The Rationality of Scientific Discovery

1998 ◽  
pp. 374-379
Author(s):  
Yang Yaokun ◽  
Cheng Liangdao
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
Background Theory ◽  
Scientific Hypothesis ◽  
Starting Point

In order to understand the rationality of scientific creation, we must first clarify the following: (1) the historical structure of scientific creation from starting point to breakthrough, and then to establishment; (2) the process from the primary through the productive aspects of the scientific problem, the idea of creation, the primary conjecture, the scientific hypothesis, and finally the emergence of the genetic structure establishing the theory; and (3) the problem threshold of rationality in scientific creation. Given that the theory of scientific creation adopts the descriptive viewpoint of rationality, it therefore establishes rational principles such as the following: (1) a superlogical mode of thinking; (2) an analysable genetic structure which consists of the primary and productive aspects (including experiential facts, background theory, operational means, higher irrational factors, etc.); (3) a means of recourse to the effect of incubation of a higher idea; (4) a movement in thinking from generality to particularity; and (5) the replacement of irrational by rational factors.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity in portuguese native Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera and ssp. sylvestris

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S54-S56 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cunha ◽  
M. Teixeira Santos ◽  
J. Brazăo ◽  
L.C. Carneiro ◽  
M. Veloso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Probable Origin ◽  
Different Origins

To assess the different origins of Portuguese grapevine varieties, we used six nuclear and four chloroplastidal microsatellites as molecular markers, in order to compare the genetic structure of native wild-vines with native grapevine varieties. Both native subspecies have a great diversity, and a high interrelationship across the six nuclear microsatellites. Although identical numbers of alleles were found in each population, their distribution was different in the <I>vinifera </I>and <I>sylvestris </I>subspecies. Portuguese wild-vines have only chlorotypes A and B; A being the most frequent. The fifty-seven analysed Portuguese varieties have chlorotypes A, B, C, and D. The most frequent was the chlorotype A (75%), followed by D (21%). The results obtained reinforced the idea of Western Europe as having been one of the domestication centres for the grapevine, with contributions from the Eastern European gene pool. The observed genetic structure is a starting point from which to clarify the high number of native cultivars found in Portugal, and reinforces their probable origin in the Iberian Peninsula.

Taranis and beyond: inspiring aerodynamic capability

2014 ◽  
Vol 118 (1206) ◽  
pp. 845-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Design Development ◽  
International Partnership ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Combat Aircraft ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk

Abstract In his 1916 book, Aircraft in Warfare, the Dawn of the Fourth Arm, F.W. Lanchester wrote: “The supremacy of British aircraft can only be maintained by the adoption of a thoroughly progressive constructional policy, guided constantly by the most recent scientific discovery and research, and by utilising to the full information and experience gained in the Services.” The recent successful flight trials of the Taranis low-observable unmanned demonstrator aircraft provide the latest evidence of the UK’s continued capacity for the entire design, development, manufacture, and flight testing of world-leading combat aircraft, particularly with regard to Aerodynamics. Taranis is both the culmination of many years’ research and development in the UK and a starting-point for the next generation of UK combat air systems. In this lecture, Taranis is reviewed, in such detail as current sensitivities will allow, in the wider context of UK combat aircraft aerodynamic capability, exemplified by the leading roles taken by the UK in the Tornado and Typhoon programmes and the important contribution made to the development of the F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter. The immediate technical challenges associated with the aerodynamic design and qualification of a low-observable air vehicle are considerable. In this instance they have been compounded by the balanced view taken within the project of trade-offs against many parameters. However, the UK aerodynamics community faces equally stringent challenges in terms of the identification and delivery of the most appropriate future systems; increasingly complex and demanding operational and functional requirements; and, perhaps most of all, maintaining an affordable and cost-effective capability in the face of strict budgetary pressures and austere economic conditions. Nevertheless, those challenges are accompanied by a wide range of opportunities, namely for national and international partnership; radically innovative engineering solutions and approaches; new thinking; and the engagement of the best minds and ideas in the UK academic community. Taranis represented a big integration task, requiring a particular set of skills to pull together the total package, resting on a bedrock of mastery of the technical issues. It has been an inspirational experience for those of us who have worked on it. It has demonstrated that the UK is capable of achieving the most demanding current and anticipated military aerodynamic requirements and has signposted the way to an exciting and nationally important future.

Re-envisioning data repositories for the 21st century

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Diggs ◽  
Danie Kinkade
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Data System ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
Data Discovery ◽  
Data Repositories ◽  
New Era ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
Technical Advances

&lt;p&gt;Finding and integrating geoscience data that are fit for use can alter the scope and even the type of science exploration undertaken. Most of these difficulties in data discovery and use are due to a technical incompatibilities in the various data repositories that comprise the data system for a particular scientific problem.&amp;#160; We believe these obstacles to be unnecessary attributes of individual data centers that were created more than 20 years ago. This aspirational presentation charts a new way forward for data curators and users alike, and by employing technical advances in adjacent disciples, promises a new era of scientific discovery enabled by re-envisioned 21st century data repositories.&lt;/p&gt;

PRELIMINARY RESULTS REGARDING PHYLOGENY OF THE NOBLE CRAYFISH (DECAPODA, ASTACIDAE, „ASTACUS ASTACUS“) IN SERBIA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Đuretanović ◽  
◽  
Tijana Veličković ◽  
Aleksandra Milošković ◽  
Milena Radenković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Noble Crayfish

The noble crayfish is one of the three autochthonous species that inhabit the freshwater ecosystems of Serbia, along with stone and Danube crayfish. The noble crayfish has a complex historical and genetic status shaped by geological events, habitat loss, pollution, translocations, and reintroductions of both autochthonous and allochthonous crayfish species. That led to the disruption of the species genetic structure, mixing, and loss of populations across Europe. According to recent data, its populations in the freshwater ecosystems of Serbia are significantly reduced, so it has the status of a "strictly protected species". The genetic structure of the species must be known for endangered species conservation. Unfortunately, there is lack of such data for the territory of Serbia, which due to its position on the Balkan Peninsula, was an important refuge during the glaciation period. In this paper, the genetic structure of seven crayfish populations in freshwater ecosystems of Serbia was examined. Analyzes were performed on the COI and 16S rRNA genes of mitochondrial DNA. The study results showed a significant diversity of COI and 16S rRNA haplotypes compared to already described haplotypes. Three haplotypes were detected, of which Hap26 is the most common and was detected in five studied populations. Haplotypes Hap47 and Hap49 were detected in one and two populations, respectively. The results obtained in this study, together with previously published morphometric data, represent a good starting point for further genetic and population research, which are the basis for the proposal of conservation measures.

Gender-specific regional changes in genetic structure of muscularity in early adolescence

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 1802-1810 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Loos ◽  
M. Thomis ◽  
H. H. Maes ◽  
G. Beunen ◽  
A. L. Claessens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Genetic Factor ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific

Loos, R., M. Thomis, H. H. Maes, G. Beunen, A. L. Claessens, C. Derom, E. Legius, R. Derom, and R. Vlietinck. Gender-specific regional changes in genetic structure of muscularity in early adolescence. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6): 1802–1810, 1997.—Genetic and environmental influences on muscle circumference measurements of the extremities were estimated in 105 pairs of twins between 10 and 14 yr of age. Four circumferences, extended upper arm (EAC), forearm (FC), thigh (TC), and calf (CC), were measured. Univariate model fitting revealed that the largest part (87–95%) of the variance for all circumferences at most ages was explained by additive genetic factors. Sex differences were observed for some age categories. Multivariate analyses showed a different pattern evolving according to age and gender. In boys from 10 to 12 yr of age, one general genetic factor influenced all four circumferences. With increasing age, an arm-leg model emerged, one genetic factor influencing the arm and another genetic factor the leg circumferences. In young girls one genetic factor loaded on the proximal (EAC,TC) and another on the distal (FC,CC) circumferences. With subjects at age 14 yr, an arm-leg model was observed. High genetic correlations indicated that genetic factors related to EAC, FC, TC, and CC did not act independently. The age- and gender-specific changes in the genetic structure suggest pubertal influences. This study shows that muscle circumferences are highly heritable characteristics and are therefore a promising starting point at which to locate their genes. Gene mapping could validate the gender-specific change of the genetic structure with age and region.

scholarly journals Genetic structure of the cisco (Coregonus albula L.) from lakes of glacial origin in northern Poland

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kirczuk ◽  
A. Rymaszewska ◽  
R. Czerniawski ◽  
M. Pilecka-Rapacz ◽  
J. Domagała
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Coregonus Albula ◽  
Glacial Origin ◽  
Northern Poland ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
D Loop ◽  
North Western

AbstractEuropean cisco (Coregonus albula L.) is one of the most precious species of the European lake ichtyofauna, however, due to progressive eutrophication of water, the range of its occurrence has decreased. Deteriorating ecological conditions are the main cause of this decline in population, and most of the existing populations in lakes are maintained thanks to reintroduction. Thus, it is important to determine the genetic structure of the European cisco. The study involved PCR-RFLP-based genetic analysis of C. albula caught in 15 lakes in northern Poland, including four lakes located in national parks. The analysis covered 3 genes located in the mitochondrial DNA: ND1, ND3/4 and cytochrome b, as well as a control region (D-loop). The PCR product was digested with 4 endonucleases (RsaI, MspI, BsuI and HhaI) and the resulting haplotypes were grouped into combinations. Statistical analysis were then performed on these groups. Based on the genetic distance, a phenogram was constructed in which two groups could be distinguished. One group was represented by C. albula populations from most lakes in north-western Poland, including the three protected lakes. The other group consisted of the European cisco population from Lake Wigry (north-eastern Poland) and commercially exploited lakes from the southern part of the investigated north-western Poland area. The results of the study of C. albula from northern Poland present a valuable molecular characterization of the populations and can be a starting point for further genetic monitoring.

scholarly journals Genetic structure of black poplar (Populus nigra L.) population in the area of Great War Island

Genetika ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 963-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Maksimovic ◽  
Dijana Cortan ◽  
Vladan Ivetic ◽  
Mladenovic Drinic ◽  
Mirjana Sijacic-Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Populus Nigra ◽  
Fixation Index ◽  
Great War ◽  
Black Poplar ◽  
Starting Point

The genetic structure of black poplar (Populus nigra L.) populations in the area of Great War Island (GWI) was studied at the level of 30 genotypes, based on microsatellite molecular markers (SSR). Eleven polymorphic SSR loci were used for analysis of intarpopulation genetic variability. Observed and expected heterozygosity in studied population were high (0.70 and 0.82). The fixation index calculated for single locus ranged from -0.055 (PMGC_14) up to 0.424 (PMGC_2607), while the mean value was 0.143. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) differed between single loci. Stabile genetic structure and satisfactory level of genetic variability that have been determined at the population level represent a good starting point for conservation and sustainable use of the available gene pool and further breeding of this species.

scholarly journals The Link Between Necessity And Randomness In Scientific Discovery

wisdom ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Vladimir Petrovich Ogorodnikov ◽  
Kadzik Oganyan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Dialectical Materialism ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
Karl Popper ◽  
Specific Measure ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
Problem Of The Criterion

The article is devoted to the problem of the link between the essential and the accidental in the process of scientific discoveries. The author criticises Karl Popper concept who states that each scientific discovery is entirely “accidental”. The author‟ viewpoint is based on the methodology of dialectical materialism as a whole, the concept of dialectical determinism, current works on the theory of truth and the criterion of truth. The article treats randomness as the form of being and the phenomenon of necessity. The randomness is presented in the act of discovery by a variety of phenomena such as the particular time, the author of the discovery and the specific aspect of the scientific problem determining this discovery. The necessity here has to do with a specific measure reflecting the limits of change for the phenomenal side of scientific discovery, and this is true for other objective and subjective processes. The author argues that revealing the link between the essential and the accidental in scientific discovery is a critical foundation for solving all epistemological problems, the problem of the criterion of the truth in the first place.

scholarly journals Turning biases into hypotheses through method: A logic of scientific discovery for machine learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 205395172110207
Author(s):  
Simon Aagaard Enni ◽  
Maja Bak Herrie
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Scientific Hypothesis ◽  
General Logic ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

Machine learning (ML) systems have shown great potential for performing or supporting inferential reasoning through analyzing large data sets, thereby potentially facilitating more informed decision-making. However, a hindrance to such use of ML systems is that the predictive models created through ML are often complex, opaque, and poorly understood, even if the programs “learning” the models are simple, transparent, and well understood. ML models become difficult to trust, since lay-people, specialists, and even researchers have difficulties gauging the reasonableness, correctness, and reliability of the inferences performed. In this article, we argue that bridging this gap in the understanding of ML models and their reasonableness requires a focus on developing an improved methodology for their creation. This process has been likened to “alchemy” and criticized for involving a large degree of “black art,” owing to its reliance on poorly understood “best practices”. We soften this critique and argue that the seeming arbitrariness often is the result of a lack of explicit hypothesizing stemming from an empiricist and myopic focus on optimizing for predictive performance rather than from an occult or mystical process. We present some of the problems resulting from the excessive focus on optimizing generalization performance at the cost of hypothesizing about the selection of data and biases. We suggest embedding ML in a general logic of scientific discovery similar to the one presented by Charles Sanders Peirce, and present a recontextualized version of Peirce’s scientific hypothesis adjusted to ML.

scholarly journals 當代科學與迷信之哲學反思

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Dachun LIU
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Empirical Science ◽  
Methodological Principle ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Scientific Hypothesis ◽  
Digital Commons ◽  
Scientific Experiments ◽  
Contemporary Chinese

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.可檢驗性是區分科學與偽科學的一個關鍵。它至少包含三層意思：第一，它意味着科學實驗是最基本的科學實踐活動，實驗方法是科學的標誌。第二，它為科學假說提供了一個基本的方法論原理，不論是提出假說還是鑒別假說。第三，它是科學發現獲得社會承認的基本條件。如果一個假說在原則上是不可檢驗的，那它就不能稱為科學。偽科學乃是打着科學旗號、冒充科學的虛假的東西，我們需要仔細分辨，予以揭露。同時，我們也需要認識到，在現代社會的複雜系統中，雖然科學起着主導作用，但科學不是全體，是不是一切。有許多非科學的東西，如宗教、藝術、習俗等，對於社會發展是十分重要的，不能一概否定。但它們也不必硬說成是科學。There is an important way to distinguish science from pseudo-science：empirical testability. It has three basic implications. First, scientific experiments are the fundamental scientific activities, and the method of experiment marks empirical science. Second, empirical testability constitutes the first methodological principle for proposing or affirming a scientific hypothesis. Finally, it is also a basic condition for a scientific discovery to be accepted by society. If a hypothesis cannot be tested even in principle, it cannot be termed as a scientific hypothesis.In contemporary Chinese society, there are varieties of pseudo-sciences. They use the name of science to identify themselves, but cannot pass the serious requirement of empirical testability. We should carefully examine such pseudo-sciences and disclose the nature of their hypotheses and activities as non- or anti-science. At the same time, we should also recognize that, although science is dominant in contemporary society, it is not everything valuable. There are a great deal of other items, such as religion, art, and customs, which are nonscientific but are extremely important to the development of society. We should not deny the value of non-scientific theories or activities. Neither should we mark them as science.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 28 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

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