scholarly journals Tolerance of two anhydrobiotic tardigrades Echiniscus testudo and Milnesium inceptum to hypomagnetic conditions

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10630
Author(s):  
Weronika Erdmann ◽  
Bogdan Idzikowski ◽  
Wojciech Kowalski ◽  
Jakub Z. Kosicki ◽  
Łukasz Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Species Response ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The open space is a hostile environment for all lifeforms not only due to vacuum, high radiation, low atmospheric pressure, and extremely low temperature, but also the absence of the geomagnetic field. The geomagnetic field protects Earth mainly from corpuscular radiation, that is, solar wind and cosmic radiation, but above all it influences organisms, including their cells, tissues and organs. Moreover, numerous studies conducted on plants and animals confirmed that hypomagnetic conditions (the term referring to all situations when the magnetic field is weaker than the typical geomagnetic field) have significant influence on the metabolism of living organisms. Although many studies dealt with a variety of aspects related mainly to the influence of hypomagnetic conditions on human health. Very few studies have considered the influence of hypomagnetic conditions on extremophiles. Astrobiologists have long been testing different extremofiles to find out if any multicellular organisms are able to survive in extreme conditions of open space. Among all multicellular extremophiles fit for such research, water bears (Tardigrada) are the most interesting. Not only are they one of the most resistant organisms on Earth, but results obtained from studies on these invertebrates can be extrapolated or applied to vertebrates (including humans). Despite this, studies on the influence of hypomagnetic conditions on tardigrades are rare, so far. In the present study, to test the influence of hypomagnetic conditions on the process of anhydrobiosis while entering and returning from anhydrobiosis, we used two terrestrial anhydrobiotic species that are Echiniscus testudo and Milnesium inceptum. To exclude the ambient magnetic field, experiments were carried out in a special magnetic field shielding chamber. In total, three experiments were conducted: (a) tardigrades in anhydrobiosis, (b) tardigrades entering anhydrobiosis and (c) tardigrades returning to active life. The obtained results clearly showed that even partial isolation from the geomagnetic field, that is, hypomagnetic conditions, has negative influence on anhydrobiotic abilities of both tested tardigrade species. In both species we observed lower survivability rate while entering anhydrobiosis, in anhydrobiotic state and returning to the active state. What is more, we observed a higher mortality rate in Ech. testudo than Mil. inceptum which suggest that different species response to the hypomagnetic conditions in different way. In conclusion, while current knowledge on the influence of hypomagnetic conditions on mortality of invertebrates is very limited, our results suggest that the presence of the magnetic field is a very important factor which should be considered in further research focused on potential survival of Earth organisms in outer space, spacecrafts or different planets and moons.

scholarly journals Satellite observations of currents and waves in space plasmas

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Potemra ◽  
M. J. Engebretson ◽  
L. J. Zanetti ◽  
R. E. Erlandson ◽  
P. F. Bythrow
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Solar Wind ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Solar Wind Plasma ◽  
Field Configuration ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Field Lines

When viewed from outer space, the earth's magnetic field does not resemble a simple dipole, but is severely distorted into a comet-shaped configuration by the continuous flow of solar wind plasma. A complicated system of currents flows within this distorted magnetic field configuration called the ‘magnetosphere’ (See figure 1). For example, the compression of the geomagnetic field by the solar wind on the dayside of the earth is associated with a large-scale current flowing across the geomagnetic field lines, called the ‘Chapman-Ferraro’ or magnetopause current. The magnetospheric system includes large-scale currents that flow in the ‘tail’, the ring current that flows at high altitudes around the equator of the earth, field-aligned ‘Birkeland’ currents that flow along geomagnetic field lines into and away from the two auroral regions, and a complex system of currents that flows completely within the layers of the ionosphere, the earth's ionized atmosphere. The intensities of these various currents reach millions of amperes and are closely related to solar activity. The geomagnetic field lines can also oscillate, like giant vibrating strings, at specified resonant frequencies. The effects of these vibrations, sometimes described as ‘standing Alfvén waves’, have been observed on the ground in magnetic field recordings dating back to the beginning of the century. Observations of currents and waves with satellite-borne magnetic field experiments have provided a new perspective on the complicated plasma processes that occur in the magnetosphere. Some of the new observations are described here.

scholarly journals Mapping of steady-state electric fields and convective drifts in geomagnetic fields – Part 1: Elementary models

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. M. Walker ◽  
G. J. Sofko
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Magnetic Field Line ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Geomagnetic Field Models ◽  
Spatial Derivatives ◽  
Field Lines ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Abstract. When studying magnetospheric convection, it is often necessary to map the steady-state electric field, measured at some point on a magnetic field line, to a magnetically conjugate point in the other hemisphere, or the equatorial plane, or at the position of a satellite. Such mapping is relatively easy in a dipole field although the appropriate formulae are not easily accessible. They are derived and reviewed here with some examples. It is not possible to derive such formulae in more realistic geomagnetic field models. A new method is described in this paper for accurate mapping of electric fields along field lines, which can be used for any field model in which the magnetic field and its spatial derivatives can be computed. From the spatial derivatives of the magnetic field three first order differential equations are derived for the components of the normalized element of separation of two closely spaced field lines. These can be integrated along with the magnetic field tracing equations and Faraday's law used to obtain the electric field as a function of distance measured along the magnetic field line. The method is tested in a simple model consisting of a dipole field plus a magnetotail model. The method is shown to be accurate, convenient, and suitable for use with more realistic geomagnetic field models.

scholarly journals Reversals in the large-scale αΩ-dynamo with memory

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. K. Feschenko ◽  
G. M. Vodinchar
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Magnetic Polarity ◽  
Power Law Model ◽  
The Real ◽  
Geomagnetic Polarity ◽  
With Memory ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Abstract. Inversion of the magnetic field in a model of large-scale αΩ-dynamo with α-effect with stochastic memory is under investigation. The model allows us to reproduce the main features of the geomagnetic field reversals. It was established that the polarity intervals in the model are distributed according to the power law. Model magnetic polarity timescale is fractal. Its dimension is consistent with the dimension of the real geomagnetic polarity timescale.

scholarly journals Magnetotaxis as a Means for Nanofabrication

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 1450008
Author(s):  
Isaac Macwan ◽  
Zihe Zhao ◽  
Omar Sobh ◽  
Jinnque Rho ◽  
Ausif Mahmood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Semiconductor Manufacturing ◽  
Magnetic Field Intensity ◽  
Magnetotactic Bacteria ◽  
Semiconductor Substrate ◽  
Field Lines ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Magnetospirillum Magneticum ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), discovered in early 1970s contain single-domain crystals of magnetite ( Fe 3 O 4) called magnetosomes that tend to form a chain like structure from the proximal to the distal pole along the long axis of the cell. The ability of these bacteria to sense the magnetic field for displacement, also called magnetotaxis, arises from the magnetic dipole moment of this chain of magnetosomes. In aquatic habitats, these organisms sense the geomagnetic field and traverse the oxic-anoxic interface for optimal oxygen concentration along the field lines. Here we report an elegant use of MTB where magnetotaxis of Magnetospirillum magneticum (classified as AMB-1) could be utilized for controlled navigation over a semiconductor substrate for selective deposition. We examined 50mm long coils made out of 18AWG and 20AWG copper conductors having diameters of 5mm, 10mm and 20mm for magnetic field intensity and heat generation. Based on the COMSOL simulations and experimental data, it is recognized that a compound semiconductor manufacturing technology involving bacterial carriers and carbon-based materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes would be a desirable choice in the future.

EFFECT OF ATTENUATED MAGNETIC FIELD ON DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN IN EMBRYONIC JAPANESE QUAIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
S.A. Pineguin ◽  
◽  
O.A. Dadasheva ◽  
E.I. Mednikova ◽  
O.A. Grushina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Expectation of remote space missions and long-term stay and work on the Moon with the magnetic field 1,000 times weaker than on Earth sets the researchers the formidable task to investigate effects of the hypomagnetic environment on living organisms. The paper reports data about the liver and spleen development in Japanese quail embryos of various age exposed in a modeled lunar magnetic field. Retardation of hemopoiesis was observed as in the first generation embryos (F1), so in sequential embryo generations developed in the ordinary magnetic environment (F2).

scholarly journals Possible influence of variations in the geomagnetic field on migration paths of snow buntings

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201
Author(s):  
Chris M. Hall ◽  
Magnar G. Johnsen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Declining Populations ◽  
Plectrophenax Nivalis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Magnetic North ◽  
The Magnetic Field

AbstractA hypothesis is proposed wherein changes in the Earth's magnetic field affect the migratory paths of snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis), and in particular from wintering grounds in the Russian/Ukrainian steppes to breeding grounds on Svalbard and with a typical stopover in Finnmark in northern Norway. If one were to assume ignorance of the secular movement of the magnetic north pole approximately 1500 km northwards between 1908 and 2020, the magnetoreceptor contribution to snow buntings' navigation would result in winter-to-summer migratory paths progressively further to the East. In turn, this could be a contributing factor to declining populations in Finnmark and favouring a more frequent flightpath over the Kola Peninsula. On the other hand, short-term perturbations in the magnetic field (i.e. induced by solar activity) and therefore existing for a relatively small proportion of the flight time (if at all) for the individual migrations legs seem unlikely to influence the stopover locations significantly. Even so, these space-weather induced variations cannot be disregarded, particularly for success in reaching Svalbard.

Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on the Quantum Yield of Free Radicals in Cryptochrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 953 ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Yu Ling Chen ◽  
Du Yan Geng ◽  
Chuan Fang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Applied Magnetic Field ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Quantum Biology ◽  
The Magnetic Field

In this paper, the effects of the quantum yield of free radicals in cryptochrome exposed to different electromagnetic fields were studied through the quantum biology. The results showed that the spikes characteristics was produced in the free radicals in cryptochrome, when it exposed to the applied magnetic field (ω = 50 Hz, B0 = 50 μT). The spikes produced by the electromagnetic field was independent of the changes of polar θ. When the frequency of the magnetic field increased, the spikes characteristics produced in unit time also increased. These results showed that the environmental electromagnetic field could affect the response of organisms to the geomagnetic field by influencing the quantum yield in the mechanism of free radical pair.It provided a basis for studying the influence of environmental electromagnetic field on biology, especially the navigation of biological magnetism.

AN ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF THE COSMIC RAYS TRANSPORT EQUATION IN THE PRESENCE OF THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (12n13) ◽  
pp. 1645-1653
Author(s):  
MARINA GIBILISCO
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Analytical Solution ◽  
Transport Equation ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Factorization Technique ◽  
Diffusion Motion ◽  
Geomagnetic Fields ◽  
The Magnetic Field

In this work, I study the propagation of cosmic rays inside the magnetic field of the Earth, at distances d ≤ 500 Km from its surface; at these distances, the geomagnetic field deeply influences the diffusion motion of the particles. I compare the different effects of the interplanetary and of the geomagnetic fields, by also discussing their role inside the cosmic rays transport equation; finally, I present an analytical method to solve such an equation through a factorization technique.

scholarly journals Geomagnetic field influences upward movement of young Chinook salmon emerging from nests

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 20170752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan F. Putman ◽  
Michelle M. Scanlan ◽  
Amanda M. Pollock ◽  
Joseph P. O'Neil ◽  
Ryan B. Couture ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Organisms use a variety of environmental cues to orient their movements in three-dimensional space. Here, we show that the upward movement of young Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) emerging from gravel nests is influenced by the geomagnetic field. Fish in the ambient geomagnetic field travelled farther upwards through substrate than did fish tested in a field with the vertical component inverted. This suggests that the magnetic field is one of several factors that influences emergence from the gravel, possibly by serving as an orientation cue that helps fish determine which way is up. Moreover, our work indicates that the Oncorhynchus species are sensitive to the magnetic field throughout their life cycles, and that it guides their movements across a range of spatial scales and habitats.

scholarly journals Enhancing Performance of Magnetic Field Based Indoor Localization Using Magnetic Patterns from Multiple Smartphones

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Ashraf ◽  
Soojung Hur ◽  
Yongwan Park
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Magnetic Sensors ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Field Pattern ◽  
Magnetic Field Data ◽  
Localization Performance ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Wide expansion of smartphones triggered a rapid demand for precise localization that can meet the requirements of location-based services. Although the global positioning system is widely used for outdoor positioning, it cannot provide the same accuracy for the indoor. As a result, many alternative indoor positioning technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and geomagnetic field localization have been investigated during the last few years. Today smartphones possess a rich variety of embedded sensors like accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer that can facilitate estimating the current location of the user. Traditional geomagnetic field-based fingerprint localization, although it shows promising results, it is limited by the fact that various smartphones have embedded magnetic sensors from different manufacturers and the magnetic field strength that is measured from these smartphones vary significantly. Consequently, the localization performance from various smartphones is different even when the same localization approach is used. So devising an approach that can provide similar performance with various smartphones is a big challenge. Contrary to previous works that build the fingerprint database from the geomagnetic field data of a single smartphone, this study proposes using the geomagnetic field data collected from multiple smartphones to make the geomagnetic field pattern (MP) database. Many experiments are carried out to analyze the performance of the proposed approach with various smartphones. Additionally, a lightweight threshold technique is proposed that can detect user motion using the acceleration data. Results demonstrate that the localization performance for four different smartphones is almost identical when tested with the database made using the magnetic field data from multiple smartphones than that of which considers the magnetic field data from only one smartphone. Moreover, the performance comparison with previous research indicates that the overall performance of smartphones is improved.

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