scholarly journals Impact of the antidepressant citalopram on the behaviour of two different life stages of brown trout

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ziegler ◽  
Sarah Knoll ◽  
Heinz-R. Köhler ◽  
Selina Tisler ◽  
Carolin Huhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Juvenile Brown Trout

Background Over the last two decades, there has been a constant increase in prescription rates of antidepressants. In parallel, neuroactive pharmaceuticals are making their way into aquatic environments at increasing concentrations. Among the antidepressants detected in the environment citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is one of the most commonly found. Given citalopram is specifically designed to alter mood and behaviour in humans, there is growing concern it can adversely affect the behaviour on non-target wildlife Methods In our study, brown trout were exposed to citalopram (nominal concentrations: 1, 10, 100, 1000 µg/L) in two different life stages. Larvae were exposed at 7 and 11 °C from the eyed ova stage until 8 weeks post yolk sac consumption, and juvenile brown trout were exposed for 4 weeks at 7 °C. At both stages we measured mortality, weight, length, tissue citalopram concentration, behaviour during exposure and behaviour in a stressfull environment. For brown trout larvae additionally hatching rate and heart rate, and for juvenile brown trout the tissue cortisol concentration were assessed. Results During the exposure, both larvae and juvenile fish exposed to the highest test concentration of citalopram (1 mg/L) had higher swimming activity and spent longer in the upper part of the aquaria compared to control fish, which is an indicator for decreased anxiety. Most probably due to the higher swimming activity during the exposure, the juveniles and larvae exposed to 1 mg/L citalopram showed decreased weight and length. Additionally, in a stressful artificial swimming measurement device, brown trout larvae displayed the anxiolytic effect of the antidepressant by reduced swimming activity during this stress situation, already at concentrations of 100 µg/L citalopram. Chemical analysis of the tissue revealed rising citalopram tissue concentrations with rising exposure concentrations. Tissue concentrations were 10 times higher in juvenile fish compared to brown trout larvae. Fish plasma concentrations were calculated, which exceeded human therapeutic levels for the highest exposure concentration, matching the behavioural results. Developmental parameters like hatching rate and heart rate, as well as mortality and tissue cortisol content were unaffected by the antidepressant. Overall, we could trace the pharmacological mode of action of the antidepressant citalopram in the non-target organism brown trout in two different life stages.

scholarly journals Behavioral and Developmental Changes in Brown Trout After Exposure to the Antidepressant Venlafaxine

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ziegler ◽  
Michel Banet ◽  
Rebecca Bauer ◽  
Heinz-R. Köhler ◽  
Sabine Stepinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Fish Tissue ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Stressful Environment ◽  
Prescription Rates

During the last decades, depression has been diagnosed in increasing numbers, accompanied by rising prescription rates of antidepressants. Concomitantly, these pharmaceuticals are frequently detected in surface waters. Serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors such as venlafaxine form the second largest group of antidepressants worldwide, and venlafaxine is the second most prescribed antidepressant in Germany. As drug targets are evolutionary highly conserved, venlafaxine can potentially change not only behavior and related physiological processes in humans but also in non-target species, especially aquatic organisms. In order to test this hypothesis for fish, we exposed brown trout larvae and juveniles to venlafaxine at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,000 μg/L. Larvae were exposed for 5 months from the eyed ova stage until 8 weeks post yolk-sac consumption at 7 and 11 °C. Juveniles were exposed for 4 weeks at 7 °C. Mortality, weight, length, behavior during exposure and behavior in a stressful environment were recorded in both experiments. For larvae, additionally, hatching rate and heart rate were analyzed. In juvenile fish, tissue cortisol levels were determined. Our results clearly showed, that brown trout, irrespective of their life stage, change their behavior when being exposed to venlafaxine: During exposure, venlafaxine at 7 °C caused larvae to sojourn in the upper part of the aquaria for a longer time, with a lowest observed effect concentration of 100 μg/L. In a stressful environment with limited space, fish exposed to ≥10 μg/L venlafaxine were less active than controls. Furthermore, venlafaxine reduced the growth of larvae (length at ≥10 μg/L, weight at 1 mg/L) and their survival after 5 months (at 1 mg/L). Hatching rate and heart rate of larvae as well as tissue cortisol concentration of juveniles were not affected by venlafaxine treatment.

Influence of food abundance on individual behaviour strategy and growth rate in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta)

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 684-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Brännäs ◽  
Sara Jonsson ◽  
Hans Lundqvist
Keyword(s):  
Brown Trout ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Food Abundance ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Food Level ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Juvenile Brown Trout

We studied the benefit of being territorial as an effect of food abundance by measuring the proportions of individuals that displayed a territorial, floating (individuals occasionally displayed territorial behaviour), or nonterritorial (shoaling) behaviour strategy, and individual growth rates. Also, swimming activity was monitored as an indicator of emigration. Replicate groups of 12 juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) were released into an artificial stream channel, fed according to one of four food regimes for 10 days, and allocated to one of three behaviour categories. There was no significant relationship between food abundance and the number of territorial individuals. Instead, the proportions of individuals that displayed the alternative behaviour strategies, i.e., floating and nonterritorial, changed with food abundance. At the lowest food level, more individuals displayed nonterritorial than floating behaviour, but these two strategies were equally represented at the highest food level. The difference in growth rates with respect to behaviour category was highest at intermediate food levels. At the highest and lowest food levels, nonterritorial fish and floaters grew nearly as fast or as poorly, respectively, as the territorial individuals. Swimming activity between the two sections of the stream tank was greatest at the lowest food level, and there was a general tendency (not significant) for the floaters to exhibit the greatest activity.

Competition among juvenile brown trout, grayling and landlocked Atlantic salmon in flumes - predicting effects of interspecific interactions on salmon reintroduction success

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Hagelin ◽  
Eva Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Riverine Habitats ◽  
Juvenile Brown Trout

Abstract Worldwide declines in salmonid populations have generated major interest in conservation and restoration of wild populations and riverine habitats. Species reintroductions to previous habitats raises questions about their potential impact on these systems. In River Klarälven, landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has been extinct from upper reaches for over 50 years due to hydropower dams. Here we study competitive interactions between salmon, grayling (Thymallus thymallus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta), that occur in the upper reaches of the river. We examine foraging rates, aggression and activity of juvenile fish in allopatry at three different densities and in sympatry with one or both potential competitors in laboratory flumes. Salmon captured prey less frequently in the presence of brown trout and grayling, whereas grayling and brown trout were unaffected by salmon, but affected each other. Grayling was the most aggressive and active species whereas salmon the least. Consequently, re-introduction of salmon probably will have little impact on grayling and brown trout, whereas grayling and brown trout could affect the success of re-introducing salmon.

Ghrelin increases food intake, swimming activity and growth in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta)

2014 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana B. Tinoco ◽  
Joacim Näslund ◽  
María J. Delgado ◽  
Nuria de Pedro ◽  
Jörgen I. Johnsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Juvenile Brown Trout

scholarly journals Individual differences in dominance-related traits drive dispersal and settlement in hatchery-reared juvenile brown trout

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge R. Sánchez-González ◽  
Alfredo G. Nicieza
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Introduced Fish ◽  
Juvenile Brown Trout

AbstractEffective management of exploited populations is based on an understanding of population dynamics and evolutionary processes. In spatially structured populations, dispersal is a central process that ultimately can affect population growth and viability. It can be influenced by environmental conditions, individual phenotypes, and stochastic factors. However, we have a limited knowledge of the relative contribution of these components and its interactions, and which traits can be used as reliable predictors of the dispersal ability. Here, we conducted a longitudinal field experiment aimed to identify traits which can be used as proxy for dispersal in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). We measured body size and standard metabolic rates, and estimated body shapes for 212 hatchery-reared juvenile fish that were marked with individual codes and released in a small coastal stream in northwest Spain. We registered fish positions and distances to the releasing point after 19, 41, 60 and 158 days in the stream. We detected a high autocorrelation of dispersal distances, demonstrating that most individuals settle down relatively soon and then hold stable positions over the study period. Body size and fish shape were reliable predictors of dispersal, with bigger and more robust-set individuals being more likely to settle closer to the release site than smaller and more elongated fish. In addition, the analysis of spacing and spatial patterns indicated that the dispersal of introduced fish could affect the distribution of resident conspecifics. All together, these results suggest that stocking programs aimed to the enhancement of overexploited populations at fine spatial scales can be optimized by adjusting the size and shape of the introduced fish to specific management targets and environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to produced water during early life stages: Effects on embryos, larvae, and juvenile fish

2010 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 383-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonnich Meier ◽  
H. Craig Morton ◽  
Gunnar Nyhammer ◽  
Bjørn Einar Grøsvik ◽  
Valeri Makhotin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages

Unidirectional Natural Hybridization between Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic Salmon (S. salar) in Newfoundland

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1953-1958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin McGowan ◽  
William S. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Natural Hybridization ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Isolating Mechanisms ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Sexually Mature

Protein electrophoresis and mitochondrial DNA analysis were used to detect the frequency and direction of natural hybridization between brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (S. salar) in nine Newfoundland rivers. In total, 37 hybrids were discovered in a sample of 792 juvenile fish for a regional frequency of 4.67%. Local frequencies ranged from 0.00 to 18.75% and were significantly heterogeneous. All of the hybrids sampled were produced from matings between female brown trout and male Atlantic salmon. Possible reasons for the breakdown of prereproductive isolating mechanisms between these species are considered. Reproductive characteristics of the populations involved appear to have a major influence on the dynamics of hybridization between these species in Newfoundland. It is proposed that an abundance of sexually mature Atlantic salmon parr in Newfoundland streams is responsible for both the frequency and direction of hybridization observed in this study.

Changes in Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Breathing Rate During Moderate Swimming Activity in Rainbow Trout

1967 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. DON STEVENS ◽  
D. J. RANDALL
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Breathing Rate ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Pressure Changes

1. Changes in blood pressure in the dorsal aorta, ventral aorta and subintestinal vein, as well as changes in heart rate and breathing rate during moderate swimming activity in the rainbow trout are reported. 2. Blood pressures both afferent and efferent to the gills increased during swimming and then returned to normal levels within 30 min. after exercise. 3. Venous blood pressure was characterized by periodic increases during swimming. The pressure changes were not in phase with the body movements. 4. Although total venous return to the heart increased during swimming, a decreased blood flow was recorded in the subintestinal vein. 5. Heart rate and breathing rate increased during swimming and then decreased when swimming ceased. 6. Some possible mechanisms regulating heart and breathing rates are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide and Salt for Control of Fungal Infections on Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Eggs

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolina Novakov ◽  
Vladislav Mandić ◽  
Brankica Kartalović ◽  
Bojana Vidović ◽  
Nenad Stojanac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Malachite Green ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hatching Rate

Background: Fungal infections can cause serious problems infecting fish eggs, especially unfertilized or dead eggs. In the past, this problem was solved by using very effective chemicals such as malachite green and formalin. But, due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity, malachite green was banned for use in fish intended for human consumption. Formalin also has been banned in most countries. Chemicals and drugs recommended for use to treat fungal infections are hydrogen peroxide, salt, potassium permanganate etc. The goal of the present study was to determine and compare the efficacy of antifungal effects of hydrogen peroxide and sodium chloride on brown trout eggs.Materials, Methods & Results: The experiment was conducted in the brown trout hatchery, Šipovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The experimental groups contained 500 and 1000 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide with 15 and 30 min of exposition; 1 and 2.5% of sodium chloride with 15 and 30 min of exposition and a negative control group (no chemical treatment). The treatment concentrations were calculated and prepared from hydrogen peroxide of 35% active ingredient, and sodium chloride (sterilized) of 100% active ingredient. Eggs for the study were spawned from 11 females and 4 males. The first treatment was performed on the fourth day, and each next treatment was performed at 3-day intervals. Six treatments were administered until the 19th day after the fertilization. The treatment of the eggs was provided until the eggs reached the eyed stage. The effectiveness of the chemical treatments was measured by a hatch rate. There was a significant difference between all treated groups and the negative control group (P < 0.05). Hydrogen peroxide with a concentration of 500 mg/L for 30 min was the most effective and demonstrated a higher hatching rate (75.7%). Sodium chloride treatments resulted in statistically significantly lower hatching rates than hydrogen peroxide treatments. The hatching rate in salt treatment with a concentration of 2.5% for 30 min was 27.3% lower than in hydrogen peroxide treatment with a concentration of 500 mg/L for 30 min.Discussion: Hydrogen peroxide is an effective antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral compound, and according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), hydrogen peroxide and salt are approved and classified as a low regulatory priority for the control of oomycetes on all species and life stages of fish. It is considered to be a very environmentally compatible chemical because it does not produce any toxic bioproducts when it decomposes. Hydrogen peroxide stood out as the best candidate substance for fungal control. The fact that the treatment with hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 500 mg/L for 30 min was more effective than treatments at a concentration of 1000 mg/L can be explained by temperature dependency and treatment frequency of this chemical. Salt was not such an effective fungicide as hydrogen peroxide. When using salt, toxicity to the eggs should also be considered. Salt solutions may cause egg deaths at levels of 2.5% or higher. It is possible that high salinities have an inhibitory effect on the movement of fish embryo due to the high osmotic impact on the perivitelline layer. Thus, hydrogen peroxide has proven to be efficient, inexpensive, easy to use and environmentally safe in preventing fungal infections on brown trout eggs.

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