scholarly journals Microbiome Signature and Diversity Profiling of Normal Skin of Human in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanan AlQattan ◽  
Sherif Edris ◽  
Aala A.Abulfaraj ◽  
Raed ALbiheyri ◽  
Lojayn Tollbah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Informed Consent Form ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
The Right ◽  
Health Objectives ◽  
Corynebacterium Sp

Background: Studying human skin-associated bacterial communities is crucial to understanding human diseases, disease progression, and their role in maintaining human health. Objectives: This study aimed to identify normal (healthy) skin microbiome signatures of eight individuals living in Jeddah, Makkah Al-Mukarramah region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study involved the analysis of resident skin microbiome in inner elbow of the right arm after ethical approval is issued and an informed consent form is signed by participant individuals. Results: Phylogenetic tree indicated the existence of four phyla, e.g., Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria. Firmicutes were shown to be the highest in abundance, while Bacteroidetes were the lowest. At the genus level, Staphylococcus was the highest in abundance, while Enterococcus was the lowest. At the species level, Bacilluscereus was the highest in abundance, while Roseomonasmucosa was the lowest. The analysis for the highly abundant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) indicated a dramatic difference between sexes referring to either genera or species of which Staphylococcussp., Erwiniasp., Pseudomonassp., Sphingomonassp., Corynebacteriumsp., Propionibacterium acnes, Kocuria palustris are higher in males, while Bacillus cereus, Bacillus sp., Erwinia sp., Corynebacterium sp., Micrococcus sp., Pseudomonassp. are lower in males. Conclusions: The study succeeded in detecting the skin microbiome of individuals in Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals Diverse bacterial communities exist on canine skin and are impacted by cohabitation and time

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Torres ◽  
Jonathan B. Clayton ◽  
Jessica L. Danzeisen ◽  
Tonya Ward ◽  
Hu Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Community Structure ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Hair Type ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Over Time

It has previously been shown that domestic dogs and their household owners share bacterial populations, and that sharing of bacteria between humans is facilitated through the presence of dogs in the household. However, less is known regarding the bacterial communities of dogs, how these communities vary by location and over time, and how cohabitation of dogs themselves influences their bacterial community. Furthermore, the effects of factors such as breed, hair coat length, sex, shedding, and age on the canine skin microbiome is unknown. This study sampled the skin bacterial communities of 40 dogs belonging to 20 households longitudinally across three seasons (spring, summer, and winter). Significant differences in bacterial community structure between samples were identified when stratified by season, but not by dog sex, age, breed, hair type, or skin site. Cohabitating dogs were more likely to share bacteria of the skin than non-cohabitating dogs. Similar to human bacterial microbiomes, dogs’ microbiomes were more similar to their own microbiomes over time than to microbiomes of other individuals. Dogs sampled during the same season were also more similar to each other than to dogs from different seasons, irrespective of household. However, there were very few core operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified across all dogs sampled. Taxonomic classification revealedPropionibacterium acnesandHaemophilussp. as key members of the dog skin bacterial community, along withCorynebacteriumsp. andStaphylococcus epidermidis. This study shows that the skin bacterial community structure of dogs is highly individualized, but can be shared among dogs through cohabitation.

scholarly journals New Insights on the Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) Bacteriome

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 659
Author(s):  
Elias Asimakis ◽  
Panagiota Stathopoulou ◽  
Apostolis Sapounas ◽  
Kanjana Khaeso ◽  
Costas Batargias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Mutual Exclusion ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Host Diet ◽  
Dominant Bacteria ◽  
High Degree

Various factors, including the insect host, diet, and surrounding ecosystem can shape the structure of the bacterial communities of insects. We have employed next generation, high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA to characterize the bacteriome of wild Zeugodacus (Bactrocera) cucurbitae (Coquillett) flies from three regions of Bangladesh. The tested populations developed distinct bacterial communities with differences in bacterial composition, suggesting that geography has an impact on the fly bacteriome. The dominant bacteria belonged to the families Enterobacteriaceae, Dysgomonadaceae and Orbaceae, with the genera Dysgonomonas, Orbus and Citrobacter showing the highest relative abundance across populations. Network analysis indicated variable interactions between operational taxonomic units (OTUs), with cases of mutual exclusion and copresence. Certain bacterial genera with high relative abundance were also characterized by a high degree of interactions. Interestingly, genera with a low relative abundance like Shimwellia, Gilliamella, and Chishuiella were among those that showed abundant interactions, suggesting that they are also important components of the bacterial community. Such knowledge could help us identify ideal wild populations for domestication in the context of the sterile insect technique or similar biotechnological methods. Further characterization of this bacterial diversity with transcriptomic and metabolic approaches, could also reveal their specific role in Z. cucurbitae physiology.

Out of Compassion of Out of Rights? A Story about an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Human Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Hedva Eyal
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Compassionate Use ◽  
Human Clinical Trial ◽  
Biotech Company ◽  
Patient Organisations ◽  
Informed Consent Form ◽  
Trial Treatment ◽  
Post Trial ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

This article examines the intersection of compassion and rights, and how the two concepts are constituted and wielded in the context of human clinical trials. Doron, an ALS patient who was recruited to a clinical trial, believed that he had the right to post-trial treatment according to the wording of an informed consent form he signed before joining the trial. However, the biotech company sponsoring the trial instead offered him ‘compassionate use’ access, i.e., access at its discretion rather than as a legal obligation on its part. I argue that under a ‘bioeconomy of value’, the human clinical trial regime has been subordinated to two competing discourses: that of compassion and that of patients’ rights. Both are interpreted and deployed differently by the different stakeholders, namely the patient, the biotech company, and the medical establishment. I argue that the adoption, by bioeconomy actors, of a social value discourse of compassion is designed to preserve a hierarchy that deprives the patient of their power and their rights. Simultaneously, this practice highlights the power of the biotech industry as a moral partner and ‘saviour’ in its relationship with patient organisations and its role as a medical–scientific actor in the Israeli healthcare system.

scholarly journals Harmonizing Education Outcomes with the Needs of the Saudi Labor Market Demand

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 191-197
Author(s):  
Nadia Yusuf ◽  
Dr. Nisreen Ismail Albanawi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Education System ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Education Outcomes ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Training Opportunities

This paper focuses on the exploration of particular education outcomes in the context of Saudi Arabia and how those aspects can be harmonized with the needs of the Saudi labor market demand. Different arguments related to the emergence of education and training opportunities for the workforce of Saudi Arabia are presented and critically analyzed against major findings derived from the literature. A relevant conclusion presented in the paper refers to the statement that Saudi Arabia is on the right path of expanding its talented employee base in an attempt to improve its education system by making it adequately competitive as compared to major education systems around the world. The research methodology utilized in the study is quantitative by nature implying the researcher's focus on obtaining as objective and unbiased findings from participants as possible. The data collection method used by the researcher is questionnaires as they are identified as a reliable tool to derive adequate information from participants. The research methodology paradigm implemented in the current study refers to positivism. The main conclusion presented in the paper is associated with the belief of participants that the Saudi education system is efficient and reliable enough to accommodate the education and labor market needs of the local population.

Identification of Malassezia Species Isolated from Pityriasis Versicolor by CHROMagar-Medium

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abd El-Naeem Sallam ◽  
Mohamed Taha Mahmoud El-Sayed ◽  
Rania Mahmoud El-husseiny ◽  
Sara Hossam Abd El-Aleem Ibrahim Shaheen
Keyword(s):  
Normal Skin ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Pityriasis Versicolor ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Malassezia Species ◽  
Dermatological Examination ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Hot And Humid Climates

Abstract Background Pityriasis versicolor is a chronic superficial fungal infection seen worldwide, with high prevalence observed in hot and humid climates. Objectives The aim of this work was to isolate and identify Malassezia species from pityriasis versicolor using specific fast gtowth media; Chrom agar to obtain a better understanding of the role of each species in the etiology of disease. Patients and Methods This study was conducted on 70 patients with clinical diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor with positive KOH test. All of the participants were subjected to a well informed consents, full history taking including age, sex, site of the lesions and any previous treatment, full general and dermatological examination to determine site, color of the lesions and Wood's light examination. Results Our results reported 94.3% of studied patients yielded growth on culture while 5.7% did not show any growth. The predominant age group was ≥ 25 years old. Furthermore it was found that PV affected male subjects (62.90%) more than the females (37.1%). Conclusion Malassezia yeasts, although are considered a part of normal skin microbiome, is a known cause of pityriasis versicolor. PV was more common in males in the age group ≥ 25yrs. The most affected body site was the chest, the most common variant is hyperpigmented type, and the commonest isolate was M.furfur.

Stability of Skin Microbiome at Sacral Regions of Healthy Young Adults, Ambulatory Older Adults, and Bedridden Older Patients After 2 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Ogai ◽  
Kohei Ogura ◽  
Nozomi Ohgi ◽  
Seohui Park ◽  
Miku Aoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
Skin Care ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Sacral Region

Objective: The sacral skin of bedridden older patients often develops a dysbiotic condition. To clarify whether the condition changes or is sustained over time, we analyzed the skin microbiome and the skin physiological functions of the sacral skin in patients who completed our 2017 study. Methods: In 2019, we collected the microbiome on the sacral region and measured sacral skin hydration, pH, and transepidermal water loss from 7 healthy young adults, 10 ambulatory older adults, and 8 bedridden older patients, all of whom had been recruited for the 2017 study. For microbiome analysis, 16S ribosomal RNA-based metagenomic analysis was used. Results: No significant differences in the microbial compositions or any alpha diversity metrics were found in the bedridden older patients between the 2017 and 2019 studies; the higher gut-related bacteria were still observed on the sacral skin of the bedridden older patients even after 2 years. Only skin pH showed a significant decrease, approaching normal skin condition, in the bedridden older patients over 2 years. Conclusion: This study indicated that gut-related bacteria stably resided in the sacral skin in bedridden patients, even if the patient had tried to restore skin physiological functions using daily skin care. We propose the importance of skin care that focuses more on bacterial decontamination for the sacral region of bedridden older patients, in order to decrease the chances of skin/wound infection and inflammation.

scholarly journals The Wheat Microbiome Under Four Management Strategies, and Potential for Endophytes in Disease Protection

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristi Gdanetz ◽  
Frances Trail
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Plant Organ

Manipulating plant-associated microbes to reduce disease or improve crop yields requires a thorough understanding of interactions within the phytobiome. Plants were sampled from a wheat/maize/soybean crop rotation site that implements four different crop management strategies. We analyzed the fungal and bacterial communities of leaves, stems, and roots of wheat throughout the growing season using 16S and fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The most prevalent operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were shared across all samples, although levels of the low-abundance OTUs varied. Endophytes were isolated from plants, and tested for antagonistic activity toward the wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Antagonistic strains were assessed for plant protective activity in seedling assays. Our results suggest that microbial communities were strongly affected by plant organ and plant age, and may be influenced by management strategy.

scholarly journals Increasing oxygen deficiency changes rare and moderately abundant bacterial communities in coastal soft sediments

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Sinkko ◽  
Iina Hepolehto ◽  
Christina Lyra ◽  
Johanna M. Rinta-Kanto ◽  
Anna Villnäs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Water Oxygen ◽  
Abundant Otus ◽  
Compositional Changes ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Sediment Bacterial Communities

Abstract Coastal hypoxia is a major environmental problem worldwide. Hypoxia-induced changes in sediment bacterial communities harm marine ecosystems and alter biogeochemical cycles. Nevertheless, the resistance of sediment bacterial communities to hypoxic stress is unknown. We investigated changes in bacterial communities during hypoxic-anoxic disturbance by artificially inducing oxygen deficiency to the seafloor for 0, 3, 7, and 48 days, with subsequent molecular biological analyses. We further investigated relationships between bacterial communities, benthic macrofauna and nutrient effluxes across the sediment-water-interface during hypoxic-anoxic stress, considering differentially abundant operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The composition of the moderately abundant OTUs changed significantly after seven days of oxygen deficiency, while the abundant and rare OTUs first changed after 48 days. High bacterial diversity maintained the resistance of the communities during oxygen deficiency until it dropped after 48 days, likely due to anoxia-induced loss of macrofaunal diversity and bioturbation. Nutrient fluxes, especially ammonium, correlated positively with the moderate and rare OTUs, including potential sulfate reducers. Correlations may reflect bacteria-mediated nutrient effluxes that accelerate eutrophication. The study suggests that even slightly higher bottom-water oxygen concentrations, which could sustain macrofaunal bioturbation, enable bacterial communities to resist large compositional changes and decrease the harmful consequences of hypoxia in marine ecosystems.

scholarly journals The Right of the Accused in Saudi in Criminal Procedure during Investigation Process and Arbitrary Dentation and Prohibits Torture and Protects the Rights of Suspects to Obtain Legal Council

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 05053
Author(s):  
Faten Mohmed Alqahtani ◽  
Amani Ali ◽  
Abdulrahman M.A.AlBelihi ◽  
Metwally Ali
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Legal Representation ◽  
International Human ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Human Rights Standards

Saudi Arabia has recent in years pass several important legislations to ensure a fair and balanced justice system, including: 1) The Law of Procedure Before Sharia Courts of September 2001, which grants defendants the right to legal representation and outlines the process by which please, evidence and experts are heard by the courts. 2) The Code of Law Practice of January 2001, which outlines requirements necessary to become an attorney and defines the duties and right of lawyers, including the right of attorney-client privilege. 3) The Law of Criminal Procedure of May 2001, which protects a defendant right with the regard to interrogation, investigation, and incarceration; outlines a series of regulations that justice and law enforcement authorities must follow during all stages of legal process, from arrest and interrogation to trial and sentencing; prohibits torture and protects the right of suspects to obtain legal counsel; and limits the period of arbitrary detention. The main objective of this study is to examine the operation of the criminal justice system in Saudi Arabia in light of the international human rights standards pertaining to the administration of justice. It involves the international human rights treaties and focuses mainly on the instruments in which the right to a fair trail in Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals Habitat disturbance influences the skin microbiome of a rediscovered neotropical-montane frog

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall R. Jiménez ◽  
Gilbert Alvarado ◽  
José Sandoval ◽  
Simone Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Habitat Disturbance ◽  
Amphibian Declines ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Disturbed Habitats

Abstract Background The skin microbiome serves as a first line defense against pathogens in vertebrates. In amphibians, it has the potential to protect against the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatis (Bd), a likely agent of amphibian declines. Alteration of the microbiome associated with unfavorable environmental changes produced by anthropogenic activities may make the host more susceptible to pathogens. Some amphibian species that were thought to be “extinct” have been rediscovered years after population declines in the late 1980s probably due to evolved Bd-resistance and are now threatened by anthropogenic land-use changes. Understanding the effects of habitat disturbance on the host skin microbiome is relevant for understanding the health of these species, along with its susceptibility to pathogens such as Bd. Here, we investigate the influence of habitat alteration on the skin bacterial communities as well as specifically the putative Bd-inhibitory bacterial communities of the montane frog Lithobates vibicarius. This species, after years of not being observed, was rediscovered in small populations inhabiting undisturbed and disturbed landscapes, and with continuous presence of Bd. Results We found that cutaneous bacterial communities of tadpoles and adults differed between undisturbed and disturbed habitats. The adults from disturbed habitats exhibited greater community dispersion than those from undisturbed habitats. We observed a higher richness of putative Bd-inhibitory bacterial strains in adults from disturbed habitats than in those from undisturbed habitats, as well as a greater number of these potential protective bacteria with a high relative abundance. Conclusions Our findings support the microbial “Anna Karenina principle”, in which disturbance is hypothesized to cause greater microbial dispersion in communities, a so-called dysbiosis, which is a response of animal microbiomes to stress factors that decrease the ability of the host or its microbiome to regulate community composition. On the positive side, the high richness and relative abundance of putative Bd-inhibitory bacteria may indicate the development of a defense mechanism that enhances Bd-protection, attributed to a co-occurrence of more than 30-years of host and pathogen in these disturbed habitats. Our results provide important insight into the influence of human-modified landscapes on the skin microbiome and health implications of Bd-survivor species.

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