypertension and 3% stage 2 hypertension. While 19.2% of respondents had entered the pre hypertension stage. Most respondents are in productive age, namely in the age range 18-50 years; the number of respondents between men and women is almost the same; most of them had normal nutritional status (BMI) (64.2%), most of the respondents had regular physical activity (77.9%); most of the respondents do not smoke (61%); and consumption of foods high in saturated fat and low in saturated fat is about the same. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between age, body weight (BMI) and physical activity with the incidence of hypertension. And there is no significant relationship between gender, smoking habits, and eating saturated fatty foods with the incidence of hypertension. The results of this study are expected to be able to increase respondents' awareness of risk factors for hypertension. Keywords: Hypertension, prevalence, risk factor

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No evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome in five Italian hospitals from 1st November 2019 to 29th February 2020

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0260947 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. e0260947

Author(s):

Donatella Panatto ◽

Andrea Orsi ◽

Beatrice Marina Pennati ◽

Piero Luigi Lai ◽

Stefano Mosca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phase I ◽

Influenza A ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Influenza B ◽

Molecular Testing ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

The Real ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Background On 9th January 2020, China CDC reported a novel coronavirus (later named SARS-CoV-2) as the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Identifying the first appearance of virus is of epidemiological importance to tracking and mapping the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in a country. We therefore conducted a retrospective observational study to detect SARS-CoV-2 in oropharyngeal samples collected from hospitalized patients with a Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) enrolled in the DRIVE (Development of Robust and Innovative Vaccine Effectiveness) study in five Italian hospitals (CIRI-IT BIVE hospitals network) (1st November 2019 – 29th February 2020). Objectives To acquire new information on the real trend in SARS-CoV-2 infection during pandemic phase I and to determine the possible early appearance of the virus in Italy. Materials and methods Samples were tested for influenza [RT-PCR assay (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B/Yam, B/Vic)] in accordance with the DRIVE study protocol. Subsequently, swabs underwent molecular testing for SARS-COV-2. [one-step real-time multiplex retro-transcription (RT) PCR]. Results In the 1683 samples collected, no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 was found. Moreover, 28.3% (477/1683) of swabs were positive for influenza viruses, the majority being type A (358 vs 119 type B). A/H3N2 was predominant among influenza A viruses (55%); among influenza B viruses, B/Victoria was prevalent. The highest influenza incidence rate was reported in patients aged 0–17 years (40.3%) followed by those aged 18–64 years (24.4%) and ≥65 years (14.8%). Conclusions In Italy, some studies have shown the early circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in northern regions, those most severely affected during phase I of the pandemic. In central and southern regions, by contrast no early circulation of the virus was registered. These results are in line with ours. These findings highlight the need to continue to carry out retrospective studies, in order to understand the epidemiology of the novel coronavirus, to better identify the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in comparison with other acute respiratory illnesses (ARI), and to evaluate the real burden of COVID-19 on the healthcare system.

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Pattern analysis of S. haematobium infection and elimination in the area of Alsuki, Sudan

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210782 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 1059

Author(s):

Rawia A. Abdelshafie ◽

Abdalla I. Abdalla Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Health Program ◽

Pattern Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The People ◽

The Impact

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the current conditions of children of the selected area, for the purpose of measuring the new effective health program for schistosomiasis disease eliminations and obtain the prevalence intensity and risk factors of S. haematobium among school children in the study area.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was used to screen school going children of all the ages from five randomly selected schools from Alsuki region. A statistical analysis derived from data formulated based on 1062 samples aged between 6 and 15 years attending the selected schools during the period testing within 6 months were enrolled.Results: The impact of health awareness program was measured usefully and the responded factor for reducing the Schistosomiasis diseases was significantly became less than (0.05). Therefore, the actual qualified fitting degree and applicability was significantly becoming (p value=0.001).Conclusions: This research concluded that the prediction of Schistosomiasis diseases due to the risk Ratio of the collected data for those who did not attended awareness over the people who attended program became (0.248).

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The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Impact on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices among Dental Students in Davanagere City, Karnataka: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences ◽

10.37191/mapsci-2582-3736-3(4)-106 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Allama Prabhu CR

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Workers ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Dental Students ◽

Medical Illness ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The People ◽

Dental Diseases ◽

Important Evidence ◽

Knowledge Attitude And Practice

The spread of viral disease in community and its occurrence among healthcare workers is important evidence of person-to-person transition. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared as a pandemic by the WHO. It has affected most of the people and especially the ones with pre-existing medical illness. This prospective study was conducted in a dental college to evaluate impact of the COVID-19 on the knowledge, attitude and practice of the dental students. The students were aware of the Precautions to be taken care of while treating the patients with dental diseases.

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Immunological and molecular detection of rotavirus genotype in calves with gastroenteritis in Diyala-Iraq

10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 001-013

Author(s):

Ammar Talib Nasser ◽

Abdulrazak Shafiq Hasan ◽

Amer Khazaal Saleh ◽

Mohammad Kassem Saleh

Keyword(s):

Molecular Detection ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽

Group A ◽

Stool Antigen ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Age Range

Aim: To explore the prevalence of rotavirus infection along with the molecular detection and genotyping of group A rotavirus (RVA) among bovine calves up to 5 months old in Diyala province-Iraq. Methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted in Diyala province-Iraq during the period of 2019-2020. One hundred bovine calves with age range of 1-5 months were included in the study. All were suffering acute gastroenteritis. Serum anti-rotavirus IgM and IgG plus fecal rotavirus Ag were tested for using ELISA techniques. Stool samples positive for rotavirus Ag were submitted for reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for G and P genes, followed by sequencing and genotyping thereafter. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 25 and P values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The positivity rate of anti-rotavirus IgM was 80% (P = 0.0001), and that of anti-rotavirus IgG was 79% (P = 0.0001). The rotavirus stool antigen was detected in 68% of calves (P = 0.01). A total of 45 stool samples which were positive for rotavirus Ag were submitted for RT-PCR; 13 (28.9%) were positive and 32 (71.1%) were negative (P = 0.084). 10 PCR positive samples were used for sequencing and genotyping and indicated that all investigated strains belonged to G1P[8] genotype. Conclusion: The current strains analyzed belonged to the G1P[8] RVA genotypes, affirming that employment of VP7 gene polymorphism accurately yielded uniform phylogenetic distances amongst investigated rotavirus strains and that there were no noticeable assortment events between human and animal rotavirus strains in Diyala province.

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Identification of Frailty and Its Risk Factors in Elderly Hospitalized Patients from Different Wards: A Cross-Sectional Study in China

Clinical Interventions in Aging ◽

10.2147/cia.s225149 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol Volume 14 ◽

pp. 2249-2259 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Yao-Dan Liang ◽

Yao-Nan Zhang ◽

Yan-Ming Li ◽

Yu-Hui Chen ◽

Jing-Yong Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Elderly Hospitalized Patients

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Identifying risk factors for HIV-positive test results in walk-in and hospitalized patients in a Mexico City HIV clinic: a descriptive study

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/0956462419828604 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 569-576

Author(s):

Ester Gutiérrez-Velilla ◽

Francisco J Quezada-Juárez ◽

Ivonne N Pérez-Sánchez ◽

Maria C Iglesias ◽

Gustavo Reyes-Terán ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hiv Testing ◽

Mexico City ◽

Hiv Risk ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

City Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hiv Test ◽

Hiv Risk Factors

The objective of this study was to analyze risk factors for HIV-positive tests in walk-in users and in hospitalized patients in a Mexico City hospital. We undertook a cross-sectional study based on routine HIV testing and counseling service data in adults undergoing an HIV test from January 2015 to July 2017. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine risk factors for walk-in and hospitalized patients. The results showed that 2040 people tested during the period; hospitalized patients were more likely to test HIV-positive than walk-in users (18 versus 15%; p < 0.05). HIV risk factors for hospitalized patients included being men who have sex with men (MSM) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 7.2, 95% CI 2.0–26.5), divorced (aOR 4.4, 95% CI 1.3–14.4), having 3–5 lifetime sexual partners (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.0–7.4), and being in the emergency room (aOR 3.6, 95% CI 1.1–11.3), intensive care (aOR 27.2, 95% CI 3.4–217.2), or clinical pneumology wards (aOR 33.4, 95% CI 9.7–115.2). In the walk-in group, HIV risk factors included being male (aOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3–5.9), being MSM (aOR 4.3, 95% CI 2.0–9.5), having sex while using drugs (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3–4.0), being referred by a physician for testing (aOR 3.2, 95% CI 1.6–6.3), and perceiving oneself at risk (aOR 3.8, 95% CI 2.3–6.3). Differential risk factors found among hospitalized patients and walk-in testers can be helpful in designing better HIV testing strategies to increase early diagnosis and linkage to care.

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