scholarly journals Youth Unemployment and Productivity-Pay in the GCC Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wasseem Mina
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
High Income ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Female Youth ◽  
Gcc Countries ◽  
Foreign Labor

Although the total youth unemployment rate in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries is less than in other high-income countries, the female youth unemployment rate is more than quadruple the male youth unemployment rate compared to equal rates in high-income countries. The gender bias in youth unemployment is attributable to the generous social contract GCC nationals enjoy as well as the largely conservative GCC culture that perceives a more important role of women in the household than in the job market. The generous social contract is also a key factor in the duality of the GCC labor markets with one segment for national labor and the other for foreign labor. Foreign labor constitutes most of the labor force, and the link between pay and productivity is strong in the foreign labor segment indicating labor market efficiency. This chapter investigates whether the presence of strong pay-productivity links in both labor market segments reduces the national youth unemployment rates in the GCC countries. Empirical evidence shows that linking pay to productivity robustly reduces the total and female youth unemployment rates. The influence is strongest on the female youth unemployment rate, however. Productivity-pay helps reduce youth unemployment and the associated gender bias.

Youth and the Labor Market in Canada Since the Great Recession

2020 ◽  
pp. 122-131
Author(s):  
Samir Amine ◽  
Wilner Predelus
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Older People ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
First Time

In Canada, recent data show a marked improvement in the youth unemployment rate for the first time since the last recession, although their participation in the labor force remains below the expected thresholds. In the context of a historically low unemployment rate, this chapter aims to dig deeper into the data to understand how youth has fared in the labor market since the last recession compared to the older people, and mainly in the area of gender disparities. In this context, the authors analyze the unemployment and the participation rates by age and by sex. Furthermore, they provide an insight on the youth regional unemployment rates.

scholarly journals Unemployment and COVID-19 Impact in Greece: A Vector Autoregression (VAR) Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Christos Katris
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Response Function ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Vector Autoregression ◽  
Impulse Response Function ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Var Model ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, the scope is to study whether and how the COVID-19 situation affected the unemployment rate in Greece. To achieve this, a vector autoregression (VAR) model is employed and data analysis is carried out. Another interesting question is whether the situation affected more heavily female and the youth unemployment (under 25 years old) compared to the overall unemployment. To predict the future impact of COVID-19 on these variables, we used the Impulse Response function. Furthermore, there is taking place a comparison of the impact of the pandemic with the other European countries for overall, female, and youth unemployment rates. Finally, the forecasting ability of such a model is compared with ARIMA and ANN univariate models.

scholarly journals The State of States’ Unemployment in the Fourth District

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Murat Tasci ◽  
Caitlin Treanor
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Us States ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Business Cycle Fluctuations

Unemployment rates vary across individual US states at any point in time and respond to business-cycle fluctuations differently. Evaluating what constitutes a "normal" level for the unemployment rate at the state level is not easy, but it is an important issue for policymakers. We introduce a framework that enables us to calculate the normal unemployment rate for each of the four states in the Fourth District and compare that rate to the national normal rate. We conclude that these states and the District as a whole have very little labor market slack left from the Great Recession.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Maya Lambovska ◽  
Boguslava Sardinha ◽  
Jaroslav Belas, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Young People ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Eu

Youth unemployment is a problem in each member country of the European Union (EU). The EU seeks to alleviate this problem by implementing various programs to support young people in finding and keeping a job, thus contributing to economic growth. In 2020, the world was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. The countries have introduced many strict measures to prevent its spread, but they have caused a significant increase in unemployment, including among young people, and thus harmed economic growth. In this paper, we analyze the unemployment of people under the age of twenty-five in the EU. We also point out how unemployment rates have increased in individual countries. This problem concerns not only countries where the youth unemployment rate had been high already, such as Greece, Spain, and Italy, but also countries with previously lower rates, for example, the Czech Republic, Netherland, Poland, and Slovenia. In the latter group of countries, the youth unemployment rate has doubled in some cases due to anti-pandemic measures. We found that the most affected countries in this regard are the aforementioned Czech Republic, where the unemployment rate at the end of 2020 rose to 2.19 times above the level at the end of 2019, and Estonia, where year-over-year youth unemployment rose by a factor of 2.5. However, unfavorable developments occurred also in Lithuania, Latvia, and Ireland. According to our results, in 2020, youth unemployment increased the least in Hungary, Italy, and Belgium. In general, however, as the situation is now much more urgent, measures to alleviate this problem need to be put in place in each country to help young people find employment and, thus, stimulate economic growth.

scholarly journals The impact of macroeconomic and structural factors on the unemployment of young women and men

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Bal-Domańska
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Econometric Methods ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Econometric Analyses ◽  
Macroeconomic Determinants ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe presented article follows the research mainstream of econometric analyses focused on the assessment of correlations between youth unemployment rate and market and macroeconomic determinants, including economic growth and productivity of the economy, its structure in terms of NACE Rev.2 sections as well as the labor market tools. The research addresses 28 European Union (EU) countries. The analysis period covers the years 2008–2018. The econometric methods dedicated to panel data were used. The research results confirm the importance of the general economic condition as well as the development of knowledge-based economy for the improvement of the youth situation in the labor market. With regard to the economy structure, the development of manufacturing section importance turned out to be a major factor in female youth unemployment rate reduction. The growing importance of the construction sector translated into a decline in the unemployment rate among young men.

scholarly journals Les sources de la détérioration de la position relative des jeunes et des femmes sur le marché du travail au Québec

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Guindon
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Structural Component ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government

Abstract This study analyzes the causes of unemployment fluctuations in Quebec since 1962 according to age and sex. The author distinguishes between the cyclical and structural component of unemployment rates. Referring to the expansionary peak of 1966, he establishes that 50% of the rise in the female unemployment rate is of structural matter, whereas 80% of the rise in the youth unemployment rate comes from the demand deficiency. The structural factors appear in two groups of variables: the socio-demographic variables (the baby boom and the rise in the female participation rate) and the policy variables which include the generosity index of the unemployment insurance program, the relative minimum wage, and the relative earnings in the public and parapublic sector. This study shows that the policy factors have played a prominent part inside the structural component of unemployment rates during the 70's, especially for young men. Nearly 60% of the increase in the global structural unemployment rate since 1962 has been attributed to the government policies analyzed in this study, and nearly 30% has been issued solely from the government wage policy. For the author, the most important step to jump in order to improve the employment situation in Quebec remains the elimination of the three percentage points of purely cyclical unemployment that persisted in 1980 and 1981 (7 to 9 in 1982). The second one would be to bring back the average earnings in the public and parapublic sector closer to the average earnings in the private sector. The introduction of these policies coupled with the demographic forecast of StatisticsCanada would give a better employment surrounding for youth, but would only slow down the increase in the female unemployment rates.

Does gender matter for the unemployment hysteresis effect among Asian countries?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng-Zheng Li ◽  
Chi Wei Su ◽  
Ran Tao
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Unit Root ◽  
Unit Root Test ◽  
Hysteresis Effect ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government

PurposeThis study aims to examine the unemployment hysteresis effects from the perspective of the heterogeneity of genders within Asian countries.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the annual unemployment rate dataset of 12 Asian countries ranging from 1991–2020. Traditional unit root tests are initially employed to investigate the unemployment hysteresis effect. Considering the structural break and cross-section dependence problems, the sequential panel selection method (SPSM) and the Kapetanios–Snell–Shin (KSS) panel unit root test with Fourier functions have proven to be more applicable.FindingsThe empirical results indicate that the unemployment rate is stationary in most Asian regions for both females and males, which confirms the mean reversion process of the natural unemployment hypothesis. This suggests that these countries' unemployment rates are flexible to quickly revert to its long-run equilibrium determined by the labor markets. However, only the female unemployment rate in Pakistan and Nepal and adult female unemployment rates in these two economies present non-stationary series. In line with the unemployment hysteresis effect, it means shocks will leave a permanent impact on their labor market.Practical implicationsOn the one hand, in most of the Asian countries, it can be inferred that the trade-off between inflation and unemployment is temporary because the natural unemployment hypothesis holds. Therefore, policymakers may consider using monetary policy as a tool to control inflation and stimulate growth during a recession. Such policy measures should not have a long-run impact on unemployment or cause a permanent shift in the natural unemployment rate. On the other hand, the government should implement active labor protective programs such as education or training schemes, job search assistance programs and maternity protection, especially for female adults, to reduce the negative shocks in the economic downturn, which is beneficial for them away from being long-term unemployed. It is also necessary to improve the labor unions to reduce the discrimination between female and male labors.Originality/valueThis paper innovatively concentrates on the heterogeneity performances between genders about the unemployment hysteresis effect within Asian countries. Furthermore, taking into account the age-specific characteristics, the youth and adult unemployment rates have been investigated. Additionally, the approximation of bootstrap distribution and the advanced panel KSS unit root test with a Fourier function are employed. Thereby, targeted policies for the government can be applied to reduce the discrimination and negative shocks on female adults in the labor market.

scholarly journals Empirical Analysis on The Existence of The Phillips Curve

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 05063
Author(s):  
Mohd Shahidan Shaari ◽  
Diana Nabila Chau Abdullah ◽  
Razleena Razali ◽  
Mohamad Luqman Al-Hakim Md Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Phillips Curve ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
High Unemployment Rate ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
High Inflation

The Phillips curve shows the trade-off relationship between the inflation and unemployment rates. A rise in inflation due to the high economic growth, more jobs are available and therefore unemployment will fall. However, the existence of the Phillips curve in high-income countries has not been much discussed. Countries with high income should have low unemployment rate, suggesting a high inflation. However, some high-income countries, the United States in 1970s for example, could not avert stagflation whereby high unemployment rate and inflation occurred in the same time. This situation is contrary to the Phillips curve. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the existence of the Phillips curve in high-income countries for the period 1990-2014 using the panel data analysis. The most interesting finding of this study is the existence of a bidirectional relationship between unemployment rate and inflation rate in both long and short runs. Therefore, the governments should choose to stabilize inflation rate or reduce unemployment rate

نمط الاقتصاد الفلسطيني وانعكاسه على معدلات بطالة خريجي الجامعات في فلسطين

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-277
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Palestinian Economy ◽  
Palestinian Universities ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Random Method

ملخص: هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف إلى نمط الاقتصاد الفلسطيني وانعكاسه على معدلات بطالة خريجي الجامعات في فلسطين، ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي بأسلوبه التحليلي، مستعيناً باستبانة طبقت على خريجي الجامعات الفلسطينية (الإسلامية، الازهر، الأقصى) وقد بلغت عينة الدراسة (420) خريجاً وخريجة، وذلك باستخدام طريقة عشوائية، وقد أسفرت الدراسة عن مجموعة من النتائج، أهمها أن درجة تقدير خريجي الجامعات الفلسطينية لنمط الاقتصاد الفلسطيني الداعم لحل مشكلة بطالة الخريجين جاءت بدرجة متوسطة وبوزن نسبي (67.80%)، في حين أظهرت أن درجة تقدير معدل بطالة خريجي الجامعات الفلسطينية من وجهة نظرهم جاءت بدرجة كبيرة وبوزن نسبي (69.80%)، وفي ضوء هذه النتائج اقترح الباحث مجموعة من التوصيات أهمها: استحداث تخصصات جديدة مرتبطة بسوق العمل الفلسطيني لكي يتم الموازنة بين المهنين والأكاديميين لتوفير الفرصة للجميع الخريجين للانخراط بسوق العمل الفلسطيني والعمل بما يتوافق مع احتياجات سوق العمل الفلسطيني الكلمات المفتاحية: الاقتصاد الفلسطيني – البطالة – خريجي الجامعات الفلسطينية. Abstract The study aimed to identify the pattern of the Palestinian economy and its reflection on the unemployment rates of university graduates in Palestine. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the descriptive method in his analytical style, using a questionnaire applied to the graduates of the Palestinian universities (Islamic, Azhar, Al Aqsa). The study sample reached (420) graduates , using a random method. The Palestinian graduates estimation of the pattern of the Palestinian economy in support of solving the problem of unemployment of graduates reached a medium and a relative weight (67.80%), while the degree of appreciation of the unemployment rate of Palestinian university graduates from their point of view came to a great extent and a relative weight (69.80%). These results were suggested. The researcher has a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: the development of new disciplines related to the Palestinian labor market in order to balance between professionals and academics to provide the opportunity for all graduates to engage in the Palestinian labor market and work in accordance with the needs of the Palestinian labor market.

scholarly journals The Effect of Entrepreneurial Education on Students’ Career Ambitions Conducting ASTEE Questionnaire in Algerian Universities

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerroumia Messen ◽  
Sawssan Saadaoui
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Education ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Modern Methods

In Algeria, the debate on the role of higher education is flourishing; it is very much concerned with meeting the needs of the labor market, youth unemployment rates, and promoting knowledge transfer between university and industry. Our study offered an overview of higher education system in Algeria, and tried to evaluate the influence of entrepreneurship courses taken at university and outside it on supporting student entrepreneurial intention. This study was applied at the faculties of Business and Economics, in three Algerian universities, from November 2019 to January 2020, on a sample of 293 comprised students of the 1st to 3rd year. By conducting the ASTEE questionnaire which contained 57 questions covering multiple dimensions including demographic questions, we confirmed that there were significant differences in all dimensions between Algerian entrepreneurially educated students and European entrepreneurially also non-entrepreneurially educated respondents, which explain the crucial role of university in promoting entrepreneurship. Our results affirmed that, unlike males, females tend to be innovative employees than being entrepreneurs.     Despite of the satisfactory result, Algeria is invited to be keener in the use of modern methods and in the use of specialized frameworks in teaching entrepreneurship, In addition Algeria should pay more concern to generalize entrepreneurial education in other specializations of university.

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