scholarly journals Behavioral and Developmental Changes in Brown Trout After Exposure to the Antidepressant Venlafaxine

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ziegler ◽  
Michel Banet ◽  
Rebecca Bauer ◽  
Heinz-R. Köhler ◽  
Sabine Stepinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Fish Tissue ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Stressful Environment ◽  
Prescription Rates

During the last decades, depression has been diagnosed in increasing numbers, accompanied by rising prescription rates of antidepressants. Concomitantly, these pharmaceuticals are frequently detected in surface waters. Serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors such as venlafaxine form the second largest group of antidepressants worldwide, and venlafaxine is the second most prescribed antidepressant in Germany. As drug targets are evolutionary highly conserved, venlafaxine can potentially change not only behavior and related physiological processes in humans but also in non-target species, especially aquatic organisms. In order to test this hypothesis for fish, we exposed brown trout larvae and juveniles to venlafaxine at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,000 μg/L. Larvae were exposed for 5 months from the eyed ova stage until 8 weeks post yolk-sac consumption at 7 and 11 °C. Juveniles were exposed for 4 weeks at 7 °C. Mortality, weight, length, behavior during exposure and behavior in a stressful environment were recorded in both experiments. For larvae, additionally, hatching rate and heart rate were analyzed. In juvenile fish, tissue cortisol levels were determined. Our results clearly showed, that brown trout, irrespective of their life stage, change their behavior when being exposed to venlafaxine: During exposure, venlafaxine at 7 °C caused larvae to sojourn in the upper part of the aquaria for a longer time, with a lowest observed effect concentration of 100 μg/L. In a stressful environment with limited space, fish exposed to ≥10 μg/L venlafaxine were less active than controls. Furthermore, venlafaxine reduced the growth of larvae (length at ≥10 μg/L, weight at 1 mg/L) and their survival after 5 months (at 1 mg/L). Hatching rate and heart rate of larvae as well as tissue cortisol concentration of juveniles were not affected by venlafaxine treatment.

scholarly journals Impact of the antidepressant citalopram on the behaviour of two different life stages of brown trout

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ziegler ◽  
Sarah Knoll ◽  
Heinz-R. Köhler ◽  
Selina Tisler ◽  
Carolin Huhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Juvenile Brown Trout

Background Over the last two decades, there has been a constant increase in prescription rates of antidepressants. In parallel, neuroactive pharmaceuticals are making their way into aquatic environments at increasing concentrations. Among the antidepressants detected in the environment citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is one of the most commonly found. Given citalopram is specifically designed to alter mood and behaviour in humans, there is growing concern it can adversely affect the behaviour on non-target wildlife Methods In our study, brown trout were exposed to citalopram (nominal concentrations: 1, 10, 100, 1000 µg/L) in two different life stages. Larvae were exposed at 7 and 11 °C from the eyed ova stage until 8 weeks post yolk sac consumption, and juvenile brown trout were exposed for 4 weeks at 7 °C. At both stages we measured mortality, weight, length, tissue citalopram concentration, behaviour during exposure and behaviour in a stressfull environment. For brown trout larvae additionally hatching rate and heart rate, and for juvenile brown trout the tissue cortisol concentration were assessed. Results During the exposure, both larvae and juvenile fish exposed to the highest test concentration of citalopram (1 mg/L) had higher swimming activity and spent longer in the upper part of the aquaria compared to control fish, which is an indicator for decreased anxiety. Most probably due to the higher swimming activity during the exposure, the juveniles and larvae exposed to 1 mg/L citalopram showed decreased weight and length. Additionally, in a stressful artificial swimming measurement device, brown trout larvae displayed the anxiolytic effect of the antidepressant by reduced swimming activity during this stress situation, already at concentrations of 100 µg/L citalopram. Chemical analysis of the tissue revealed rising citalopram tissue concentrations with rising exposure concentrations. Tissue concentrations were 10 times higher in juvenile fish compared to brown trout larvae. Fish plasma concentrations were calculated, which exceeded human therapeutic levels for the highest exposure concentration, matching the behavioural results. Developmental parameters like hatching rate and heart rate, as well as mortality and tissue cortisol content were unaffected by the antidepressant. Overall, we could trace the pharmacological mode of action of the antidepressant citalopram in the non-target organism brown trout in two different life stages.

scholarly journals Physiological, Developmental, and Biomarker Responses of Zebrafish Embryos to Sub-Lethal Exposure of Bendiocarb

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Gyöngyi Gazsi ◽  
Zsolt Czimmerer ◽  
Bence Ivánovics ◽  
Izabella Roberta Berta ◽  
Béla Urbányi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Health Organization

Bendiocarb is a broad-spectrum insecticide recommended for malaria control by the World Health Organization (WHO). Still, bendiocarb poses a toxic risk to populations of nontargeted aquatic organisms. Thus, our study was aimed to evaluate the sub-lethal effects of bendiocarb exposure on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos by assessing of physiological, developmental, and biochemical parameters. Bendiocarb-induced adverse effects on embryonic development, larval growth, heart rate, changes in phase II detoxifying enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, oxidative stress-related enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)), and the damage-linked biomarker lipid peroxidation (LPO) in early life stage zebrafish were investigated. Our results highlight that the selected nonlethal concentrations (96 h median lethal concentration in this study was 32.52 mg/L−1) of bendiocarb inflicted adverse effects resulting in embryo deformities (96 h EC50 = 2.30 mg L−1), reduced body- and notochord length (above 0.75 and 0.39 mg L−1 bendiocarb concentrations at 96 hpf, respectively), oxidative stress, and altered heart rate (above 0.4 mg L−1 at 48 hpf) in the studied model system.

scholarly journals Development and Molecular Investigation into the Effects of Carbamazepine Exposure in the Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 8882
Author(s):  
Huihui Chen ◽  
Huiting Yang ◽  
Yanyan Zhao ◽  
Xiaohong Gu ◽  
Christopher J. Martyniuk
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Antiepileptic Drug ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
Neurotransmitter System

Concerns regarding environmental exposures and the impacts of pharmaceuticals on non-target aquatic organisms continue to increase. The antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ) is often detected as an aquatic contaminant and can disrupt various behaviors of fishes. However, there are few reports which investigate the mechanism of CBZ action in fish. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of CBZ on embryonic development (i.e., hatching rate, heart rate, and body length) and early spontaneous movement. Moreover, we sought to investigate potential mechanisms by focusing on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system in zebrafish 6 days after of exposure. The results show that CBZ exposure did not cause significant effects on embryo development (hatching rate, heart rate, nor body length) at the test concentrations. However, the early spontaneous movement of embryos was inhibited following 10 μg/L CBZ exposure at 28–29 h post-fertilization (hpf). In addition, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and GABA concentrations were increased with exposure, whereas glutamate (Glu) concentrations were decreased in larval zebrafish. Gene expression analysis revealed that GABA and glutamate metabolic pathways in zebrafish larvae were altered following exposure to CBZ. GABA transaminase (abat) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad1b) decreased to 100 µg/L, and glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 1b (grin1b) as well as the glutamate receptor, ionotropic, α-amino-3hydroxy-5methylisoxazole-4propionic 2b (gria2b) were down-regulated with exposure to 1 µg/L CBZ. Our study suggests that CBZ, which can act as an agonist of the GABAA receptor in humans, can also induce alterations in the GABAergic system in fish. Overall, this study improves understanding of the neurotoxicity and behavioral toxicity of zebrafish exposed to CBZ and generates data to be used to understand mechanisms of action that may underlie antiepileptic drug exposures.

scholarly journals Candidalysin impedes the development of embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Shen ◽  
JingCong Tan ◽  
Haochun Shi ◽  
Jie Zhou ◽  
Yanbin Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Human Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Developmental Effects ◽  
First Time

Abstract Candidalysin is a cytolytic peptide secreted by Candida albicans, an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that was widely spread in clinic and in the environment. However, its impacts on the development of aquatic organisms remain limited. Herein, we explored the developmental effects of candidalysin on embryonic zebrafish at concentrations from 0.008 to 160 mg/L. In acute exposure, decreased survival rate with EC50 at 49.5 mg/L were observed. Meanwhile, in high-dose exposure groups (5-160 mg/L), an increased swimming frequency were observed at candidalysin concentrations of 10 mg/L and above. In chronic exposure, decreased spontaneous contraction, hatching rate and heart rate were identified in low-dose exposure groups (0.008-5 mg/L). Especially for the heart rate, significant changes were observed at candidalysin concentrations as low as 0.008 mg/L (environmentally relevant). The present study first time pointed out the developmental toxicities of candidalysin on fish that was rarely investigated, and thus contributed to its environmental risk assessment.

Unidirectional Natural Hybridization between Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic Salmon (S. salar) in Newfoundland

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1953-1958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin McGowan ◽  
William S. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Natural Hybridization ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Isolating Mechanisms ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Sexually Mature

Protein electrophoresis and mitochondrial DNA analysis were used to detect the frequency and direction of natural hybridization between brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (S. salar) in nine Newfoundland rivers. In total, 37 hybrids were discovered in a sample of 792 juvenile fish for a regional frequency of 4.67%. Local frequencies ranged from 0.00 to 18.75% and were significantly heterogeneous. All of the hybrids sampled were produced from matings between female brown trout and male Atlantic salmon. Possible reasons for the breakdown of prereproductive isolating mechanisms between these species are considered. Reproductive characteristics of the populations involved appear to have a major influence on the dynamics of hybridization between these species in Newfoundland. It is proposed that an abundance of sexually mature Atlantic salmon parr in Newfoundland streams is responsible for both the frequency and direction of hybridization observed in this study.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide and Salt for Control of Fungal Infections on Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Eggs

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolina Novakov ◽  
Vladislav Mandić ◽  
Brankica Kartalović ◽  
Bojana Vidović ◽  
Nenad Stojanac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Malachite Green ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hatching Rate

Background: Fungal infections can cause serious problems infecting fish eggs, especially unfertilized or dead eggs. In the past, this problem was solved by using very effective chemicals such as malachite green and formalin. But, due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity, malachite green was banned for use in fish intended for human consumption. Formalin also has been banned in most countries. Chemicals and drugs recommended for use to treat fungal infections are hydrogen peroxide, salt, potassium permanganate etc. The goal of the present study was to determine and compare the efficacy of antifungal effects of hydrogen peroxide and sodium chloride on brown trout eggs.Materials, Methods & Results: The experiment was conducted in the brown trout hatchery, Šipovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The experimental groups contained 500 and 1000 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide with 15 and 30 min of exposition; 1 and 2.5% of sodium chloride with 15 and 30 min of exposition and a negative control group (no chemical treatment). The treatment concentrations were calculated and prepared from hydrogen peroxide of 35% active ingredient, and sodium chloride (sterilized) of 100% active ingredient. Eggs for the study were spawned from 11 females and 4 males. The first treatment was performed on the fourth day, and each next treatment was performed at 3-day intervals. Six treatments were administered until the 19th day after the fertilization. The treatment of the eggs was provided until the eggs reached the eyed stage. The effectiveness of the chemical treatments was measured by a hatch rate. There was a significant difference between all treated groups and the negative control group (P < 0.05). Hydrogen peroxide with a concentration of 500 mg/L for 30 min was the most effective and demonstrated a higher hatching rate (75.7%). Sodium chloride treatments resulted in statistically significantly lower hatching rates than hydrogen peroxide treatments. The hatching rate in salt treatment with a concentration of 2.5% for 30 min was 27.3% lower than in hydrogen peroxide treatment with a concentration of 500 mg/L for 30 min.Discussion: Hydrogen peroxide is an effective antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral compound, and according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), hydrogen peroxide and salt are approved and classified as a low regulatory priority for the control of oomycetes on all species and life stages of fish. It is considered to be a very environmentally compatible chemical because it does not produce any toxic bioproducts when it decomposes. Hydrogen peroxide stood out as the best candidate substance for fungal control. The fact that the treatment with hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 500 mg/L for 30 min was more effective than treatments at a concentration of 1000 mg/L can be explained by temperature dependency and treatment frequency of this chemical. Salt was not such an effective fungicide as hydrogen peroxide. When using salt, toxicity to the eggs should also be considered. Salt solutions may cause egg deaths at levels of 2.5% or higher. It is possible that high salinities have an inhibitory effect on the movement of fish embryo due to the high osmotic impact on the perivitelline layer. Thus, hydrogen peroxide has proven to be efficient, inexpensive, easy to use and environmentally safe in preventing fungal infections on brown trout eggs.

Effects of Guitar Accompaniment Patterns on Hospitalized Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kory Antonacci ◽  
Nicole Steele ◽  
Jacob Wheatley ◽  
Donna M Weyant ◽  
Beverly Brozanski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Stressful Environment ◽  
The Difference

Abstract A neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) can be an extremely stressful environment for infants receiving complex medical care at a pediatric facility. Music therapy can help address the stressful environment by increasing comfort and relaxation as well as decreasing a patient’s physiological response of heart rate and respiratory rate. A randomized controlled trial was completed, examining the effects of 2 guitar accompaniment patterns on infants (an arpeggiated pattern and a bass/chord pattern) in a NICU. There were 180 infants enrolled with mean chronological ages of 7.4 ± 6.1 weeks and postmenstrual ages (gestational age at birth + their chronological age) of 39.8 ± 7.9 weeks. All subject enrollees participated in a 12-minute initial music therapy session. Outcome measures included heart rate, respirations, and comfort responses. The results of the research study demonstrated that the arpeggiated guitar pattern had a lower mean heart rate and respiratory across all 3 data points (pre, during, and post intervention); however, the difference in means between the 2 accompaniment pattern groups was not statistically significant. Using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) to measure comfort response, the results demonstrated no difference between the 2 group accompaniment patterns. Although the results show no significant differences among accompaniment pattern groups, the researchers describe the clinical significance that supports the use of both accompaniment patterns as suitable interventions for infants in the NICU receiving music therapy intervention.

Competition among juvenile brown trout, grayling and landlocked Atlantic salmon in flumes - predicting effects of interspecific interactions on salmon reintroduction success

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Hagelin ◽  
Eva Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Riverine Habitats ◽  
Juvenile Brown Trout

Abstract Worldwide declines in salmonid populations have generated major interest in conservation and restoration of wild populations and riverine habitats. Species reintroductions to previous habitats raises questions about their potential impact on these systems. In River Klarälven, landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has been extinct from upper reaches for over 50 years due to hydropower dams. Here we study competitive interactions between salmon, grayling (Thymallus thymallus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta), that occur in the upper reaches of the river. We examine foraging rates, aggression and activity of juvenile fish in allopatry at three different densities and in sympatry with one or both potential competitors in laboratory flumes. Salmon captured prey less frequently in the presence of brown trout and grayling, whereas grayling and brown trout were unaffected by salmon, but affected each other. Grayling was the most aggressive and active species whereas salmon the least. Consequently, re-introduction of salmon probably will have little impact on grayling and brown trout, whereas grayling and brown trout could affect the success of re-introducing salmon.

scholarly journals Effect of Cadmium and Nickel Exposure on Early Development in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3005
Author(s):  
Seyed Javid Aldavood ◽  
Louise C. Abbott ◽  
Zachary R. Evans ◽  
Daniel J. Griffin ◽  
MaKenzie D. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Combined Exposures ◽  
Low Exposure ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Danio Rerio Embryos

Exposure to even low concentrations of heavy metals can be toxic to aquatic organisms, especially during embryonic development. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the toxicity of nickel and cadmium in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of each metal alone or in combination from 4 h through to 72 h postfertilization. Neither metal altered survival, but individual and combined exposures decreased hatching rate. Whereas cadmium did not affect total body length, trunk area, eye diameter, or eye area, nickel alone and in combination with cadmium decreased each morphological parameter. Yolk sac area, an index of metabolic rate, was not affected by nickel, but was larger in embryos exposed to high cadmium concentrations or nickel and cadmium combined at high concentrations. Nickel decreased spontaneous movement, whereas cadmium alone or nickel and cadmium combined had no effect. Neither metal altered elicited movement, but nickel and cadmium combined decreased elicited movement. Myosin protein expression in skeletal muscle was not altered by cadmium exposure. However, exposure to nickel at low concentrations and combined exposure to nickel and cadmium decreased myosin expression. Overall, nickel was more toxic than cadmium. In conclusion, we observed that combined exposures had a greater effect on movement than gross morphology, and no significant additive or synergistic interactions were present. These results imply that nickel and cadmium are toxic to developing embryos, even at very low exposure concentrations, and that these metals act via different mechanisms.

scholarly journals A statistical and spatial analysis of chemical contaminants in Cocos Lagoon, Guam

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Char'Mane Robinson ◽  
Andrew Mason
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Fish Tissue ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Cocos Island

Cocos Lagoon is located on the southwestern end of the coast of Guam, and contains extensive coral reefs and an array of fish species. Within the Lagoon is a former US Coast Guard LORAN station on Cocos Island. Hazardous materials appear to have been disposed of on land and in near shore waters during the operation of the LORAN station, between the years of 1944 and 1963, exposing surrounding waters, sediment, fish species and humans to these materials. As part of a project to quantify chemical contaminants in Cocos Lagoon, and to address local and agency human health concerns, approximately 190 chemical contaminants were analyzed in sediments from 25 sites, along with 27 fish tissue samples from 16 sites. Higher levels of chemical contaminants were found in fish tissues collected from around Cocos Island, the site of the former LORAN station. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), for example, were above an EPA recreational fishers’ screening value (SV) in some fish species from around Cocos Island, indicating risk to humans consuming fish from this area. PCBs at high concentrations are known to cause negative effects on resident marine aquatic organisms and human health concerns include cancer. Characterizing contaminant impacts to aquatic marine organisms and possible human health results from this project will provide resource managers with key information needed to make effective decisions for the health of Cocos Lagoon and also gauge the efficacy of restoration activities. The results show high levels of PCBs in the fish species from Coco Lagoon. This indicates that there is a high risk of adverse health effects such as cancer if consumed by humans.

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