scholarly journals Effects of thiourea on the skull of Triturus newts during ontogeny

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11535
Author(s):  
Maja Ajduković ◽  
Tijana Vučić ◽  
Milena Cvijanović
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Endocrine Disruptor ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Metamorphic Stage ◽  
Cranial Development ◽  
Skull Shape ◽  
Morphological Differences

Background In amphibians, thyroid hormone (TH) has a profound role in cranial development, especially in ossification of the late-appearing bones and remodeling of the skull. In the present study, we explored the influence of TH deficiency on bone ossification and resulting skull shape during the ontogeny of Triturus newt hybrid larvae obtained from interspecific crosses between T. ivanbureschi and T. macedonicus. Methods Larvae were treated with two concentrations of thiourea (an endocrine disruptor that chemically inhibits synthesis of TH) during the midlarval and late larval periods. Morphological differences of the cranium were assessed at the end of the midlarval period (ontogenetic stage 62) and the metamorphic stage after treatment during the late larval period. Results There was no difference in the ossification level and shape of the skull between the experimental groups (control and two treatment concentrations) at stage 62. During the late larval period and metamorphosis, TH deficit had a significant impact on the level of bone ossification and skull shape with no differences between the two treatment concentrations of thiourea. The most pronounced differences in bone development were: the palatopterygoid failed to disintegrate into the palatal and pterygoid portions, retardation was observed in development of the maxilla, nasal and prefrontal bones and larval organization of the vomer was retained in thiourea-treated larvae. Conclusions This implies that deficiency of TH caused retardation in development and arrested metamorphic cranium skeletal reorganization, which resulted in divergent cranial shape compared to the control group. Our results confirmed that skull remodeling and ossification of late-appearing bones is TH–dependent, as in other studied Urodela species. Also, our results indicate that TH plays an important role in the establishment of skull shape during the ontogeny of Triturus newts, especially during the late larval period and metamorphosis, when TH concentrations reach their maximum.

Haemostatic Clot Formation at Anastomosis of Synthetic Venous Graft in Defibrinogenated Dogs: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (03) ◽  
pp. 276-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Ishimaru ◽  
E Berglin ◽  
H-A Hansson ◽  
A-C Teger-Nilsson ◽  
G William-Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Vena Cava ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Fibrin Network ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Graft ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Scanning Electron

SummaryA segment of the inferior vena cava was replaced by an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft in 13 dogs. Five of them served as a control group, while the other 8 were moderately or severely defibrinogenated with subcutaneous batroxobin. Plasma fibrinogen decreased to extremely low values throughout the experiment in the defibrinogenated dogs except in the moderately treated group in which it temporarily rose to 0.72-0.87 g/1 on the first postoperative day.Scanning electron microscopic observations of the haemostatic clot formed at the anastomoses of the graft revealed no significant morphological differences in platelet adhesion and/or aggregation between the three groups. These findings confirmed that platelets play a key role in primary haemostasis during defibrinogenation.The fibrin network was slightly diminished and only short fibrin filaments could be seen in the moderately and severely defibrinogenated groups respectively. These differences in composition of the clots are discussed in relation to their haemostatic capacity.

scholarly journals Disorganization of intercalated discs in dilated cardiomyopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukinobu Ito ◽  
Makoto Yoshida ◽  
Hirotake Masuda ◽  
Daichi Maeda ◽  
Yukitsugu Kudo-Asabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Pathological Diagnosis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Failure Group ◽  
Intercalated Discs ◽  
Group Reduction ◽  
Group A ◽  
Morphological Differences

AbstractDilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a primary myocardial disease, the pathology of which is left ventricular or biventricular dilation and impaired myocardial contractility. The clinical and pathological diagnosis of DCM is difficult, and other cardiac diseases must be ruled out. Several studies have reported pathological findings that are characteristic of DCM, including cardiomyocyte atrophy, nuclear pleomorphism, and interstitial fibrosis, but none of these findings are DCM-specific. In this study, we examined the morphological differences in the intercalated discs (ICDs) between three groups of patients, a DCM group, a chronic heart failure group, and a control group. A total of 22 autopsy cases, including five DCM cases, nine CHF cases and eight control cases, were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Pathology at Akita University, Japan. The morphological differences were examined using multiple methods: macroscopic examination, light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and gene expression analyses. We observed disorganized ICDs, clearly illustrated by N-cadherin immunostaining in the DCM group. “Reduction of N-cadherin immunostaining intensity” and “ICD scattering” was DCM-specific. The results suggest that disorganized ICDs contribute to the development of DCM, and that N-cadherin immunostaining is useful for determining the presence of disorganized ICDs and for the pathological diagnosis of DCM.

scholarly journals Short-term effects of triiodothyronine on thyroid hormone receptor alpha by PI3K pathway in adipocytes, 3T3-L1

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 833-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriane de Oliveira ◽  
Regiane Marques Castro Olimpio ◽  
Maria Teresa De Sibio ◽  
Fernanda Cristina Fontes Moretto ◽  
Renata de Azevedo Mello Luvizotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Receptor ◽  
Pi3k Pathway ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pi3k Signaling ◽  
Pi3k Inhibitor Ly294002 ◽  
Receptor Alpha ◽  
Pi3k Signaling Pathway

Objective The present study aimed to examine the effects of thyroid hormone (TH), more precisely triiodothyronine (T3), on the modulation of TH receptor alpha (TRα) mRNA expression and the involvement of the phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway in adipocytes, 3T3-L1, cell culture. Materials and methods: It was examined the involvement of PI3K pathway in mediating T3 effects by treating 3T3-L1 adipocytes with physiological (P=10nM) or supraphysiological (SI =100 nM) T3 doses during one hour (short time), in the absence or the presence of PI3K inhibitor (LY294002). The absence of any treatment was considered the control group (C). RT-qPCR was used for mRNA expression analyzes. For data analyzes ANOVA complemented with Tukey’s test was used at 5% significance level. Results T3 increased TRα mRNA expression in P (1.91±0.13, p<0.001), SI (2.14±0.44, p<0.001) compared to C group (1±0.08). This increase was completely abrogated by LY294002 in P (0.53±0.03, p<0.001) and SI (0.31±0.03, p<0.001). To examine whether TRα is directly induced by T3, we used the translation inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX). The presence of CHX completely abrogated levels TRα mRNA in P (1.15±0.05, p>0.001) and SI (0.99±0.15, p>0.001), induced by T3. Conclusion These results demonstrate that the activation of the PI3K signaling pathway has a role in T3-mediated indirect TRα gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

scholarly journals NADPH Oxidase Inhibitor Apocynin Attenuates PCB153-Induced Thyroid Injury in Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ablikim Abliz ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Wenhong Deng ◽  
Weixing Wang ◽  
Rongze Sun
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Serum Thyroid Hormone

PCBs, widespread endocrine disruptors, cause the disturbance of thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis in humans and animals. However, the exact mechanism of thyroid dysfunction caused by PCBs is still unknown. In order to clarify the hypotheses that NADPH oxidase (NOX) and subsequent NF-κB pathway may play roles in thyroid dysfunction, sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, PCB153 treated (PCB) group, received apocynin with PCB153 treatment (APO + PCB) group, and drug control (APO) group. Serum thyroid hormone levels were evaluated. The morphological change of thyroid tissue was analyzed under the light and transmission electron microscopy. NOX2, 8-OHdG, and NF-κB expression in the thyroid tissue was evaluated by immune-histochemical staining. Oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines were detected. The following results were reduced after apocynin treatment: (1) serum thyroid hormone, (2) thyroid pathological injuries, (3) thyroid MDA, (4) thyroid ultrastructural change, (5) serum inflammatory cytokines, and (6) thyroid expression of NOX2, 8-OHdG, and NF-κB. These results suggested that NOX inhibition attenuates thyroid dysfunction induced by PCB in rats, presumably because of its role in preventing ROS generation and inhibiting the activation of NF-κB pathway. Our findings may provide new therapeutic targets for PCBs induced thyroid dysfunction.

scholarly journals The effect of thyroid hormone deficiency on erythropoiesis in dogs

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Aniołek
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Packed Red Blood Cells ◽  
Experimental Group

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of thyroid hormone deficiency on the erythrocytic system in dogs. Dogs with clinical symptoms of hypothyreosis such as obesity, hyperpigmentation, and lethargy were selected. The dogs demonstrating breed predisposition to hypothyreosis were incorporated in the analysis: Dachshunds, Retrievers, and mixed-breed dogs. A detailed history was taken and clinical, hormonal, biochemical and haematological blood tests were performed. Peripheral blood samples were taken from 53 dogs. Finally, the dogs with the initial T4 (thyroxine) concentration < 1.3 µg/dl and animals demonstrating clinical improvement after a 2-month therapy with levothyroxine at a dose of 10 µg/kg administeredper ostwo times a day were qualified. The animals between 10 months to 13 years of age were divided into two groups: clinically healthy (control group, n = 35) and dogs presenting clinical symptoms of hypothyreosis (experimental group, n = 18). In this research, the broadly described normocytic normochromic non-regenerative anaemia was not diagnosed in dogs with hypothyreosis. However, a positive correlation between T4 and red blood cell indices such as the average mass of haemoglobin per red blood cell, concentration of haemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells as well as a negative correlation with haematocrit value was discovered in the experimental group after the 2-month therapy with levothyroxine. These results point to the influence of thyroid hormones on erythropoiesis. This observation is partially consistent with other studies, which noted the casual link between the changes in red blood cell system and the function of thyroid in dogs and humans.

Effect of Astragaloside IV On Precartilaginous Stem Cells to Promote Bone Development in Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhizhou Jiang ◽  
Hang Yin ◽  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Jianyong Jiang ◽  
Jinbo Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Astragaloside Iv ◽  
Tibial Length ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Precartilaginous Stem Cells ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract Objective To explore the effect of astragaloside IV in promoting bone development by promoting the proliferation of precartilaginous stem cells. Methods To co-cultured the cells from the resting chondrocyte of growth plate and LaCroix of 24-hours old rats,and identified by FGFR-3 staining. Choosing astragaloside IV induce precartilaginous stem cells cultured in vitro, using Collagen type Ⅱ monoclonal antibody staining and MTT to test cell biological characteristics. Four 4 weeks old SD rats were selected and divided into an experimental group and control group, 24 rats in each group. The rats in the experimental group were injected with astragalus injection in a dose of 8.0g / kg once a day. The rats in the other group were injected with the same amount of normal saline. The 3rd and 5th week after feeding, 12 rats were killed, and the tibial length was measured by vernier caliper.Rusults The FGFR-3 staining was positive, which proved that the cultured cells were precartilaginous stem cells. Collagen typeⅡmonoclonal antibody staining is positive and the OD value detected by MTT test was higher, after astragaloside IV induced the precartilaginous stem cells. After astragaloside IV injection, the tibial length of experimental group measured by vernier caliper was significantly higher than that of the control group.Conclusion astragaloside IV can promote the proliferation and biological characteristics of precartilaginous stem cells, and then promote bone development.

scholarly journals Characterization of skeletal phenotypes of TRα1PV and TRβPV mutant mice: implications for tissue thyroid status and T3 target gene expression

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. nrs.04011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. O'Shea ◽  
J.H. Duncan Bassett ◽  
Sheue-yann Cheng ◽  
Graham R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Target Gene ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Receptor ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Negative Resistance ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Thyroid Status ◽  
Target Gene Expression

Bone development is extremely sensitive to alterations in thyroid status. Recently, we analyzed the skeletal phenotypes of mice with the dominant negative resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) mutation PV targeted to either the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) α1 or β gene. This perspective summarizes our findings to date and explores the wider implications for thyroid status and T3 target gene expression in individual tissues.

Comparative effects of prednisolone and thyroid hormone on bile secretion in the dog

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Gans ◽  
Kenneth McEntee
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Hepatic Function ◽  
Bile Secretion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Biliary Cholesterol ◽  
Significant Difference

The enterohepatic circulation of euthyroid dogs contained 1.25 ± 0.24 g bile acids/10 kg body wt. The bile acid content of the enterohepatic circulation of hyperthyroid dogs given thyroid hormones for 3 weeks was 0.72 ± 0.21g/10kg body wt., a significant difference from the control group ( P( t) < .01). No significant differences in biliary cholesterol output were recorded. Bile secretory changes in the hyperthyroid state were unrelated to food intake or changes in body weight. No evidence was found to indicate an early period of enhanced bile acid or biliary cholesterol secretion accompanying thyroid hormone administration. The administration of prednisolone trimethylacetate to euthyroid dogs resulted in a significant ( P( t) < .01) increase in total bile volume recovered. The enterohepatic bile acid content of the prednisolone-treated dog was 1.84 ± .48 g/10 kg body wt., the difference from the control group being of marginal significance ( P( t) < .05 > .02). Two hepatic function tests, the secretory response to sodium dehydrocholate administration and the rate of disappearance of bromsulfonphthalein from plasma, did not indicate any gross derangement in hepatic function in the hyperthyroid or prednisolone-treated dogs.

Increased Plasma Levels of Free Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor in Patients with Graves’ Disease

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (05) ◽  
pp. 919-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eriko Morishita ◽  
Takuma Hashimoto ◽  
Hidesaku Asakura ◽  
Masanori Saito ◽  
Masahide Yamazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Thyroid State ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tissue Factor Pathway

SummaryTissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is present in a free-form and in lipoprotein-associated forms in plasma. In this study, the plasma concentrations of total TFPI (tTFPI) and free-form TFPI (fTFPI) were measured in 25 patients with Graves’ disease and 25 age-matched healthy subjects, and the relationship between thyroid state and plasma TFPI was examined. Plasma concentrations (median) of tTFPI and fTFPI in Graves’ patients who were hyperthyroid were significantly increased compared with Graves’patients who were euthyroid (152 ng/ml versus 124 ng/ml, p <0.01 and 41.3 ng/ml versus 20.2 ng/ml, p <0.0001, respectively), and control subjects (152 ng/ml versus 96 ng/ml, p <0.0001 and 41.3 ng/ml versus 18.7 ng/ml, p <0.0001, respectively). There was no significant difference in plasma fTFPI concentrations between the euthyroid group and the control group. Plasma fTFPI concentrations correlated closely with thyroid hormone (T3) levels in the patients (r = 0.559, p <0.005). Serial measurement of individual patients revealed that plasma concentrations of fTFPI and tTFPI were significantly decreased, reaching normal control values upon attainment of euthyroidism. In conclusion, the close correlation between plasma fTFPI and serum thyroid hormone levels suggests that thyroid hormones might influence the synthesis or metabolism of TFPI on the surface of endothelial cells in patients with Graves’ disease. This is the first report concerning high concentrations of plasma fTFPI in patients with hyperthyroidism.

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