scholarly journals Inhibition of defensin A and cecropin A responses to dengue virus 1 infection in Aedes aegypti

Biomédica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
Yda Méndez ◽  
César Pacheco ◽  
Flor Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Effector Molecules ◽  
Cecropin A ◽  
Aegypti Population ◽  
F1 Generation

Introduction: It is essential to determine the interactions between viruses and mosquitoes to diminish dengue viral transmission. These interactions constitute a very complex system of highly regulated pathways known as the innate immune system of the mosquito, which produces antimicrobial peptides that act as effector molecules against bacterial and fungal infections. There is less information about such effects on virus infections.Objective: To determine the expression of two antimicrobial peptide genes, defensin A and cecropin A, in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with DENV-1.Materials and methods: We used the F1 generation of mosquitoes orally infected with DENV-1 and real-time PCR analysis to determine whether the defensin A and cecropin A genes played a role in controlling DENV-1 replication in Ae. aegypti. As a reference, we conducted similar experiments with the bacteria Escherichia coli.Results: Basal levels of defensin A and cecropin A mRNA were expressed in uninfected mosquitoes at different times post-blood feeding. The infected mosquitoes experienced reduced expression of these mRNA by at least eightfold when compared to uninfected control mosquitoes at all times post-infection. In contrast with the behavior of DENV-1, results showed that bacterial infection produced up-regulation of defensin and cecropin genes; however, the induction of transcripts occurred at later times (15 days).Conclusion: DENV-1 virus inhibited the expression of defensin A and cecropin A genes in a wild Ae. aegypti population from Venezuela.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis of Aedes aegypti Innate Immune System in Response to Ingestion of Chikungunya Virus

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liming Zhao ◽  
Barry W. Alto ◽  
Yongxing Jiang ◽  
Fahong Yu ◽  
Yanping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
System Response ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Immune System Response

Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of emergent mosquito-borne viruses, including chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. To understand how these viruses interact with their mosquito vectors, an analysis of the innate immune system response was conducted. The innate immune system is a conserved evolutionary defense strategy and is the dominant immune system response found in invertebrates and vertebrates, as well as plants. RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to compare target transcriptomes of two Florida Ae. aegypti strains in response to chikungunya virus infection. We analyzed a strain collected from a field population in Key West, Florida, and a laboratory strain originating from Orlando. A total of 1835 transcripts were significantly expressed at different levels between the two Florida strains of Ae. aegypti. Gene Ontology analysis placed these genes into 12 categories of biological processes, including 856 transcripts (up/down regulated) with more than 1.8-fold (p-adj (p-adjust value) ≤ 0.01). Transcriptomic analysis and q-PCR data indicated that the members of the AaeCECH genes are important for chikungunya infection response in Ae. aegypti. These immune-related enzymes that the chikungunya virus infection induces may inform molecular-based strategies for interruption of arbovirus transmission by mosquitoes.

The potential of the Galleria mellonella innate immune system is maximized by the co-presentation of diverse antimicrobial peptides

2016 ◽  
Vol 397 (9) ◽  
pp. 939-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Bolouri Moghaddam ◽  
Miray Tonk ◽  
Christine Schreiber ◽  
Denise Salzig ◽  
Peter Czermak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Sublethal Dose ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cecropin A

Abstract Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are ubiquitous components of the insect innate immune system. The model insect Galleria mellonella has at least 18 AMPs, some of which are still uncharacterized in terms of antimicrobial activity. To determine why G. mellonella secretes a repertoire of distinct AMPs following an immune challenge, we selected three different AMPs: cecropin A (CecA), gallerimycin and cobatoxin. We found that cobatoxin was active against Micrococcus luteus at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 120 μm, but at 60 μm when co-presented with 4 μm CecA. In contrast, the MIC of gallerimycin presented alone was 60 μm and the co-presentation of CecA did not affect this value. Cobatoxin and gallerimycin were both inactive against Escherichia coli at physiological concentrations, however gallerimycin could potentiate the sublethal dose of CecA (0.25 μm) at a concentration of 30 μm resulting in 100% lethality. The ability of gallerimycin to potentiate the CecA was investigated by flow cytometry, revealing that 30 μm gallerimycin sensitized E. coli cells by inducing membrane depolarization, which intensified the otherwise negligible effects of 0.25 μm CecA. We therefore conclude that G. mellonella maximizes the potential of its innate immune response by the co-presentation of different AMPs that become more effective at lower concentrations when presented simultaneously.

scholarly journals Identification of hub genes related to the progression of type 1 diabetes by computational analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Prashanth ◽  
Basavaraj Vastrad ◽  
Anandkumar Tengli ◽  
Chanabasayya Vastrad ◽  
Iranna Kotturshetti
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Target Gene ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Hub Genes

Abstract Background Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a serious threat to childhood life and has fairly complicated pathogenesis. Profound attempts have been made to enlighten the pathogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms of T1D are still not well known. Methods To identify the candidate genes in the progression of T1D, expression profiling by high throughput sequencing dataset GSE123658 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses were performed. The protein-protein interaction network (PPI), modules, target gene - miRNA regulatory network and target gene - TF regulatory network analysis were constructed and analyzed using HIPPIE, miRNet, NetworkAnalyst and Cytoscape. Finally, validation of hub genes was conducted by using ROC (Receiver operating characteristic) curve and RT-PCR analysis. A molecular docking study was performed. Results A total of 284 DEGs were identified, consisting of 142 up regulated genes and 142 down regulated genes. The gene ontology (GO) and pathways of the DEGs include cell-cell signaling, vesicle fusion, plasma membrane, signaling receptor activity, lipid binding, signaling by GPCR and innate immune system. Four hub genes were identified and biological process analysis revealed that these genes were mainly enriched in cell-cell signaling, cytokine signaling in immune system, signaling by GPCR and innate immune system. ROC curve and RT-PCR analysis showed that EGFR, GRIN2B, GJA1, CAP2, MIF, POLR2A, PRKACA, GABARAP, TLN1 and PXN might be involved in the advancement of T1D. Molecular docking studies showed high docking score. Conclusions DEGs and hub genes identified in the present investigation help us understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the advancement of T1D, and provide candidate targets for diagnosis and treatment of T1D.

scholarly journals β-(1,3)-Glucan Unmasking in Some Candida albicans Mutants Correlates with Increases in Cell Wall Surface Roughness and Decreases in Cell Wall Elasticity

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Hasim ◽  
David P. Allison ◽  
Scott T. Retterer ◽  
Alex Hopke ◽  
Robert T. Wheeler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Surface Topology ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cell Wall Elasticity

ABSTRACT Candida albicans is among the most common human fungal pathogens, causing a broad range of infections, including life-threatening systemic infections. The cell wall of C. albicans is the interface between the fungus and the innate immune system. The cell wall is composed of an outer layer enriched in mannosylated glycoproteins (mannan) and an inner layer enriched in β-(1,3)-glucan and chitin. Detection of C. albicans by Dectin-1, a C-type signaling lectin specific for β-(1,3)-glucan, is important for the innate immune system to recognize systemic fungal infections. Increased exposure of β-(1,3)-glucan to the immune system occurs when the mannan layer is altered or removed in a process called unmasking. Nanoscale changes to the cell wall during unmasking were explored in live cells with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two mutants, the cho1Δ/Δ and kre5Δ/Δ mutants, were selected as representatives that exhibit modest and strong unmasking, respectively. Comparisons of the cho1Δ/Δ and kre5Δ/Δ mutants to the wild type reveal morphological changes in their cell walls that correlate with decreases in cell wall elasticity. In addition, AFM tips functionalized with Dectin-1 revealed that the forces of binding of Dectin-1 to all of the strains were similar, but the frequency of binding was highest for the kre5Δ/Δ mutant, decreased for the cho1Δ/Δ mutant, and rare for the wild type. These data show that nanoscale changes in surface topology are correlated with increased Dectin-1 adhesion and decreased cell wall elasticity. AFM, using tips functionalized with immunologically relevant molecules, can map epitopes of the cell wall and increase our understanding of pathogen recognition by the immune system.

scholarly journals Eosinophils and Neutrophils—Molecular Differences Revealed by Spontaneous Raman, CARS and Fluorescence Microscopy

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2041
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Dorosz ◽  
Marek Grosicki ◽  
Jakub Dybas ◽  
Ewelina Matuszyk ◽  
Marko Rodewald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Lipid Bodies ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Cars Microscopy ◽  
Specific Granules ◽  
Anti Stokes

Leukocytes are a part of the immune system that plays an important role in the host’s defense against viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. Among the human leukocytes, two granulocytes, neutrophils (Ne) and eosinophils (EOS) play an important role in the innate immune system. For that purpose, eosinophils and neutrophils contain specific granules containing protoporphyrin-type proteins such as eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), respectively, which contribute directly to their anti-infection activity. Since both proteins are structurally and functionally different, they could potentially be a marker of both cells’ types. To prove this hypothesis, UV−Vis absorption spectroscopy and Raman imaging were applied to analyze EPO and MPO and their content in leukocytes isolated from the whole blood. Moreover, leukocytes can contain lipidic structures, called lipid bodies (LBs), which are linked to the regulation of immune responses and are considered to be a marker of cell inflammation. In this work, we showed how to determine the number of LBs in two types of granulocytes, EOS and Ne, using fluorescence and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. Spectroscopic differences of EPO and MPO can be used to identify these cells in blood samples, while the detection of LBs can indicate the cell inflammation process.

scholarly journals Investigation of Anti-Infection Mechanism of Lactoferricin and Splunc-1

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung An Tsou ◽  
Hung-Jin Huang ◽  
Wesley Wen Yang Lin ◽  
Calvin Yu-Chian Chen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Defense System ◽  
First Line ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Infection Source

The innate immune system is the first line in the defense system and prevents the body from further bacteria, virus, or fungal infections. Most of the innate immune system is relevant to mucosa immunity. Lactotransferrin is secreted from the human mammal breast duct epithelial tissue and strengthens infant immunity to defense with regard to outward pathogens. Splunc-1 is also an innate material secreted from the soft palate, lung, nasal cavity epithelium, and mucosa. It helps with mucosa defense against bacterial, virus, and even fungus. LPS is the main etiology of Gram-negative bacilla infection source. And studies of lactoferricin and slpunc-1 both can combine with LPS and subsequently cause insults to the mucosa. Although, we know that both of them partake in an important role in innate immunity, we do not know the effects when they work together. In this study, we just overview silicon stimulation to examine the combination of Lactoferricin and Splunc-1 and the effect with regard to LPS.

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