The Unheard Stories of the Sidewalk Vendors of Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto O. Golosino
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
The Real ◽  
Contested Space ◽  
Key Informant Interview

Due to the unequal distribution of economic growth, the urban centers outrun the rural areas in terms of progress. This picture allures many of the low income individuals to congregate to the cities and urban hubs in search of quick money. Because of the mismatch between demand and supply of labor, they ended up becoming new entrants to the informal sector and conquer the sidewalks to earn a living. Their presence was ignored until contested space became an issue. Without their intentions, their encroachment on the roads and sidewalks created rivalry in terms of resource utilization. To assess the real score of the issue, this research was undertaken. It involves a combination of opinion survey, key informant interview and secondary data. It attempts to approach the issue in terms of political/legal, social and economic frameworks. The results indicated that street vending becomes a trade of people with no economic recourse. Politicians accord on and off if not whimsical mode of addressing the problems. Indeed, sidewalk vendors are not the real problem but only an index of a more sophisticated social imbalance. It is recommended that local government units must act swiftly in designing an effective intervention program. Keywords - unheard stories, sidewalk vendors, Tagbilaran City

Intergroup Inequality in Wealth Ownership in Rural India: Caste, Tribe and Religion

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-132
Author(s):  
Nitin Tagade ◽  
Sukhadeo Thorat
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
Intergroup Inequality ◽  
The Impact

In India, the rural economy still remains crucially important in the economic wellbeing of the majority population. The low income and high poverty in rural areas are closely associated with unequal distribution of income-earning assets, particularly agricultural land and non-land capital assets. In this article, therefore, we try to understand the intergroup inequality in wealth ownership across caste, ethnic and religious groups in rural India based on the 2013 data from the All India Debt and Investment survey carried out by National Sample Survey Office. The results indicate high interpersonal wealth inequality so also the intergroup wealth inequality at the aggregate level and by type of assets in rural India. The impact of caste on the ownership of wealth clearly indicates high ownership among Hindu high caste and Hindu other backward caste at the cost of low wealth share or ownership of the SC/ST indicating the existence of graded inequality.

scholarly journals Global mapping of urban–rural catchment areas reveals unequal access to services

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. e2011990118
Author(s):  
Andrea Cattaneo ◽  
Andrew Nelson ◽  
Theresa McMenomy
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Urban Hierarchy ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rural Catchment

Using travel time to cities of different sizes, we map populations across an urban–rural continuum to improve on the standard dichotomous representations of urban–rural interactions. We extend existing approaches by 1) building on central place theory to capture the urban hierarchy in access to services and employment opportunities provided by urban centers of different sizes, 2) defining urban–rural catchment areas (URCAs) expressing the interconnection between urban centers and their surrounding rural areas, and 3) adopting a global gridded approach comparable across countries. We find that one-fourth of the global population lives in periurban areas of intermediate and smaller cities and towns, which challenges the centrality of large cities in development. In low-income countries, 64% of the population lives either in small cities and towns or within their catchment areas, which has major implications for access to services and employment opportunities. Intermediate and small cities appear to provide catchment areas for proportionately more people gravitating around them than larger cities. This could indicate that, for countries transitioning to middle income, policies and investments strengthening economic linkages between urban centers and their surrounding rural areas may be as important as investing in urbanization or the rural hinterlands. The dataset provided can support national economic planning and territorial development strategies by enabling policy makers to focus more in depth on urban–rural interactions.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF MEDICAL CARE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-513
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Quality Of Health Services ◽  
Metropolitan Counties

There have been extraordinary advances in medical care and prevention of disease among infants and children. Morbidity and mortality rates have shown remarkable declines in recent years following the introduction of new therapeutic agents. The fact still remains, however, that there are wide gaps in the distribution of medical care. There are sections of the country where the infant mortality is higher than the national average of a generation ago. In isolated rural areas, the physicians' services for children are less, both in quantity and quality, than in on near urban centers. In the outlying areas, not only specialists but also general practitioners were found to be relatively few; there were only one-third as many general practitioners for the same number of children in isolated counties as in greater metropolitan counties. The economic factor has an all-pervading influence. Where per capita income is low, the quantity and quality of health services are proportionately low. Thus, even in the more favored metropolitan areas, there are gaps in services for families of low income.

scholarly journals Farmers’ Poverty Eradication Policies and Resolution of Developing Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thanh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Real

The problem of farmers' poverty eradication is one of puzzles of many governments. Beside political purposes, the real subsidy of governments for farmers varies from countries to others. Their policies usually aim to enhance the live of poor farmers who are the most low income stratum in the society. The governmental policies could alleviate this social problem in short term, and most of them seem to be modestly successful and confronted serious criticism. The resolution of the socio-economic situation is still a question for many agricultural countries. This paper presents the subsidy policies of some developing countries with their success and failures; the author also introduces the experiences of solving farmers' poverty in rural areas and proposes resolutions.

Challenges Faced by B.P.L. Population in Availing Public Healthcare – Analysing Government Initiatives, Technology and Cultural Barriers in Aligarh District, U.P

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Fahad Afzal ◽  
P.S. Raychaudhuri ◽  
Mohd Atif Afzal ◽  
Afaq Amir Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Low Income Population

Public healthcare and government health initiative have always been in question regarding their availability, efficiency, and quality. This matter most for the poor section of society who have to go through various hurdles to avail the basic treatment, besides financial problems. The aim of this survey study was to analyze the present scenario of public healthcare system and the challenges in availing public healthcare faced by BPL (Below Poverty Line) and low-income population of Uttar Pradesh. A cross-sectional survey (direct interview) of 104 respondents was conducted in March 2021. Thematic analysis of generated qualitative data was done using ATLAS.ti (version 9.0.15). The quantitative data was analyzed by using SPSS (version 22.0.0.0). The respondents were from 2 rural areas near the Aligarh district in UP. The secondary data from published research articles and government sources were also analyzed. Analysis of data revealed there are various challenges faced by low-income population while availing public healthcare services. The nature of challenges has a considerable variation, from lack of information to documents’ unavailability, from technical issues in government schemes to cultural pressure. Data analysis revealed, the majority of respondents (59%) faced one or more types of challenges during treatment from public health facilities. Awareness level is identified as a significant problem among respondents. Analysis of secondary data and literature review revealed uneven resource allocation and discrepancies in government initiatives toward UHC (Universal Health Coverage). Results indicated the contrasting nature of healthcare in Uttar Pradesh. Data analysis revealed the disparity of ‘average OOP travelling expenditure’ for male and female. The correlation analysis revealed that there is negative correlation (y = -0.1377x + 11.119) of ‘age of respondent’ and ‘average satisfaction from public health service’ (r = -0.911; R² = 0.8301). This research article provides the evidence that there exists a communication gap between policymakers and end-users (BPL & low-income section). This article underscored some technical flaw in the UHC policies that act as a barrier for low socio economic and BPL population. This article suggests strategies to control various identified challenges.

Pattern of Digital Divide and Convergence in Access to ICT Facilities among the Indian States

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Tanushree Agarwal ◽  
Prasant Kumar Panda
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
High Income ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Economic Developments

Information and communication technology (ICT) such as Internet, mobile phones, computers and related network interfaces facilitate promotion of economic growth by improving the allocation and productivity of labour and capital, and also by promoting trade and competition in market. But these regional developments led by ICT technologies are not realised if there is a digital divide. In India, uneven digital developments may lead to uneven economic developments. Unless ICT developments grow faster in low-income states, they cannot catch up with high-income states, economically. In this context, this article aims to analyse the changing pattern of the digital divide and empirically examines the convergence in access to ICT facilities across the Indian states. The secondary data for 15 major states of India is used for the time period 2008–17 by considering three ICT variables, namely, telephone users, mobile phone users and Internet users per 100 populations. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to construct ICT access index. With PCA scores, the Indian states are ranked at two data points and convergence is verified by using sigma and beta convergence techniques. Findings suggest that there is an uneven access to ICT facilities across the Indian states. In the last decade, the low-income states are growing on a better pace than the high-income states in providing access to facilities such as telephone and mobile phones. However, there is evidence of the divergence in the use of Internet facilities. So the governments’ attention in improving these facilities in the low-income states, particularly in rural areas and lagging districts, is important. Special policies and schemes need to be devised to promote the access of Internet services in the lagging states.

scholarly journals Antibiotic overuse in the primary health care setting: a secondary data analysis of standardised patient studies from India, China and Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. e003393
Author(s):  
Giorgia Sulis ◽  
Benjamin Daniels ◽  
Ada Kwan ◽  
Sumanth Gandra ◽  
Amrita Daftary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Watery Diarrhoea ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Antibiotic Overuse ◽  
Primary Care Settings

IntroductionDetermining whether antibiotic prescriptions are inappropriate requires knowledge of patients’ underlying conditions. In low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where misdiagnoses are frequent, this is challenging. Additionally, such details are often unavailable for prescription audits. Recent studies using standardised patients (SPs) offer a unique opportunity to generate unbiased prevalence estimates of antibiotic overuse, as the research design involves patients with predefined conditions.MethodsSecondary analyses of data from nine SP studies were performed to estimate the proportion of SP–provider interactions resulting in inappropriate antibiotic prescribing across primary care settings in three LMICs (China, India and Kenya). In all studies, SPs portrayed conditions for which antibiotics are unnecessary (watery diarrhoea, presumptive tuberculosis (TB), angina and asthma). We conducted descriptive analyses reporting overall prevalence of antibiotic overprescribing by healthcare sector, location, provider qualification and case. The WHO Access–Watch–Reserve framework was used to categorise antibiotics based on their potential for selecting resistance. As richer data were available from India, we examined factors associated with antibiotic overuse in that country through hierarchical Poisson models.ResultsAcross health facilities, antibiotics were given inappropriately in 2392/4798 (49.9%, 95% CI 40.8% to 54.5%) interactions in India, 83/166 (50.0%, 95% CI 42.2% to 57.8%) in Kenya and 259/899 (28.8%, 95% CI 17.8% to 50.8%) in China. Prevalence ratios of antibiotic overuse in India were significantly lower in urban versus rural areas (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 0.70, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.96) and higher for qualified versus non-qualified providers (aPR 1.55, 95% CI 1.42 to 1.70), and for presumptive TB cases versus other conditions (aPR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.33). Access antibiotics were predominantly used in Kenya (85%), but Watch antibiotics (mainly quinolones and cephalosporins) were highly prescribed in India (47.6%) and China (32.9%).ConclusionGood-quality SP data indicate alarmingly high levels of antibiotic overprescription for key conditions across primary care settings in India, China and Kenya, with broad-spectrum agents being excessively used in India and China.

scholarly journals Mulheres de meios populares e a construção de modos de participação nas culturas do escrito (Minas Gerais, Brasil, Século XX)

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Ana Maria De Oliveira Galvão ◽  
Kelly Aparecida De Sousa Queiroz ◽  
Mônica Yumi Jinzenji
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
Research Show

How do low-income women build, throughout their lives, ways to participate in written culture? What are the main instances that “sponsor” this participation? What kind of participation is built? This article aims to analyze the tactics through which low-income, uneducated black women, who were born in rural areas and today live in a slum in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, built their participation in written culture during the mid-20th century. Oral history was used as methodological approach to interview 33 women. A survey of secondary data about their hometowns was also performed. The theoretical framework includes the works done in the fields of cultural history, sociology of reading, and orality and literacy. The results of the research show that family, school, the urban environment, and the participation in social movements were, in general, responsible for the women’s participation in written culture. The research also shows that they performed different ways of participation. Some women became literary readers, wrote poems and music, and developed very organized speeches. However, most of them experienced a distant relationship with the written world: they learned how to sign their names and developed tactics to live in a written-centered society, such as memorization and the help from people who know how to read and write.

scholarly journals Education, Employment, and Income: An Overview of Rural-Urban Gaps in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 647-661
Author(s):  
Nguyen Phuong Le ◽  
Do Kim Chung
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Doi Moi ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Since the time of Doi Moi, the Vietnamese government has implemented a variety of policies to foster more balanced economic growth and development between rural and urban sectors. Several government policies that have been enacted were in the fields of agricultural reform and rural development. However, uneven development between urban and rural areas still exists. Based on secondary data, this study shows the urban-rural gaps in terms of education, employment, and income. The paper points out that the higher the level of education a person attains, the more considerable the disparities between urban and rural inhabitants can be observed. This fact strongly influences the occupations and incomes of urban as well as rural workers. The recommended policies to reduce the gaps between urban and rural areas include enhancing credit access for rural people, particularly to the poor; improving access to education and job training opportunities for formal sector employment; and entrepreneurial support to start household businesses, which all serve to increase income opportunities for low-income groups in the rural sector.

scholarly journals Sanitary conditions diagnosis in vulnerable communities in the City of Recife and its influence on Covid-19 cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérsica Moraes Nogueira da Silva ◽  
Athos Farias Menezes ◽  
Maria do Carmo Sobral
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Significant Deficit ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

The Covid-19 pandemic calls into question deficiencies in current public policies and infrastructure of basic services to the population in large urban centers. From health systems, environmental sanitation and social protection, particularly for the low-income population, this opens the debate of the values and priorities at different scales. The research study area are subnormal settlements located in the neighborhoods of Pina and Brasília Teimosa in the Metropolitan Region of Recife. The aim was to assess the sanitary conditions in ZEIS, by conducting semi-structured interviews and assessing secondary data. Among the interviewees, only 56.3% said they had sanitary sewage collection and another 74.4% (n=1041) had access to water supply by Compesa, showing a significant deficit in the provision of basic services. With the pandemic, the necessary production of detailed empirical field data from the perspective of the peripheries faces great scientific challenges. Ensuring access to ideal sanitary conditions is a right for all and is related in an integrated way to multiple SDGs of the 2030 agenda. Demanding safe, adequate and affordable housing, and inclusive and sustainable urbanization, with capacity for planning and management of participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlements.

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