scholarly journals Morphological and anatomical adaptations to dry, shady environments in Adiantum reniforme var. sinense (Pteridaceae)

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9937
Author(s):  
Di Wu ◽  
Linbao Li ◽  
Xiaobo Ma ◽  
Guiyun Huang ◽  
Chaodong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Primary Structure ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Anatomical Adaptations ◽  
Lygodium Japonicum ◽  
Pteris Multifida

The natural distribution of the rare perennial fern Adiantum reniforme var. sinense (Pteridaceae), which is endemic to shady cliff environments, is limited to small areas of Wanzhou County, Chongqing, China. In this study, we used brightfield and epifluorescence microscopy to investigate the anatomical structures and histochemical features that may allow this species to thrive in shady, dry cliff environments. The A. reniforme var. sinense sporophyte had a primary structure and a dictyostele. The plants of this species had an endodermis, sclerenchyma layers and hypodermal sterome, reflecting an adaption to dry cliff environments. Blades had a thin cuticle and isolateral mesophyll, suggesting a tolerance of shady environments. These characteristics are similar to many sciophyte ferns such as Lygodium japonicum and Pteris multifida. Thus, the morphological and anatomical characteristics of A. reniforme var. sinense identified in this study are consistent with adaptations to shady, dry cliff environments.

scholarly journals Degraded forest lands and pine plantations in homogeneous ecological areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Flores ◽  
J. Méndez-González ◽  
H.J. Muñoz-Flores
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Range ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Degraded Forest ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Plant Adaptation ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
The North ◽  
Forest Lands ◽  
North And South

 Objectives: i) to determine the total degraded areas of EZ in the country, ii) estimate the priority degraded areas for restoration planting, and iii) assess the species and planted areas of the Pinus genus and whether these were within their natural distribution range.Design/methodology/approach: total EZ degradation surfaces and priority degraded areas for restoration plantings were determined with the Germplasm Movement Zones and Restoration Zones of the Comisión Nacional Forestal (NationalForestry Commission, CONAFOR), while planted surfaces were estimated from the CONAFOR records from 2016 to 2018.Results: on degradation, it was shown that three EZ had large areas, six EZ intermediate areas and 32 EZ small areas; two degradation types (III.C and III.D) were prioritized and viable for restoration plantings; four species (23 %) were established outside their natural distribution range while ten (59 %) were within it, three species were undefined.Study limitations/implications: for restoration of areas, it is necessary to avoid high initial plant mortality and poor growth.Findings/conclusions: the north of the country has larger areas with degradation,while the center, north and south have areas with medium and low degradation; planting species outside their distribution range leads to plant adaptation problems.

scholarly journals Anatomy and Histochemistry of the Roots and Shoots in the Aquatic Selenium Hyperaccumulator Cardamine hupingshanensis (Brassicaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 318-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiqian Xiang ◽  
Jiajia Ming ◽  
Hongqing Yin ◽  
Yunfen Zhu ◽  
Yajie Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Suberin Lamellae

AbstractThe perennial selenium (Se) hyperaccumulator Cardamine hupingshanensis (Brassicaceae) thrives in aquatic and subaquatic Se-rich environments along the Wuling Mountains, China. Using bright-field and epifluorescence microscopy, the present study determined the anatomical structures and histochemical features that allow this species to survive in Se-rich aquatic environments. The roots of C. hupingshanensis have an endodermis with Casparian walls, suberin lamellae, and lignified secondary cell walls; the cortex and hypodermal walls have phi (Φ) thickenings; and the mature taproots have a secondary structure with a periderm. The stems possess a lignified sclerenchymal ring and an endodermis, and the pith and cortex walls have polysaccharide-rich collenchyma. Air spaces are present in the intercellular spaces and aerenchyma in the cortex and pith of the roots and shoots. The dense fine roots with lignified Φ thickenings and polysaccharide-rich collenchyma in the shoots may allow C. hupingshanensis to hyperaccumulate Se. Overall, our study elucidated the anatomical features that permit C. hupingshanensis to thrive in Se-rich aquatic environments.

scholarly journals Evolution of Speech

2018 ◽  
pp. 840-864
Author(s):  
Bart de Boer ◽  
Tessa Verhoef
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Evolution Of Speech ◽  
Anatomical Adaptations ◽  
Cognition And Culture

This chapter discusses the biological and cultural evolution of speech. It presents fossil and comparative evidence about how anatomical structures may have adapted to speech over evolutionary time and how this can help estimate when speech evolved. It also discusses how cultural transmission shapes systems of speech sounds, and how this is important to understand the biological evolution of cognitive adaptations to learning and using speech. It discusses experimental techniques to investigate cultural evolution of speech in a laboratory setting. From the evidence presented, it is likely that anatomical adaptations to complex vocal communication are at least as old as the latest common ancestor with Neanderthals (c 400 000 years ago), that cognitive adaptations are probably primary (and therefore even older than this), that cultural evolution is very important in shaping (systems of) speech sounds, and that therefore the evolution of speech was a complex co-evolution between anatomy, cognition, and culture.

Electron Diffraction of Wet Biological Membranes

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 158-159
Author(s):  
S.W. Hui ◽  
D.F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Biological Membranes ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Electron Diffraction Technique ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Collection Time ◽  
Camera Length

The development of the hydration stages for electron microscopes has opened up the application of electron diffraction in the study of biological membranes. Membrane specimen can now be observed without the artifacts introduced during drying, fixation and staining. The advantages of the electron diffraction technique, such as the abilities to observe small areas and thin specimens, to image and to screen impurities, to vary the camera length, and to reduce data collection time are fully utilized. Here we report our pioneering work in this area.

Selection and Preparation of Specific Tissue Regions For Tem Using Large Epoxy-Embedded Blocks

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 324-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Lowrie ◽  
W. S. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Embedded Blocks ◽  
Specific Tissue ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Selection Of

The importance of examining stained 1 to 2μ plastic sections by light microscopy has long been recognized, both for increased definition of many histologic features and for selection of specimen samples to be used in ultrastructural studies. Selection of specimens with specific orien ation relative to anatomical structures becomes of critical importance in ultrastructural investigations of organs such as the lung. The uantity of blocks necessary to locate special areas of interest by random sampling is large, however, and the method is lacking in precision. Several methods have been described for selection of specific areas for electron microscopy using light microscopic evaluation of paraffin, epoxy-infiltrated, or epoxy-embedded large blocks from which thick sections were cut. Selected areas from these thick sections were subsequently removed and re-embedded or attached to blank precasted blocks and resectioned for transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Ultrastructure and Morphology of the Neurospora Crassa Cell Wall Mutants, Slime And Slime X, Using Tem and Sem

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Karen S. Howard ◽  
H. D. Braymer ◽  
M. D. Socolofsky ◽  
S. A. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Morphological Comparison ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
X Cells ◽  
Mutant Cells ◽  
Isolated Cell

The recently isolated cell wall mutant slime X of Neurospora crassa was prepared for ultrastructural and morphological comparison with the cell wall mutant slime. The purpose of this article is to discuss the methods of preparation for TEM and SEM observations, as well as to make a preliminary comparison of the two mutants.TEM: Cells of the slime mutant were prepared for thin sectioning by the method of Bigger, et al. Slime X cells were prepared in the same manner with the following two exceptions: the cells were embedded in 3% agar prior to fixation and the buffered solutions contained 5% sucrose throughout the procedure.SEM: Two methods were used to prepare mutant and wild type Neurospora for the SEM. First, single colonies of mutant cells and small areas of wild type hyphae were cut from solid media and fixed with OSO4 vapors similar to the procedure used by Harris, et al. with one alteration. The cell-containing agar blocks were dehydrated by immersion in 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP).

Selective Sampling and Orientation of Non-Homogeneous Tissues

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 98-99
Author(s):  
C. C. Clawson ◽  
L. W. Anderson ◽  
R. A. Good
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
New Method ◽  
Microscope Examination ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Selective Sampling ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Specific Orientation

Investigations which require electron microscope examination of a few specific areas of non-homogeneous tissues make random sampling of small blocks an inefficient and unrewarding procedure. Therefore, several investigators have devised methods which allow obtaining sample blocks for electron microscopy from region of tissue previously identified by light microscopy of present here techniques which make possible: 1) sampling tissue for electron microscopy from selected areas previously identified by light microscopy of relatively large pieces of tissue; 2) dehydration and embedding large numbers of individually identified blocks while keeping each one separate; 3) a new method of maintaining specific orientation of blocks during embedding; 4) special light microscopic staining or fluorescent procedures and electron microscopy on immediately adjacent small areas of tissue.

The crystallization of thin-film ceramics

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
J.M. Schwartz ◽  
L.F. Francis ◽  
L.D. Schmidt ◽  
P.S. Schabes-Retchkiman
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Processing Route ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Ceramic Thin Films ◽  
Complex Shapes ◽  
Sol Gel Process ◽  
Ceramic Precursors ◽  
Crystalline Ceramic

Ceramic thin films and coatings are of interest for electrical, optical, magnetic and thermal barrier applications. Critical for improved properties in thin films is the development of specific microstructures during processing. To this end, the sol-gel method is advantageous as a versatile processing route. The sol-gel process involves depositing a solution containing metalorganic or colloidal ceramic precursors onto a substrate and heating the deposited layer to form a crystalline or non-crystalline ceramic coating. This route has several advantages, including the ability to create tailored microstructures and properties, to coat large or small areas, simple or complex shapes, and to more easily prepare multicomponent ceramics. Sol-gel derived coatings are amorphous in the as-deposited state and develop their crystalline structure and microstructure during heat-treatment. We are particularly interested in studying the amorphous to crystalline transformation, because many key features of the microstructure such as grain size and grain size distribution may be linked to this transformation.

Anatomical characteristics and tissue localization of various flavonoid subclasses in Cotinus coggygria stem and leaf cross-sections

Planta Medica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Antal ◽  
F Ardelean ◽  
F Andrica ◽  
C Danciu ◽  
S Avram
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Tissue Localization ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Cotinus Coggygria

Influence of anatomy on the adhesion performance of four wood species

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e31942727
Author(s):  
João Gabriel Missia da Silva ◽  
Pedro Nicó de Medeiros ◽  
Denise Ransolin Soranso ◽  
Vinicius Peixoto Tinti ◽  
José Tarcísio da Silva Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Glue Line ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Adhesion Performance ◽  
Adhesion Process

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of anatomical characteristics on the adhesion performance of Vatairea sp., Paulownia sp., Aspidosperma populifolium and Tectona grandis wood. Specimens for anatomical, physical and mechanical analyzes were produced from tangentially oriented boards. The treatments were joint glued from pieces of the same anatomical orientation (radial and tangential), evaluated for shear strength and glue line failure. The Vatairea sp wood had the highest specific gravity (0.74 g cm-3) and the Paulownia sp (0.34 g cm-3) wood was smaller. Aspidosperma populifolium species showed the highest shear strength in the glue line in the tangential and radial faces. The anatomical variables with higher influence on the wood adhesion process were pith ray cells and especially fibers that exhibit the greatest correlation with the shear strength of the glue line.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document