scholarly journals Expanding the area of classical philology: International words

Nordlit ◽  
2014 ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibeke Roggen
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Not Given ◽  
New Words ◽  
Classical Philology ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
Explosive Expansion ◽  
Rich Material

The classical languages, Greek and Latin, have a special kind of afterlife, namely through their explosive expansion into <em>other </em>languages, from antiquity until today. The aim of the present paper is to give a broad survey of this field of study – enough to show that there is a lot to find. As examples are chosen English, Spanish and Norwegian – three Indo-European languages, all of them with rich material for our purpose. In the national philologies, the treat­ment of the Greek and Latin elements are often not given special attention, but are studied alongside other aspects of the language in question. A cooperation with classical philology would be an advantage. Moreover, only classical philology can give the full picture, seen from the point of view of Greek and Latin, and explain <em>why </em>and <em>how </em>these languages have lended so many words and word elements to so many vernacular languages. Another aspect of the field, which I call ‘international words’, is the enormous potential that these words have, if disseminated in a good way to the general population. If taught systematically, the learner will be able to see the connections between words, learn new words faster, and develop a deeper understanding of the vocabularies in – for example – English, Spanish and Norwegian.

scholarly journals Internationalisms: Do They Affect or Enrich the Modern Albanian Language?

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Evis Vasili
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Linguistic Community ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
State Identity ◽  
New Words ◽  
Science Culture ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Cultural Movement

Language is a symbol of cultural, national or state identity. For Albanians, language was and is the most important feature establishing their identity. The first attempts to codify the written Albanian language were distinguished since the second half of the nineteenth century by the Albanian scholars, who led the cultural movement "Albanian National Renaissance", where first of all we can mention Konstandin Kristoforidhi and Sami Frashëri. As an isolated Indo-European language, Albanian language is part of the Balkan linguistic connection. Although the Albanian language has not lost its origin, throughout its history it has proven and suffered interventions and major influences not only from the Indo-European but also from non-Indo-European languages. These influences are more directly reflected in the lexicon as the most fluid system of language. Like any other language, the Albanian language has responded to the demands of social development, changes in the field of production, technology, science, culture and so on by enriching and further developing its vocabulary, inter alia, by borrowing words from other languages. Language lexicon flows are larger than outflows and this explains the fact that the lexicon is expanded from generation to generation with new units. In general, there is a large number of words in Albanian language borrowed from Latin, Slavic languages in the south and Turkish. Most of the borrowed words such as anglicisms, germanisms, greecisms, italicisms etc are introduced in Albanian language in written form and orally, mainly in the last thirty years as a result of direct contact of Albanians with European and transatlantic countries, where they have lived and continue to live as immigrants, asylum seekers or workers. The number of foreign lexemes in Albanian language often differs from region to region and even from one person to another. Motivation of borrowing the words from a linguistic community, who regarding the cultural, technical and economic aspect prevails to the other community, is the desire and need to name new terms, objects and events, which are unknown in the language that takes these words. Borrowing new words for new issues also serves to cover linguistic requirements. However, taking foreign expressions does not necessarily show a sign of weakness; in a typical case there is a language enrichment, because new words are attributed to new things, new knowledge or new spiritual values. There are also cases when a word already exists in Albanian, but it is still replaced with the foreign word. In different circumstances both can be used. From this point of view, a question arises: What attitude should be taken for foreign words? Do foreign words enrich or spoil a language?

Art. XII.—Studies on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages, with Special Reference to Assyrian

1878 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Haupt
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
European Languages

When we consider the progress made by comparative Indo-European philology, we can only wonder that even after the discovery of Assyrian, which undoubtedly represents the Sanskrit of the Semitic languages, no attempt has been made to form a comparative Semitic grammar. Assyrian has hitherto been regarded as at most useful for the explanation of certain questions of Hebrew lexicography; as for the morphology of the Semitic tongues, scholars have been content with simply stating the analogies which exist between Assyrian and the allied languages. The cause of this lies mainly in the fact that Assyrian is regarded as a corrupt branch of the Semitic family of speech; and much that is peculiar in its structure, the preservation of which really implies the highest antiquity, is treated as so many new formations, so that the possibility of properly utilizing Assyrian grammatical forms for the explanation of Semitic grammar is at the outset taken away. Hence, as long as such thoroughly perverse views are not given up, a scientific philology of the Semitic languages can never take its place by the side of that of the Indo-European languages.

scholarly journals Psychotic symptoms in the general population – an evolutionary perspective

2010 ◽  
Vol 197 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Kelleher ◽  
Jack A. Jenner ◽  
Mary Cannon
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Clinical Phenotype ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Research Population

SummaryOur ideas about the intrinsically pathological nature of hallucinations and delusions are being challenged by findings from epidemiology, neuroimaging and clinical research. Population-based studies using both self-report and interview surveys show that the prevalence of psychotic symptoms is far greater than had been previously considered, prompting us to re-evaluate these psychotic symptoms and their meaning in an evolutionary context. This non-clinical phenotype may hold the key to understanding the persistence of psychosis in the population. From a neuroscientific point of view, detailed investigation of the non-clinical psychosis phenotype should provide novel leads for research into the aetiology, nosology and treatment of psychosis.

scholarly journals Orthographies in Grammar Books – Rationalism and Enlightenment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomislav Stojanov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Strong Connection ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Starting Point

This work describes the orthographic content in grammars of European languages in the 17th and the 18th century. Reviewed were 17 grammars for 7 languages in Rationalism, 15 grammars for 11 languages in the Enlightenment, and 12 Latin orthographies. As for orthographic entities in the broader sense (orthography as a way to write down speech), our starting point were orthographic grapheme units which are contrasted to meaning (i.e. orthographic entities in the narrower sense, e.g. punctuation). Contrary to the traditional description which focused on spelling, this work observes the beginnings of orthographic content in grammars and its development into an autonomous language phenomenon and norm. The strong connection between orthography and grammar is described and it is established that, from the diachronic point of view, orthography cannot be integrally reviewed without studying the grammatical teachings.

scholarly journals Training of professional and personal development of a manager as a multifunctional psychological practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 22030
Author(s):  
Alexandra Kriulina
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Original Form ◽  
School Students ◽  
Psychological Practice ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Professional Field ◽  
Specific Practice

Training of professional and personal development of a Manager is analyzed as a multifunctional psychological practice. A brief history of changing the status of training in Russia and the attitude of scientists to it is presented. Practical, theoretical and methodological substantiation of the author's point of view on training as a special kind of psychological practice is given. The main functions of the training are described in detail: psychotherapeutic, motivational, developmental, diagnostic, learning. The functions are described using examples from the specific practice of conducting training with adult business school students who have the status of a Manager in their professional field. An original form of determining the quality of managers ' training using training is proposed: development and description of a personal program of personal and professional development for the next two years. The perspective of training research as a psychological practice is outlined.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Armenian and English Syndetic Analytical Word-Formation Structures with Noun Component

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2 (17)) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Sirarpi Karapetyan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Word Order ◽  
English Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
New Words

The syndetic or conjunctional analytical word-formation structures with noun component are very productive in the Armenian and English languages from the point of view of forming new words. The paper is devoted to the comparison and contrast of the structural, grammatical and semantic peculiarities of the syndetic (conjunctional) analytical word-formation structures in Armenian and English. In Armenian they are mainly formed with the help of the conjunction “ու”, rarely with the conjunction “և”. In English these units are generally formed with the help of the conjunction “and” and belong to the type of the so-called phrase compounds. Besides the conjunctional compounds, phrasal compounds also include the so called syntactic compounds which resemble segments of speech corresponding to the syntactic and word order rules of the English language, e.g. Jack-of-all-trades “a person who can do many different kinds of work”, lily-of the-valley “a European plant of the lily family”; this type does not have its typological equivalent in Armenian. The examples of syndetic analytical structures provided in this paper are mainly taken from English and Armenian dictionaries.

4.1.3 Stage 3: understanding what you are reading • Guessing words that you do not know. Do not expect to know all the words read. Even as a more extensive vocabulary is acquired, there will be words that are not known. You may even have singled the following out already: Lexcalibur, democratic ‘deficit’, ‘competencies of the Union’, ‘specific gravity’ and ‘apocryphal statement’. • Identifying main ideas. Here, the main idea is that a package of three proposals (a limited ballot by citizens concerning legislation; internet access to European decision making; establishment of a constitutional council), taken from research, initiated by the European Parliament, can make a real difference to increase the power of the European citizen without creating a political drama. • Identifying subsidiary ideas. Here, that there could be potential clashes between the constitutional council and the function of the European Court of Justice. • Identifying overall text organisation. Every writer has a different way of organising, classifying and structuring their work. This needs to be ascertained by any reader who wishes to break successfully into the text. Here the author has clearly indicated structure through the headings and has discussed points in the order indicated. The writer is: discussing a specific problem; and proposing a solution to that problem. 6.4.1.4 Stage 4: evaluating what you are reading • Ascertaining the purpose of the writer. The writer wants to inform about something and indicate the correctness of a particular point of view. • Evaluating the argument(s) of the writer. The argument here is relatively easy to extract because the article is written in a punchy, journalistic style while keeping to headings. What is clear, however, is that the detail given to setting out the three proposals is not given to indicating evidence to support propositions—perhaps because the writer feels that many of his propositions are self-evident. Having ascertained the arguments, then it is up to the reader to decide what is thought. A student’s view of the argument of the writer is initially limited by their lack of knowledge of the issues spoken of. As research is continued in an area for an essay, more is learnt, more about competing views, and more about the area generally. Then, the student’s view of the argument may change. Even if an argument is preferred, it can still be a weak or strong argument either theoretically or practically. It can be weak because no evidence to show support for important propositions or ultimate conclusion has been put forward.

2012 ◽  
pp. 198-198
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Democratic Deficit ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
European Court ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Political Drama ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
European Citizen

Contemporary animal advocacy in Italy

Modern Italy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niccolò Bertuzzi
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Political Careers ◽  
Animal Advocacy ◽  
Great Tradition ◽  
Opposition Movements

In spite of the great tradition in social movement studies, Italy completely lacks any contribution regarding animal advocacy from the point of view of political sociology. This is despite the fact that, as in the rest of Western societies, interest in the wellbeing, rights and status of non-human animals is growing. This can be seen both among the general population and in the very varied organised forms of welfare and activism. In this article, we will investigate this internal differentiation, starting from an initial stratification in welfare, protectionism and anti-speciesism, and focusing in particular on the following two aspects: ethical values; and political ‘careers’ and multi-membership affiliations. The investigation was accomplished by means of 20 semi-structured interviews and an online questionnaire answered by 704 volunteers and activists. The tripartition hypothesised was confirmed, although with a few exceptions: more progressive values emerged among anti-speciesists, and conservative positions among protectionists and welfarists, but the overall spectrum is characterised by utilitarian perspectives. Similarly, previous experience in the specific field of animal advocacy is typical of the protectionist area, while anti-speciesists also come from other opposition movements.

Sakara

1925 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-246
Author(s):  
Jarl Charpentier
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Western India ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Interesting Article ◽  
Indian Point

More than thirty years ago Professor Sylvain Lévi, in his excellent book Le Théatre Indien (1890), p. 361, suggested that the Śakāra, the ridiculous, brawling scoundrel of a king's brother-in-law (śyāla) in the Hindu drama, is in reality a Śaka, a type of the Scythian princes ruling during nearly four centuries in Western India, as seen from the Indian point of view. This very judicious suggestion was repeated by Professor Lévi some ten years later in a very interesting article in the Journal Asiatique, ix, 19 (1902), p. 123, and might be looked upon as being fairly well established though its author has not given any detailed proofs to support his hypothesis. No reasons whatsoever have been adduced by Professor Konow in his book Das indische Drama, p. 15, for rejecting this theory, and so we need scarcely regard his rejection more seriously than several other less well-founded assertions in his work.

Anaphora in Dravidian

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Jayaseelan
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Light Verb ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Pronominal System ◽  
Asian Languages ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Preceding Discourse

The Dravidian languages have a long-distance reflexive anaphor taan. (It is taan in Tamil and Malayalam, taanu in Kannada and tanu in Telugu.) As is the case with other long-distance anaphors, it is subject-oriented; it is also [+human] and third person. Interestingly, it is infelicitous if bound within the minimal clause when it is an argument of the verb. (That is, it seems to obey Principle B of the binding theory.) Although it is subject-oriented in the normal case, it can be bound by a non-subject if the verb is a “psych predicate,” that is, a predicate that denotes a feeling; in this case, it can be bound by the experiencer of the feeling. Again, in a discourse that depicts the thoughts, feelings, or point of view of a protagonist—the so-called “logophoric contexts”—it can be coreferential with the protagonist even if the latter is mentioned only in the preceding discourse (not within the sentence). These latter facts suggest that the anaphor is in fact coindexed with the perspective of the clause (rather than with the subject per se). In cases where this anaphor needs to be coindexed with the minimal subject (to express a meaning like ‘John loves himself’), the Dravidian languages exhibit two strategies to circumvent the Principle B effect. Malayalam adds an emphasis marker tanne to the anaphor; taan tanne can corefer with the minimal subject. This strategy parallels the strategy of European languages and East Asian languages (cf. Scandinavian seg selv). The three other major Dravidian languages—Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada—use a verbal reflexive: they add a light verb koL- (lit. ‘take’) to the verbal complex, which has the effect of reflexivizing the transitive predicate. (It either makes the verb intransitive or gives it a self-benefactive meaning.) The Dravidian languages also have reciprocal and distributive anaphors. These have bipartite structures. An example of a Malayalam reciprocal anaphor is oral … matte aaL (‘one person … other person’). The distributive anaphor in Malayalam has the form awar-awar (‘they-they’); it is a reduplicated pronoun. The reciprocals and distributives are strict anaphors in the sense that they apparently obey Principle A; they must be bound in the domain of the minimal subject. They are not subject-oriented. A noteworthy fact about the pronominal system of Dravidian is that the third person pronouns come in proximal-distal pairs, the proximal pronoun being used to refer to something nearby and the distal pronoun being used elsewhere.

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