scholarly journals “They have gone back to their country”: French landscapes and Inuit encounters in 18th century southern Labrador

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Crompton
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Land Grant ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
North Shore ◽  
Lower North Shore ◽  
Red Bay ◽  
Permanent Form

Although French and Basque fishing and whaling crews had been coming to southern Labrador since the early sixteenth century, colonization in a more permanent form would not begin until the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Emerging as an outgrowth of similar colonial efforts along Quebec’s Lower North Shore, colonization of Labrador was driven by Canadian interests and administered by colonial officials in Québec. However, the simple possession of Labrador landscapes was not equivalent to their successful exploitation. Detailed study of one land grant in Red Bay-St. Modet demonstrates how tenuous the possession of lands in Labrador could be, whether challenges came from French rivals or from Inuit raids. This article uses historical, cartographic, and archaeological evidence to discuss how the French established, contested, and used Labrador land concessions, and explores how Inuit reacted to the increasing encroachments of the French.

Conflict, Population Movement, and Microscale Social Networks in Northern Iroquoian Archaeology

2021 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-367
Author(s):  
Jennifer Birch ◽  
John P. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Population Movement ◽  
Network Ties ◽  
The West ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
North Shore ◽  
The North ◽  
Specific Sequences

We employ social network analysis of collar decoration on Iroquoian vessels to conduct a multiscalar analysis of signaling practices among ancestral Huron-Wendat communities on the north shore of Lake Ontario. Our analysis focuses on the microscale of the West Duffins Creek community relocation sequence as well as the mesoscale, incorporating several populations to the west. The data demonstrate that network ties were stronger among populations in adjacent drainages as opposed to within drainage-specific sequences, providing evidence for west-to-east population movement, especially as conflict between Wendat and Haudenosaunee populations escalated in the sixteenth century. These results suggest that although coalescence may have initially involved the incorporation of peoples from microscale (local) networks, populations originating among wider mesoscale (subregional) networks contributed to later coalescent communities. These findings challenge previous models of village relocation and settlement aggregation that oversimplified these processes.

scholarly journals Sixteenth-century soil carbon sequestration rates based on Mexican land-grant documents

The Holocene ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 880-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hunter ◽  
Andrew Sluyter
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Land Grant

scholarly journals Identity markers: Interpreting sod-house occupation in Sandwich Bay, Labrador

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa K. Rankin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
University Research ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Site Classification ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
North Shore ◽  
Identity Markers ◽  
Research Alliance

Documentary evidence suggests that Inuit were present in the Strait of Belle Isle by the late 16th century, yet the archaeological evidence for Inuit settlement in southern Labrador is sparse. Inuit sites are difficult to recognize south of Nunatsiavut, where 19th-century Inuit-Métis families and seasonal Newfoundland fishers occupied settlements that leave similar archaeological surface-traces. In 2009 a SSHRC-funded Community-University Research Alliance was initiated to examine Inuit history in southern Labrador. One of the primary goals of the research was to develop archaeological criteria to distinguish between these ethnically distinct settlements. This paper presents the results from several seasons of research in Sandwich Bay, Labrador. It uses data from community interviews, archaeological surveys, and excavations at four Inuit settlements, one Inuit-Métis house, and one Newfoundland fishery camp to help resolve the issue of site ethnicity for the area immediately south of Hamilton Inlet. Site location and house and site features are used to increase confidence in Inuit site classification and to provide strategies for targeted test-excavations elsewhere in southern Labrador and on the Quebec North Shore. The results of the research also allow for a better understanding of the nature and extent of Inuit occupation in Sandwich Bay.

scholarly journals La “Londiga” de Burgos en el Setecientos

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-44
Author(s):  
Francisco José Alejandro Sanz de la Higuera
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Industrial Cities ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Age Of Enlightenment

Resumen: La alhóndiga de Burgos, edificada en el siglo XVI, precisó, a lo largo del XVIII, de varios reparos y actuaciones constructivas, de mayor o menor envergadura, que la hicieron totalmente operativa. El objetivo era que no se impidieran sus quehaceres esenciales. Como ocurriera con otros muchos inmuebles públicos, y privados, en el Burgos del Setecientos, se impuso la necesidad de efectuar un “Hermoseamiento” de sus edificios, calles y plazas, en una centuria, la de las Luces, que ilustraba las mentes a través de los ojos. Los distintos mayordomos del pósito y “lóndiga” exigieron del Concejo su constante revisión y mantenimiento, en aras de no sufrir cortapisas ni obstáculos en el cometido de comprar, vigilar y prestar trigo a los labradores necesitados de granos para sus sementeras y alimento. Las adversidades meteorológicas y climáticas castigaban los campos de cultivo y los edificios de las ciudades pre-industriales. Palabras clave: Alhóndiga, obras, mayordomo, Burgos, siglo XVIII.   THE "LONDIGA" IN BURGOS IN THE 18TH CENTURY Abstract: The alhóndiga in Burgos, built in the sixteenth century, required, throughout the eighteenth, several repairs and constructive actions, of greater or lesser importance, which made it fully operational. The goal was not to prevent their essential tasks. As it happened with many other public and private buildings, in Burgos in the seventeenth, the need to make an “embellishment”of its buildings, streets and squares, in a century, the Age of Enlightenment, which illustrated the minds through the eyes. The different “mayordomos of the pósito” and "lóndiga" demanded from the Council its constant revision and maintenance, so as not to undergo limitations or obstacles in the task of buying, monitoring and lending wheat to the farmers who needed grains for their seeding and food. The meteorological and climatic adversities punished the farming lands and the buildings of the pre-industrial cities. Keywords: Alhóndiga, works, mayordomo, Burgos, 18th century

Persecution of the Huguenots in the 18th Century

1951 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelby T. McCloy
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Large Element ◽  
Wars Of Religion ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
Henry Iv ◽  
French People ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
Edict Of Nantes

In 1685 the government of Louis XIV revoked the vestiges of the Edict of Nantes, after having made various encroachments on it since the 1630's when Richelieu nullified the military provisions. And thus France, which under Henry IV in the late sixteenth century had gone farther toward legal toleration than the other states of Europe, lapsed into the ranks of those intolerant. The Edict had never been popular with a large element of the French people, notably the group which had fought under the Guises in the Wars of Religion. The clergy in particular urged its repeal. Louis XIII and Louis XIV under the influence of his Jesuit advisors, Pères Le Tellier and La Chaise, and of his second wife, Madame de Maintenon, a zealous ex-Protestant, revoked the Edict completely.

Bioarchaeological Evidence for a Spanish-Native American Conflict in the Sixteenth-Century Southeast

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 718-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Blakely ◽  
David S. Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crude Death Rate ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Demographic Profile ◽  
Hernando De Soto ◽  
Males And Females

As the state of Georgia marks the four hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the arrival of Hernando de Soto, we reflect on the other actors in the encounter. The King site, a Native American village in the sixteenth-century chiefdom of Coosa, yielded an unusually high crude death rate of 36 per 1,000. We attribute the elevated mortality to casualties from a clash with the Spaniards. Twenty percent of the King site skeletons exhibit injuries-deep gashes and cuts across two extremities–inflicted by steel weapons. Although enemies of the Coosa possessed some European weapons, the demographic profile of the fatalities–young women and middle-aged males and females–implicates the Spaniards. Comparison with European battle casualties supports the notion that the Spaniards were responsible for the injuries. The chronicles reveal de Soto’s army to have been the likely perpetrator. The victims probably either resisted enslavement or attempted to free others from enslavement. The site offers the first archaeological evidence of Spanish violence in the interior Southeast.

scholarly journals Gli erbari aretini da Andrea Cesalpino ai giorni nostri

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Natural History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
University Museum ◽  
Over Time

The production of this book has been made possible by the collaboration of a number of scholars and the generosity of the Arezzo Provincial Authority. It provides detailed descriptions of the contents of precious botanical collections amassed by natives of Arezzo, or simply conserved in institutions situated within the territory. The book provides an overview of both herbals of dried plants and painted herbals from the sixteenth century up to the present, starting from the one created in 1563 by the Arezzo doctor Andrea Cesalpino. The first herbal in the world to be organised through systematic criteria, this collection is now in the Botanical Section of the Florence University Museum of Natural History, together with another small eighteenth-century herbal produced by a pharmacist from Cortona, Agostino Coltellini. Conserved in Cortona itself is another eighteenth-century herbal, this one painted by Mattia Moneti, while in Castiglion Fiorentino and Poppi respectively are the intriguing collections of the Hortus siccus pisanus (18th century) and of the Biblioteca Rilliana (late 17th century). Also described in the book is a herbal from the Convent of La Verna (18th century) and the Egyptian herbal of Jacob Corinaldi (19th century), conserved in Montevarchi. Finally there are also the modern herbals, illustrating the continuity over time of a practice that is the foundation of all systematic study. The book is in fact rounded off by an anastatic reprint of the description of the Cesalpino herbal published in 1858, which is still a seminal work for studies such as those contained in this collection.

scholarly journals Les Universitats i la seva història. Algunes reflexions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Rosa Maria Alabrús Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Teaching Load ◽  
Crown Of Aragon ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
History Of Universities ◽  
The University ◽  
The Church

Resum: En aquest article es fa un estat de la qüestió sobre la història de la Universitats amb un estudi comparatiu de les Universitats de la Corona d’Aragó i, en particular, de les catalanes, amb les Universitats castellanes. S’examina la problemàtica institucional amb les tensions entre l’Església, la Monarquia i els Municipis pel control universitari, la població estudiantil, l’oferta cultural, en les diverses Facultats, l’estructura econòmica, la càrrega docent i la presumpta «revolució educativa» des de la segona meitat de segle xvi. S’analitza, d’altra banda, el període de la decadència final de les Universitats catalanes i la significació de Cervera amb el debat entre jesuïtes i dominics al voltant de la Universitat creada per Felip V i el paper de centres culturals alternatius com l’Acadèmia de Sant Tomàs o l’Acadèmia de Bones Lletres de Barcelona. Paraules clau: Història de les Universitats, problemàtica institucional, càrrega docent, revolució educativa segle xvi, Cervera al segle XVIII Abstract: This article presents a state of the art on the history of Universities with a comparative study of the Universities of the Crown of Aragon and particularly of the Universities of the Crown of Aragon.The institutional problem is examined with the tensions between the Church, the Monarchy and the Municipalities by the university control, the student population, the cultural supply, in the diverse Faculties, the economic structure, the teaching load and the alleged «revolution educational» of the second half of the 16th century. It also analyses the period of the final decay of the Catalan Universities and the significance of Cervera with the debate between Jesuits and Dominicans around the University, create by Philip V, and the role of alternative cultural centres such as the one. Academia de Sant Tomàs or the Academy of Good Letters of Barcelona. Keywords: History of universities, institutional problems, teaching load, educational revolution sixteenth century, Cervera in the 18th century

scholarly journals Stadens Ureenlighed

Kulturstudier ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivi Lena Andersen
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
The North ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
A Site ◽  
To Receive ◽  
New System ◽  
Written Sources

<p><strong>The uncleanliness of landfill culture in 18th-century Copenhagen</strong></p> <p>After the discovery of an 18th-century landfill that contained a diversity of well-preserved objects discarded by Copenhageners, about 30 archaeological surveys have since been conducted at a site in the north-central part of the city. This coastal district, called Frederiksstaden, is now known for its prominent mansions and the home of the Danish royal family, but its function as a landfill is rarely mentioned as a phenomenon in stories about the area. From studying the excavated items, this article seeks to explore how they reflect the trash culture during Copenhagen’s Age of Absolutism, as well as to describe the landfill’s appearance and when the need for it arose.</p> <p>Using the archaeological source material as a base, the study also examined geotechnical, written, cartographic, iconographic and natural-scientific sources in order to achieve a more nuanced understanding of the landfill and to reflect on how the different sources relate to each other. This article argues that getting citizens to adapt to the new system of trash management was a long and challenging process; e.g., according to written sources, the landfill was only supposed to receive household garbage and sweepings from the city’s streets, but the archaeological evidence shows that human waste from latrines was also disposed of there. Other trash items found in the landfill exhibit signs of extensive reuse before having been discarded, which supports statements from other sources.</p> <p>The most obvious sources for information about the appearance of the landfill – specifically, 18th-century cartography and art – proved not to be worthwhile. Instead, archaeological evidence and written sources provided a better image of the swampy conditions that caused the terrain to even out over time – a process that began in this area during the second half of the 17th century. The need for a centrally-controlled framework to manage garbage seems to be connected to the development of a permanent settlement, the new system of matriculation, an emphasis on ownership and overall population growth, which included the fear and nuisance of disease. This resulted in using a coastal area as a landfill – an area where aristocratic mansions were also built during Copenhagen’s Age of Absolutism.</p>

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