scholarly journals Les sources de la détérioration de la position relative des jeunes et des femmes sur le marché du travail au Québec

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Guindon
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Structural Component ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government

Abstract This study analyzes the causes of unemployment fluctuations in Quebec since 1962 according to age and sex. The author distinguishes between the cyclical and structural component of unemployment rates. Referring to the expansionary peak of 1966, he establishes that 50% of the rise in the female unemployment rate is of structural matter, whereas 80% of the rise in the youth unemployment rate comes from the demand deficiency. The structural factors appear in two groups of variables: the socio-demographic variables (the baby boom and the rise in the female participation rate) and the policy variables which include the generosity index of the unemployment insurance program, the relative minimum wage, and the relative earnings in the public and parapublic sector. This study shows that the policy factors have played a prominent part inside the structural component of unemployment rates during the 70's, especially for young men. Nearly 60% of the increase in the global structural unemployment rate since 1962 has been attributed to the government policies analyzed in this study, and nearly 30% has been issued solely from the government wage policy. For the author, the most important step to jump in order to improve the employment situation in Quebec remains the elimination of the three percentage points of purely cyclical unemployment that persisted in 1980 and 1981 (7 to 9 in 1982). The second one would be to bring back the average earnings in the public and parapublic sector closer to the average earnings in the private sector. The introduction of these policies coupled with the demographic forecast of StatisticsCanada would give a better employment surrounding for youth, but would only slow down the increase in the female unemployment rates.

scholarly journals Unemployment and COVID-19 Impact in Greece: A Vector Autoregression (VAR) Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Christos Katris
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Response Function ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Vector Autoregression ◽  
Impulse Response Function ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Var Model ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, the scope is to study whether and how the COVID-19 situation affected the unemployment rate in Greece. To achieve this, a vector autoregression (VAR) model is employed and data analysis is carried out. Another interesting question is whether the situation affected more heavily female and the youth unemployment (under 25 years old) compared to the overall unemployment. To predict the future impact of COVID-19 on these variables, we used the Impulse Response function. Furthermore, there is taking place a comparison of the impact of the pandemic with the other European countries for overall, female, and youth unemployment rates. Finally, the forecasting ability of such a model is compared with ARIMA and ANN univariate models.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Maya Lambovska ◽  
Boguslava Sardinha ◽  
Jaroslav Belas, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Young People ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Eu

Youth unemployment is a problem in each member country of the European Union (EU). The EU seeks to alleviate this problem by implementing various programs to support young people in finding and keeping a job, thus contributing to economic growth. In 2020, the world was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. The countries have introduced many strict measures to prevent its spread, but they have caused a significant increase in unemployment, including among young people, and thus harmed economic growth. In this paper, we analyze the unemployment of people under the age of twenty-five in the EU. We also point out how unemployment rates have increased in individual countries. This problem concerns not only countries where the youth unemployment rate had been high already, such as Greece, Spain, and Italy, but also countries with previously lower rates, for example, the Czech Republic, Netherland, Poland, and Slovenia. In the latter group of countries, the youth unemployment rate has doubled in some cases due to anti-pandemic measures. We found that the most affected countries in this regard are the aforementioned Czech Republic, where the unemployment rate at the end of 2020 rose to 2.19 times above the level at the end of 2019, and Estonia, where year-over-year youth unemployment rose by a factor of 2.5. However, unfavorable developments occurred also in Lithuania, Latvia, and Ireland. According to our results, in 2020, youth unemployment increased the least in Hungary, Italy, and Belgium. In general, however, as the situation is now much more urgent, measures to alleviate this problem need to be put in place in each country to help young people find employment and, thus, stimulate economic growth.

scholarly journals The impact of macroeconomic and structural factors on the unemployment of young women and men

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Bal-Domańska
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Econometric Methods ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Econometric Analyses ◽  
Macroeconomic Determinants ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe presented article follows the research mainstream of econometric analyses focused on the assessment of correlations between youth unemployment rate and market and macroeconomic determinants, including economic growth and productivity of the economy, its structure in terms of NACE Rev.2 sections as well as the labor market tools. The research addresses 28 European Union (EU) countries. The analysis period covers the years 2008–2018. The econometric methods dedicated to panel data were used. The research results confirm the importance of the general economic condition as well as the development of knowledge-based economy for the improvement of the youth situation in the labor market. With regard to the economy structure, the development of manufacturing section importance turned out to be a major factor in female youth unemployment rate reduction. The growing importance of the construction sector translated into a decline in the unemployment rate among young men.

scholarly journals Employment and Unemployment Trends in the Baltic Countries and Statistical Regions of Latvia, 1998–2011

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-86
Author(s):  
Einārs Ulnicāns
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Public ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Economic Boom ◽  
The Baltic

The aim of the paper is to analyse the number and proportion of employees, unemployment rates and theirterritorial trends in Latvia, and to compare them with those in Estonia and Lithuania. The paper analyses the number ofemployees at the main job, its proportion in the private sector, and unemployment rates in the Baltic countries and statisticalregions of Latvia. In 2000–2007, employment and its proportion in the private sector was on the increase. In 2008, an upwardtrend in Estonia and Lithuania started to decrease, but in Latvia number of employees and its proportion in the private sectoralready had dropped. In 2009, the number of employees continued to decline. The unemployment rate grew from 1998 to2000 and from III quarter 2008 to I quarter 2010. From 2001 to II quarter 2008, during an economic boom, it decreased to aminimum. A faster economic growth means a higher proportion of employees in the private sector; however, during theeconomic crisis, it creates more instability in the labour market than in the public sector, especially at the beginning. As thecrisis deepens, unemployment in the private sector begins to stabilize; however, it increases in the public sector.

scholarly journals Youth Unemployment and Productivity-Pay in the GCC Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wasseem Mina
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
High Income ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Female Youth ◽  
Gcc Countries ◽  
Foreign Labor

Although the total youth unemployment rate in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries is less than in other high-income countries, the female youth unemployment rate is more than quadruple the male youth unemployment rate compared to equal rates in high-income countries. The gender bias in youth unemployment is attributable to the generous social contract GCC nationals enjoy as well as the largely conservative GCC culture that perceives a more important role of women in the household than in the job market. The generous social contract is also a key factor in the duality of the GCC labor markets with one segment for national labor and the other for foreign labor. Foreign labor constitutes most of the labor force, and the link between pay and productivity is strong in the foreign labor segment indicating labor market efficiency. This chapter investigates whether the presence of strong pay-productivity links in both labor market segments reduces the national youth unemployment rates in the GCC countries. Empirical evidence shows that linking pay to productivity robustly reduces the total and female youth unemployment rates. The influence is strongest on the female youth unemployment rate, however. Productivity-pay helps reduce youth unemployment and the associated gender bias.

Does gender matter for the unemployment hysteresis effect among Asian countries?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng-Zheng Li ◽  
Chi Wei Su ◽  
Ran Tao
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Unit Root ◽  
Unit Root Test ◽  
Hysteresis Effect ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government

PurposeThis study aims to examine the unemployment hysteresis effects from the perspective of the heterogeneity of genders within Asian countries.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the annual unemployment rate dataset of 12 Asian countries ranging from 1991–2020. Traditional unit root tests are initially employed to investigate the unemployment hysteresis effect. Considering the structural break and cross-section dependence problems, the sequential panel selection method (SPSM) and the Kapetanios–Snell–Shin (KSS) panel unit root test with Fourier functions have proven to be more applicable.FindingsThe empirical results indicate that the unemployment rate is stationary in most Asian regions for both females and males, which confirms the mean reversion process of the natural unemployment hypothesis. This suggests that these countries' unemployment rates are flexible to quickly revert to its long-run equilibrium determined by the labor markets. However, only the female unemployment rate in Pakistan and Nepal and adult female unemployment rates in these two economies present non-stationary series. In line with the unemployment hysteresis effect, it means shocks will leave a permanent impact on their labor market.Practical implicationsOn the one hand, in most of the Asian countries, it can be inferred that the trade-off between inflation and unemployment is temporary because the natural unemployment hypothesis holds. Therefore, policymakers may consider using monetary policy as a tool to control inflation and stimulate growth during a recession. Such policy measures should not have a long-run impact on unemployment or cause a permanent shift in the natural unemployment rate. On the other hand, the government should implement active labor protective programs such as education or training schemes, job search assistance programs and maternity protection, especially for female adults, to reduce the negative shocks in the economic downturn, which is beneficial for them away from being long-term unemployed. It is also necessary to improve the labor unions to reduce the discrimination between female and male labors.Originality/valueThis paper innovatively concentrates on the heterogeneity performances between genders about the unemployment hysteresis effect within Asian countries. Furthermore, taking into account the age-specific characteristics, the youth and adult unemployment rates have been investigated. Additionally, the approximation of bootstrap distribution and the advanced panel KSS unit root test with a Fourier function are employed. Thereby, targeted policies for the government can be applied to reduce the discrimination and negative shocks on female adults in the labor market.

Youth and the Labor Market in Canada Since the Great Recession

2020 ◽  
pp. 122-131
Author(s):  
Samir Amine ◽  
Wilner Predelus
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Older People ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
First Time

In Canada, recent data show a marked improvement in the youth unemployment rate for the first time since the last recession, although their participation in the labor force remains below the expected thresholds. In the context of a historically low unemployment rate, this chapter aims to dig deeper into the data to understand how youth has fared in the labor market since the last recession compared to the older people, and mainly in the area of gender disparities. In this context, the authors analyze the unemployment and the participation rates by age and by sex. Furthermore, they provide an insight on the youth regional unemployment rates.

scholarly journals Moral Ambivalence, Religious Doubt and Non-Belief among Ex-Hijabi Women in Turkey

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Merve Kütük-Kuriş
Keyword(s):  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Religious Doubt ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Electoral Authoritarianism ◽  
Critical Scrutiny ◽  
Moral Ambivalence ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Veil ◽  
Depth Interviews

This article investigates religious transformations in contemporary Turkey through the case of women’s unveiling. Drawing on 10 in-depth interviews with university-educated urban women who have recently stopped wearing the veil, the article examines their experiences and their motivations for unveiling. It asks to what extent and in what ways Muslim women’s decisions to unveil are a reaction against the ruling Justice and Development Party’s (AKP) shift towards electoral authoritarianism and Islamic conservatism. Some practicing Muslims, particularly youth, have withdrawn their support from the government because of its political authoritarianism and its abandonment of Islamic ideals relating to justice. Since the 2013 Gezi Park protests, the AKP has come under critical scrutiny, both economically (e.g., increasing youth unemployment rates, widening income inequality, the shrinking middle class, clientelism) and sociopolitically (e.g., gendered social welfare policies, pro-natalist campaigns, the discourse on creating a pious generation). However, although the current political atmosphere plays a significant role in women’s unveiling, the article also discusses women’s personal and theological motives. The article elaborates on how ex-hijabi women contest both Islamist politics and Islamic orthodoxy regarding female religiosity and how these women reinterpret dominant gender norms.

scholarly journals Fiscality, Economic Growth and the Level of Unemployment in Poland in the Context of the Fiscal‑Monetary Game

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (337) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
Joanna Stawska
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
General Government ◽  
Government Deficit ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Developments

The central bank and the government are pursuing different goals so finding the best mix of monetary and fiscal policies is not easy. At the same time, the decisions the two authorities make during the fiscal‑monetary game exert a strong influence on economic variables. This article focuses on the level of revenues and expenditures of the public finance sector, economic growth and the unemployment rate in Poland in the years 2000–2016. Its aim is to present the level of fiscality and the rates of economic growth and unemployment in the context of monetary and fiscal decisions made by the economic authorities. To this end, the following research methods are employed: statistical analysis methods and graphical presentations of economic developments. As found, in the years 2000–2016 in Poland the general government deficit and the rate of GDP growth influenced the unemployment rate that in turn determined the expenditures of the public finance sector. This research is original in that the changes in fiscality, the rate of unemployment and the dynamics of GDP are studied with respect to interactions between the monetary and fiscal authorities, including factors influencing their decisions, particularly those arising from the last financial crisis.

scholarly journals An EU Level Analysis of Several Youth Unemployment Related Factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-117
Author(s):  
Gabriel Claudiu Mursa ◽  
Andreea-Oana Iacobuţă ◽  
Maria Zanet
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Level Analysis

Abstract Over the last decades, youth unemployment has attracted serious attention of the public, politicians and researchers of social phenomena. Economic and sociological literature of the past 20-30 years abounds in studies aiming at clarifying the causes of this phenomenon. Statistical data show that youth unemployment rate is twice or even three times higher than the rate of general unemployment. Also, there are major discrepancies in youth unemployment rates across countries. The main purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the evolution of this phenomenon and to present and debate on the main factors causing its high rates in several European countries. Both objective factors such as, educational system, government policy on wages and education etc. and subjective ones, related to the role of family, traditions, mentality, habits etc., are discussed.

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