A Revolution in Sporting Culture

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Social Conflict ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Common People ◽  
Continental Congress ◽  
Sporting Culture ◽  
Time Period

Chapter Two covers the same time period as Chapter One, but draws from newspapers and letters instead of financial records to emphasize the perspective of participants rather than investors. The result is that readers see how investors failed to create the spatial and behavioral distinction they desired, and so any attempt to claim exclusive gentility triggered aggravation and social conflict rather than awe and deference. This result was also influenced by the imperial crisis going on at the same time, which emphasized notions of “liberty” and “equality” and so made common people less likely to accept efforts to craft distinction in public settings such as sporting events. The chapter closes by examining how the imperatives of running a popular insurgency led the Continental Congress to essentially ban genteel sport as part of its Articles of Association in 1774.

The Rise of Genteel Sport

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Social Standing ◽  
New Professionals ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
Sporting Culture

This chapter focuses on the rise of “genteel sport,” a particular brand of sporting culture that emerged in the middle of the eighteenth century as part of a broader effort to craft and unite a colonial elite. After detailing the unstratified nature of colonial sporting culture before genteel sport emerged, the chapter moves on to outline how business – not just social standing – united the investors in genteel sporting culture and how they aimed to inspire deference through the architecture and structure of new sporting events, including new venues and professional performers as well as new activities and new rules for older ones. Yet the chapter closes by citing the financial difficulties faced by the new professionals, and suggests that their commercial needs and investors’ own desires to win ran contrary to the magnanimous beneficence elites had intended to project through genteel sport.

scholarly journals The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Running

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Volker Scheer ◽  
David Valero ◽  
Elias Villiger ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Ultra Endurance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Observation Period

Background and objectives: The COVID-19 outbreak has become a major health and economic crisis. The World Health Organization declared it a pandemic in March 2020, and many sporting events were canceled. Materials and Methods: We examined the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on endurance and ultra-endurance running (UER) and analyzed finishes and events during the COVID-19 pandemic (observation period March 2020–October 2020) to the same time period pre-COVID-19 outbreak (March 2019–October 2019). Results: Endurance finishes decreased during the pandemic (459,029 to 42,656 (male: 277,493 to 25,582; female 181,536 to 17,074; all p < 0.001). Similarly, the numbers of endurance events decreased (213 vs. 61 events; p < 0.001). Average marathon finishing times decreased during the pandemic in men (5:18:03 ± 0:16:34 vs. 4:43:08 ± 0:25:08 h:min:s (p = 0.006)) and women (5:39:32 ± 0:19:29 vs. 5:14:29 ± 0:26:36 h:min:s (p = 0.02)). In UER, finishes decreased significantly (580,289 to 110,055; p < 0.001) as did events (5839 to 1791; p < 0.001). Popular event locations in United States, France, UK, and Germany decreased significantly (p < 0.05). All distance and time-limited UER events saw significant decreases (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant effect on endurance and UER, and it is unlikely that running activities return to pre-pandemic levels any time soon. Mitigation strategies and safety protocols should be established.

Parametric model for flora detection in Middle Himalayas

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Parametric Model ◽  
Plant Family ◽  
Common People ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Plant Sciences

Plant detection forms an integral part of the life of the forest guards, researchers, and students in the field of Botany and for common people also who are curious about knowing a plant. But detecting plants suffer a major drawback that the true identifier is only the flower and in certain species flowering occurs at major time period gaps spanning from few months to over 100 years (in certain types of bamboos). Machine Learning-based systems could be used in developing models where the experience of researchers in the field of plant sciences can be incorporated into the model. In this paper, we present a machine learning-based approach based upon other quantifiable parameters for the detection of the plant presented. The system takes plant parameters as the inputs and will detect the plant family as the output.

Sporting Cultures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
White Male ◽  
White Men ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Early National Period ◽  
Sporting Culture ◽  
Mass Politics ◽  
Early National ◽  
Cultural Mobility

The final chapter explores the experience of participating in mass sporting culture. It begins by introducing the notion of “cultural mobility,” a concept which describes how white men took advantage of both the accessibility created in the early national period as well as the re-introduction of standardized genteel and rough sporting spaces to challenge class stereotypes by moving easily between claims of genteel and raw masculine superiority. Political parties then drew from the cultural mobility at sporting events to appeal to the white male electorate through a new “mass politics” that continued to borrow heavily from sporting culture to emphasize democratic experiences despite widening disparities of wealth and hardening class lines. In the end, then, white men negotiated a sporting culture that rejected elitism but excluded others while crafting a reverence for wealth and a sense of equal opportunity. Because of sporting culture’s political salience in the white male republic, understanding this negotiation helps us understand not just the nature of sport but the nature and limits of democracy and power in the early nineteenth century.

Republicanism, Virtuous and Corrupt

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
John P. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Civic Virtue ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Common People ◽  
Constitutional Reforms ◽  
The Common ◽  
Institutional Innovations

This chapter focuses on Niccolò Machiavelli’s analysis of social strife, institutional change, and political leadership in the Florentine Histories, demonstrating that the work continues to affirm the radical, democratic republicanism that the author expressed in works such as the Discourses and even The Prince. The chapter argues that the Florentine Histories continues to exhibit Machiavelli’s populist, democratic proclivities that favour empowerment of the common people over wealthy elites within republics. Moreover, it demonstrates that the Histories functions as an exercise in silent comparative constitutionalism; a tacit analysis through which Machiavelli demonstrates how, in ancient Rome, civic discord and political leadership produced admirable constitutional reforms that were conducive to civic virtue, but how, in medieval Florence, social conflict and elite prerogative generated deficient institutional innovations that facilitated civic corruption.

Social Conflicts in Międzybóz in the Generation of the Besht

1996 ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
Moshe J. Rosman
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Common People ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Town

This chapter evaluates the social conflicts in Międzybóż in the generation of the Besht. It characterizes the alignment of various social groups in the town, and suggests implications that these may have had for the Besht's status in the town and for the development of early hasidism. Discussions of social conflict in the Jewish communities of eighteenth-century Poland generally tend to consider the phenomenon in terms of the élite class versus the ‘common people’. According to the usual construction, rich, politically powerful individuals, particularly those with close ties to Polish magnates, monopolized control over the institutional resources of the Jewish community in order to benefit themselves and exploit or oppress the poor and powerless. There is evidence that, to some extent, this paradigm fits the circumstances of the Jews in Międzybóż during the time of the Besht's residence there.

Population and Conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 1565-1604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daron Acemoglu ◽  
Leopoldo Fergusson ◽  
Simon Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
Baseline Characteristics ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Significant Health

Abstract Medical innovations during the 1940s quickly resulted in significant health improvements around the world. Countries with initially higher mortality from infectious diseases experienced larger increases in life expectancy, population, and subsequent social conflict. This cross-country result is robust across alternative measures of conflict and is not driven by differential trends between countries with varying baseline characteristics. A similar effect is also present within Mexico. Initial suitability conditions for malaria varied across municipalities, and anti-malaria campaigns had differential effects on population growth and social conflict. Both across countries and within Mexico, increased conflict over scarce resources predominates and this effect is more pronounced during times of economic hardship (specifically, in countries with a poor growth record and in drought-stricken areas in Mexico). At least during this time period, a larger increase in population made social conflict more likely.

Participant’s preferences for small-scale sporting events

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anestis Fotiadis ◽  
Chris Vassiliadis ◽  
Shang-Pao Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
Sport Events

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate sports participants’ choice behaviour and draw useful conclusions about the ideal features of small-scale sporting events that maximize attractiveness and desirability among potential competitors to attend and compete. Design/methodology/approach – Conjoint analysis was used to determine how participants value different elements and features of two small-scale cycling events, one in Taiwan and the other in Greece. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to 195 cyclists during the event in Kaohsiung, Taiwan and to 169 competitors of a similar competition in Sfendami, Greece. It consisted of two basic parts. The first presented 19 alternative scenarios that have been associated with such sporting events while the second assessed the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of participant’s in order to provide an average profile of the participants in each location. The conjoint data collected was analysed using the SPSS “Conjoint Module” at the aggregate level (i.e. pooled data). Findings – Based on the preferences of these amateur cyclists the most important factors for Taiwanese events are “preferred season to organizing the event”, “registration cost”, and “preferred time period”, while those participating in the Greek event emphasized “registration cost” and “scenery”. Overall, the analysis highlights five differences and five similarities that exist between these two countries. Research limitations/implications – The study is small-scale and although sample sizes are sufficient to be representative of the participants in each event there are limitations in generalizing these results to larger sports meetings and other countries. Practical implications – The findings of this study provide event coordinators and sport marketers practical insights into small-scale event planning and the development of effective marketing strategies designed to appeal to a greater range of participants. Furthermore, the comparative nature of the study can facilitate a transfer of know-how which can be used for development of sport events in Mediterranean area, whose sport events’ organizers can, in the future, more effectively approach potential East Asian participants. Originality/value – This is the first study to use a combination of seven parameters in conjoint analysis to examine amateur cyclists’ preferences and is one on the few studies to examine the differences between Asian and European participants.

A Mass Sporting Industry

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
White Men ◽  
The Political ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Early National Period ◽  
Sporting Culture ◽  
Early National ◽  
Antebellum Period ◽  
National Period ◽  
Panic Of 1837

The political and financial potential of a commercialized sporting culture led to an explosion of sporting businesses in the antebellum period. Competition, along with a contraction caused by the Panic of 1837, led investors and professionals to reorganize the sporting industry yet again in the 1840s and 1850s. By re-establishing distinctively genteel, middling, and rough sporting spaces (after they had gotten muddled by the democratic accessibility introduced in the early national period), the backers and managers of sporting events specialized their enterprises and transformed sporting culture into the country’s earliest version of mass culture – a set of specialized, standardized, accessible, anonymous, commercial experiences intended to sell democracy to white men irrespective of their wealth or ethnicity.

Misconceptions About Blood Donation Among CMH Kharain Medical College Employees

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1372-1374
Author(s):  
A. Chughtai ◽  
M. S. Abdullah ◽  
I. Naiyar ◽  
A. F. Anjum ◽  
M. Z. Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Common People ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Donated Blood ◽  
Saving Measure

Blood donation acts as a life saving measure and steps are required to remove misunderstanding about current issues. Blood donation is required every second in life globally. Purpose: To determine and evaluate an attitude and knowledge of people regarding blood donation. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Methodology: Present study was conducted among the employees of CMH Kharian Medical College over a time period of 3 months. Data was collected by self structured questionnaire through convenient sampling. Data analysis was done by SPSS 20. Results: Out of 180 participants, 87% had donated blood in the past, 81.66% were willing to accept blood donation. Most of the participants were unafraid of donating blood (83.34%). Only 35% thought that they will catch infection while 71.67% believed that they will become obese, unconscious and anemic. Conclusion: We concluded that there was a positive attitude among the respondents towards blood donation. However, survey showed that blood donation (voluntarily & regularly) was low in actual practice according to WHO standards. Most likely reasons included misconception related to it. Hence, government should plan a strategy to educate common people regarding this health issue. Key word: Blood Donation, Attitude, Health Issue and Employees.

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