scholarly journals Calquing of the English-language collocations as one of the productive ways of borrowing in the modern French language

Author(s):  
Nina Petrovna Minova ◽  
Irina Sergeevna Kasimirova ◽  
Galina Ivanovna Mamukina ◽  
Anna Valeryevna Phedorova ◽  
Semen Evgenyevich Suprunov

The relevance of this topic is substantiated by the fact colloquial languages are in a state of constant change and development, generating new words and expressions for designating new concepts and phenomena. The understanding of neologism even in the native language often can be fraught with certain difficulties, as such words and phrases are registered by dictionaries behind time. It also can create problems in translating neologisms into another language, as well as their borrowing by other languages. The goal of this work consists in examination of the process of calquing of the newly formed English-language collocations by the French language. The subject of the article is the full calques and half-calques of collocations of English origin in the process of their integration into the modern French language. Methodology is based on the lexicographic, descriptive and comparative methods, cognitive and lexical-semantic analysis, and continuous sampling. The conducted research displays that in borrowing collocations from the English language by the modern French language, the generalized-descriptive reconsideration of the entire phrase is observed in formation of a new phraseological with regards to both, full calques of English phraseologisms and phraseological half-calques. Special interest present the calques of the English collocation of phraseological and non-phraseological nature, which in the French language get an expanded meaning, or become the basis for formation of new phraseologisms due to broadening of their meaning.

Author(s):  
Galina T. Bezkorovaynaya ◽  
Yulia N. Ebzeeva ◽  
Luisa N. Gishkaeva

The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that, although the interaction of history, culture and language is constantly in the field of view of linguists, historians, linguoculturologists, as well as all those who study the evolution of a particular language, it has not yet received a complete analysis in detail, in particular, when describing the language pictures of different countries. The aim of the work is to prove that the semantics of the words of nominating titles of the English nobility of the Victorian era has not changed. The materials for the work were modern and classical, starting from the XIX century, word usage from the English language, contained in modern media texts from Internet sources, as well as the texts of novels by English writers of the late XIX century. At least 2000 such word usages were analyzed using the method of etymological analysis, the method of semantic analysis and the method of functional analysis, which allowed us to obtain a reliable picture of their functioning. The triple union of history, culture and language in the approach to the study of linguistic pictures of different countries is at the center of research in recent years. The interaction of these phenomena has become the subject of close attention in many articles and dissertations of linguists, historians, linguoculturologists, as well as all those who study the evolution of a particular language. Lexemes denoting the noble status of a person are important concepts of the British national linguistic picture of the world and culture. The semantics of lexemes was studied according to lexicographic sources. The sources of examples of contextual use were the texts of novels by English writers of the late XIX century and modern English-language texts of the Internet: online versions of newspapers, advertising texts, blogs. To achieve the goal of our research, the article uses such methods as the method of continuous sampling, the method of lexicographic description, the comparative method, the statistical method, and a number of others.


Author(s):  
Yehorova O.I. ◽  
Kozlova Yu.V.

The article aims at analyzing the topical English pandemic (coronavirus) vocabulary from the perspective of system-functional approach. This envisages performing following tasks: 1) to identify the pandemic (coronavirus) lexical cluster, 2) to describe the word-building peculiarities of the English coronavirus vocabulary and 3) to interpret the functioning of this vocabulary within the political, every day, and Internet discourses.Methods. The methodological framework used in the study features: 1) generalization for establishing basic theoretical principles of the research; 2) structure-semantic analysis for studying the word-building specifics of the pandemic vocabulary; 3) statistical method for defining calculate the frequency and the productivity of certain word-building models within the pandemic lexical cluster; 4) the elements of discourse analysis to highlight the functional peculiarities of coronavirus vocabulary.Results. Coronacrisis, that we have experienced till the present, has become a crucial factor catalyzing nomination processes of the novel concepts, thus influencing the lexical system of the English language. We consider pandemic lexicon (coronavirus vocabulary) the novelist group of neologisms in the English language since it comprises innovative words and phrases which have been coined since the start of COVID-19 pandemic and relate to its impact on the modern life. Among the most common for coronavirus vocabulary word-building models are derivation, compounding, shortening, loan and substitution; alongside, the statistical analysis has proved blending to be the most productive word-building model. The study of functional peculiarities of the pandemic lexicon within various types of discourses shows that its biggest part has entered the usus. The use of pandemic vocabulary within the Internet discourse is marked by the development of a number of thematic groups of language units referring to: 1) routine activities and events; 2) changes in learn and work modes; 3) excess weight; 4) alcohol and 5) verbal aggressiveness.Conclusions. The study enabled categorizing the units of the English pandemic (coronavirus) vocabulary as a separate lexical cluster, which has predominantly developed with the help of the already existing language resources. The units of this innovative cluster perform nominative function by naming new concepts and realia of life, reflect social moods, for instance, the feelings of worry, fear, anguish, and hopelessness, or facilitate the humorous effect in communication. Prospects for future research lie within the expansion of discursive analysis of pandemic innovations for revealing functional of some neological units on different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as conducting a comparative study of pandemic innovations in distant languages.Key words: word-building, lexical innovation, pandemic vocabulary, discourse. Метою пропонованого дослідження є висвітлення актуального пандемійного (коронавірусного) вокабуляру англійської мови з позицій системно-функціонального підходу. Досягненню мети сприяє виконання таких завдань: 1) ідентифікувати пандемійний (коронавірусний) лексичний кластер; 2) охарактеризувати словотвірні особливості коронавокабуляра англійської мови та 3) проінтерпретувати особливості функціонування коронавокабуляра в політичному, повсякденному та інтернет-дискурсах.Методи. Для досягнення поставленої мети застосовувалися: 1) метод узагальнення для ідентифікації базових теоретич-них положень; 2) метод структурно-семантичного аналізу для вивчення особливостей словотвору пандемійного вокабуляра; 3) статистичний метод для вирахування частотності та продуктивності словотворення пандемійного лексичного кластера за конкретними моделями; 4) елементи дискурс-аналізу для вивчення функціональних особливостей короновокабуляра.Результати. Коронакриза, що триває нині, є центральним фактором впливу на лексикографічну систему англійської мови, оскільки актуалізувала проблему номінації нових реалій. Найактуальнішою неологічною групою англійської мови нині є пандемійна лексика (коронавірусний вокабуляр), до складу якого, зокрема, входять інноваційні слова та вирази, що виникли з початку пандемії COVID-19 та пов’язані з її впливом на сучасне життя. Елементи коронавокабуляра утворюються за низкою дериваційних моделей, до числа яких відносимо деривацію, основоскладання, скорочення, запозичення, субституцію, проте найпродуктивнішою моделлю за результатами статистичного аналізу є телескопія. Дослідження особливостей функціонуван-ня коронавірусного вокабуляра в різних типах дискурсу дає змогу констатувати превалювання узуальної лексики та тісні між-дискурсивні зв’язки, зокрема між політичним дискурсом та дискурсом повсякденності. Використання пандемійної лексики на просторах інтернет-дискурсу відзначається формуванням низки лексико-семантичних груп на позначення: 1) рутинних занять та подій; 2) змін у звичному розпорядку навчальної та робочої діяльності; 3) зайвої ваги; 4) алкоголю та 5) мовної агресії.Висновки. Проведене дослідження уможливило виокремлення англомовного пандемійного (коронавірусного) вокабуляра як окремого лексичного кластера, основу якого становить загальновживана лексика. Одиниці цього інноваційного кластера виконують номінативну функцію через іменування нових реалій та концептів життя, а також рефлектують настрої суспільства, зокрема відчуття занепокоєння, остраху, туги та безнадійності, або ж сприяють реалізації гумористичного ефекту комунікації.Ключові слова: словотворення, лексична інновація, пандемійний вокабуляр, дискурс.


Author(s):  
Vladimir Gurin ◽  
Elena Obletsova

The subject of this research is the proverbs and sayings with lexical components “truth” and “lie” in the English language. The relevance of their studying is substantiated by the need in theoretical conceptualization and practical implementation of these phraseological units in aspect of the problem of interrelation between cultural and language, which contributes to more profound understanding of national mentality reflected in the English linguistic worldview. The article explores and analyzes the phenomena of proverbs and sayings, determines their common and differentiating traits. Using the method of semantic analysis, the author develops the classification of proverbs and sayings with lexical components “truth” and “lie”, as well as describes theory structure. As a result of the conducted research, the author determined 31 proverbs and sayings. They reveal the multifaceted nature of human existence, elucidate the perception of truth and lie in the English-language world. Truth and lie are associated with the means of achieving something. At the same time, truth does not always has a positive connotation, but serve as a tool for causing harm to others. Lie is the reason of negative, undesired events.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 134-141
Author(s):  
Ulfat Ibrahim ◽  

The article is devoted to the problem of studies of neologisms in the modern French press materials. The author researches the method of appearance of new terms and enriching of the French language vocabulary. Suffixes, prefixes, and parasynthetic tools are widely used in the creation of new words in French language. However, the appearance of neologism nouns can be attributed to the fact that they are the main means of formation. Among the loanwords, the loanwords from the English language prevail. These derivations are mainly related to commercial and economic terminology, while the derivation of compound nouns refers to everyday vocabulary.


Author(s):  
Anna A. Kachanova ◽  
Valerio Fabrizi

The analysis of errors induced by cross-language interference in the sounding speech of Italian-speaking students is carried out. The material was collected by continuous sampling. The results of the analysis showed that the system of the Russian language, which is not easy to learn, and the influence of the native language and English as compulsory in the study of Italian students, are the main reasons for errors in sounding speech. The relevance of the undertaken research is ex-plained by the fact that the compilation of a typology of speech errors and the inclusion of each of them in the corresponding paradigm is the key to successful teaching work leading to excellent results in mastering the normative Russian language by Italian-speaking students. The subject of the research is the errors induced by cross-language interference in the sounding speech of Italian-speaking students. The purpose of this research is to analyze the linguistic and psychological na-ture of the speech errors of our recipients.


Author(s):  
O. Ye. Tkachuk-Miroshnychenko

The article presents a first assessment of the word-stock of “coronaspeak”-2020 — a new language of the Covid-19 pandemic. The English vocabulary is subjected to constant change due to various extralinguistic factors. The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in the ‘explosion’ of new words. As of today, “coronaspeak” has over 1,000 words with more units appearing each day. The scale of the expansion is unprecedented, which requires reaction of the linguistic community. The article raises the issue of the classification of the “coronaspeak” word-stock. It argues that facilitated by media and social networks new words are changing their status of nonce words to neologisms, which makes the classification untimely and premature. The word-building analysis of 200 new words of “coronaspeak” allows to conclude that the creation of the new “coronavirus” word-stock applies the structural patterns specific for the English language. These various patterns include semantic change in denotation, derivation, compounding, blending, shortening, The analysis of the “coranaspeak” word-stock has demonstrated that the semantic changes in denotation, in particular the extension and the narrowing of a meaning, are scarce, and, hence, non-productive. Affixation, as a word-forming process, has proved semi-productive with the predominantly noun-forming suffixes. Among a limited number of shortenings we have observed final (apocope) and initial (apheresis) clippings, combined with affixation, by adding the suffix — y. Compounding and blending have proved to be highly productive. According to the part of speech classification, most “coronaspeak” compounds and blends are nouns. Of special interest are a group of “coronapuns”, which have demonstrated pragmatic potential.


Author(s):  
O. Polonskaya ◽  
Ya. Polonskaya

The proliferation of new words and phrases accompanying the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 has led to new lexical and sociolinguistic changes that have become part of our lives. The present study attempts to examine the nature of new English words and expressions that emerged after the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the type of word-formation processes that contributed to the emergence of these neologisms in English. The problem is that the emergence of a large number of neologisms associated with the COVID 19 pandemic creates difficulties when translating and applying them in speech. The object of the study is neologisms that appeared during the period of the COVID pandemic in the English language in 2020-2021. The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the formation of neologisms in modern English. The relevance of this work is conditioned by the need to study the new vocabulary that appears in speech due to the changes taking place in modern society under the influence of globalization. Language reflects today's changes as a global and unprecedented phenomenon, the memory of which will remain in history. Lexical neoplasms emerged during the pandemic period allow people to be versed in what is happening, regulate relationships and adapt to new living conditions.


Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 106-114
Author(s):  
Il'ya Valentinovich Grubin ◽  
Elizaveta Igorevna Dmitrieva ◽  
Ol'ga Viktorovna Ishaeva ◽  
Tamila Vladimirovna Petrenko

The goal of this article consists in the analysis of metaphors pertaining to transport in the English language on the example of road, aviation, and maritime terminology. According to the authors, metaphor is the use of words and phrases in a figurative sense based on similarity or analogy. It is established that transport terminology contains a wide variety of terms that are formed with the use of metaphors. The subject of this research is metaphors in the scientific-technical text. The object is metaphors in transport terminology. The relevance of this article is substantiated by the fact that despite sufficient coverage of private terminological systems of specific types of transport, there are very few comprehensive and comparative works. In the course of research, the author determines a new statistical indicator – the index of metaphoricity of terminological system, as well as describes the key semantic and structural peculiarities of the terms-metaphors of different branches of transport. The analysis of language material allows determining that most of the terms formed with the use of metaphors are attributed to metaphors based on associations with the elements of human body and animal kingdom. From structural perspective, it is established that terminological combinations are widely represented among the terms-metaphors of all terminological systems that were subjected to analysis, while simple terms – in the terminological systems of road and aviation transport.


Author(s):  
BAKITGUL E. BORANKULOVA ◽  
◽  
ZOYA G. PROSHINA ◽  

This article aims to collect, group and conduct a linguistic study of coroneologisms - new words and phrases formed during the Covid-19 outbreak, to analyze their translation into Kazakh and determine the potential for their use in the language. The materials for the study were taken from (i) the websites of a national Kazakh newspaper, (ii) an official site of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its instagram, (iii) English-language newspapers, (iv) materials from online Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Continuous sampling was used to select the tokens for the study. Having analyzed new words and expressions related to coronavirus, their usage in English and translation into Kazakh, we can say that some comparatively new words and expressions that describe a specific situation (lockdown, WFH (working from home), social distancing, etc.) belong to particular professional vocabulary and have already been introduced into the dictionaries in many languages...


Author(s):  
Alicia Ricart Vayá ◽  
Miguel Ángel Candel Mora

This paper discusses the influence of the use of English as a lingua franca in the field of academic research in medicine and its effects on the Spanish medical language, as evidenced after an in-depth revision of the existing literature. The study has been based on the analysis of a medical corpus made up of 311 Conclusion sections of Spanish articles, which correspond to the specialties of Cardiology, Paediatrics and Psychology. Upon justifying the decision of using the English language as essential for academic life and international communication, the discussion focuses on the impact of the specialized literature on professionals whose native language is not English and the inclusion of new vocabulary sometimes justified as the result of a need on the part of scientists to explain new concepts. The massive incorporation of vocabulary has led researchers to deal with the different ways in which neologisms are introduced in the Spanish medical language analyzing the corresponding results, which include: words from other languages which are slightly modified; words from other languages added with or without morphological adaptation; addition of suffixes or prefixes; the use of “false friends” and the use of certain words not registered in the dictionary.


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