scholarly journals Changing Patterns of Temperature in Yobe State, North-Eastern Nigeria: An Evidence of Climate Change

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-72
Author(s):  
O. Musa Kehinde ◽  
Bulama Lawan ◽  
A. Ahmad Umar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
General Term ◽  
The State ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Excessive Heat ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

Air temperature is one of the fundamental indicators of Climate Change in any place on earth. Understanding the changing patterns of air temperature in Yobe State is instrumental in establishing the manifestation of Climate Change in the area and to enables the policy makers to design the best mechanisms to cope with the vagaries of increasing temperature. This study examined the changing patterns of temperature in Yobe State as an evidence of Climate Change. The study used mean monthly minimum and maximum air temperature data collected from the archives of the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) with respect to Nguru and Potiskum weather stations in the State for a period of 1956-2015. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear regression trend lines and coefficient of variation (C.V). The result showed that April is the hottest month with the highest mean maximum temperatures of 39.6°C and 38.6°C in Nguru and Potiskum respectively while January is the coldest month with mean temperatures of 30.5°C and 30.8°C for Nguru and Potiskum respectively. Further finding revealed that temperatures are highly variable in February in both Nguru and Potiskum with C.V of 8.7% and 5.7% and less variable in October with C.V of 2.0%. Finding showed that in general term, there were upward trends in monthly and annual positive temperature anomalies ranging from 0.2°C to as high as 4.0°C in some months and years in the state. The study concludes that temperatures in Yobe State have witnessed series of changes within the 60 years period. Therefore, it is suggested that stakeholders in the Yobe State Environmental Protection Agency should intensify efforts in reducing deforestation while encouraging people on afforestation with a view to reducing the impact of Greenhouse gases that are contributing to more warming than normal. There should be adequate electricity and water supply for immediate relieve from excessive heat emanating from high temperature.

scholarly journals Análise Espaço-Temporal das Temperaturas no Ceará no Contexto das Mudanças Climáticas

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 743
Author(s):  
Arnóbio De Mendonça Barreto Cavalcante ◽  
Eliane Barbosa Santos ◽  
Vicente de Paula Silva Filho Silva Filho ◽  
Vanessa de Almeida Dantas ◽  
Luciana Cristina De Sousa Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
The State ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Maximum Minimum ◽  
Meteorological Institute

O aumento de temperatura do ar é uma realidade inquestionável. Vários trabalhos em macroescala confirmam esse fato, mas é preciso melhorar nossa compreensão, também, em escalas menores. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar e comparar as normais climatológicas das temperaturas máxima, mínima e média compensada do período de 1961-1990 (normal de referência) com as normais climatológicas provisórias de 1994-2015, com o propósito de identificar mudanças nos padrões de temperatura e obter uma avaliação mais refinada das mudanças climáticas ocorridas nas últimas décadas no estado do Ceará, Brasil. Para tal, utilizou-se do banco de dados meteorológicos do INMET. O comportamento das temperaturas máxima, mínima e média compensada revelou para todas as estações selecionadas, um padrão de aumento do período 1994-2015 em relação ao período 1961-1990, da ordem de 0,7 oC, 0,4 oC e 0,6 oC em média, respectivamente. Destaca-se que esse aumento alcançou todo o estado mas, como cada localidade apresenta particularidades, a alta da temperatura não foi uniforme variando em função do setor do estado. As temperaturas médias foram “puxadas” para cima mais por conta dos aumentos das temperaturas máximas do que devido às medidas das temperaturas mínimas.Palavras-chave: Aquecimento do Ar; Normais Climatológicas; Mesoescala.  Space-Time Analysis of Temperatures in Ceará in the Context of Climate Change  A B S T R A C TSpatiotemporal analysis of temperatures in Ceará-Brazil in the context of climate change. The rise in air temperature is an unquestionable reality. Several studies in macroscale confirm this fact, but we must improve our understanding also at smaller scales. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the climate normals of maximum, minimum and average temperature of the 1961-1990 period (normal reference) with the provisional climate normals from 1994 to 2015, with the purpose of identifying changes in temperature patterns and a more refined assessment of climate change over the past decades in the state of Ceará. For this, the database is used, taken from the National Meteorological Institute of Brazil (INMET). The behavior of the maximum, minimum and average temperature revealed for all selected stations, a pattern of increased period 1994-2015 for the period 1961-1990, in the order of 0.7 °C, 0.4 °C and 0.6 oC in average, respectively. It is noteworthy that this increase reached throughout the state but as each location has special features, the temperature rise has not been uniform. It changed due to the state section. Average temperatures were "pulled" up more because of the rise in maximum temperatures that due to the measures of minimum temperatures.Keywords: Air Warming, Climate Normals, Mesoscale.

The Impact of Climate Change on States

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 115-132
Author(s):  
Łukasz Kułaga
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Law ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Fundamental Change ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The increase in sea levels, as a result of climate change in territorial aspect will have a potential impact on two major issues – maritime zones and land territory. The latter goes into the heart of the theory of the state in international law as it requires us to confront the problem of complete and permanent disappearance of a State territory. When studying these processes, one should take into account the fundamental lack of appropriate precedents and analogies in international law, especially in the context of the extinction of the state, which could be used for guidance in this respect. The article analyses sea level rise impact on baselines and agreed maritime boundaries (in particular taking into account fundamental change of circumstances rule). Furthermore, the issue of submergence of the entire territory of a State is discussed taking into account the presumption of statehood, past examples of extinction of states and the importance of recognition in this respect.

scholarly journals Effects of climate changes on phenological periods of apple, cherry and wheat in TurkeyTürkiye’de iklim değişikliğinin elma, kiraz ve buğdayın fenolojik dönemlerine etkileri

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Necla Türkoğlu ◽  
Serhat Şensoy ◽  
Olgu Aydın
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Relationships

It is known that the increase in air temperature from 1980 to present has dramatically changed the phenological periods of the plants in a large part of the world. In this study, the relationships between phenological periods of wheat plant, apple and cherry trees planted large areas in Turkey and climate change were investigated. In this study, the climate and phenological data for 1971-2012 period belonging to the General Directorate of Meteorology were used. The correlation coefficients between temperature and phenological data were calculated, and their trends were examined using Mann-Kendall trend analysis. In Turkey, positive temperature anomalies have been observed since 1994 until present days. Negative relationships were found between phenological periods of apple, cherry and wheat and the average temperatures of February-May period when the plants grow faster. This situation shows that the plants shift their phenological periods to the earlier times in response to the increasing temperatures. The trend calculated for harvest times of apple, cherry, and wheat are -25, -22, -40 days/100 years respectively. It was calculated that an increase of 1.0ºC in the temperatures of the February-May period will shift the harvest times of apple, cheery and wheat by 5, 4 and 8 days earlier respectively. Özet1980’lerden günümüze hava sıcaklıklarındaki artış, Dünya’nın büyük bir bölümünde bitkilerin fenolojik dönemlerini önemli ölçüde değiştirmiştir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de geniş alanlar kaplayan buğday, elma ve kiraz bitkilerinin fenolojik dönemleri ile iklim değişikliği arasındaki ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü’ne ait 1971-2012 döneminin iklim ve fenolojik verileri kullanılmıştır. Sıcaklık ile fenolojik veriler arasındaki korelasyon katsayıları hesaplanmış ve Mann- Kendall trend analizi ile eğilimlerine bakılmıştır. Türkiye’de 1994 yılından bu yana pozitif sıcaklık anomalileri bulunmuştur. Elma, kiraz ve buğdayın fenolojik dönemleri ile bitki gelişiminin fazla olduğu şubat-mayıs ortalama sıcaklıkları arasında negatif ilişki saptanmıştır. Bu durum bitkilerin artan sıcaklıklara tepki olarak fenolojik dönemlerini erkene kaydırdıklarını göstermektedir. Elma, kiraz ve buğdayın hasat tarihleri için hesaplanan trend sırasıyla-25, -22, -40 gün/100 yıl şeklindedir. Şubat-mayıs arası sıcaklıklarda 1.0°C’lik artışın anılan bitkilerin hasat tarihlerini sırasıyla 5, 4 ve 8 gün erkene kaydıracağı hesaplanmıştır.

scholarly journals Climate Variability and Consequences for Crime, Insurgency in North East Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonaventure N. Nwokeoma ◽  
Amadi Kingsley Chinedu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Excessive Heat ◽  
North East ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
The Social ◽  
Change Events ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Climate change discussion has primarily focused on the physical manifestation, mitigation, adaptation and finance issues. However, little attention is given to the social consequences of climate change impact especially its relationship to crime in society. Specifically, little or no research has been focused on its impact on crime, especially in developing societies. This study which examined the impact of climate change and its consequences on crime specifically terrorist activities in the Northeast of Nigeria is an effort to fill this research gap. The study adopted a cross-aged design which involves in depth interview of 200 farmers in four selected states of the zone. The outcome is that climate change awareness in the zone is very low. The climate change events identified are rapid desertification, excessive heat and drought. The consequence is that most farmers lost farmlands and agricultural products to these climate change events. Also most of the farmers who are youths were rendered redundant due to the negative impact of these climate events on crops and agriculture. Consequently they engage in alternative activities like menial jobs, while some engage in criminal activities like drug addiction, theft, political thugery, armed robbery, kidnapping and terrorism. They become ready tools for recruitment by Boko-Haram terrorists who are active in the area. It is recommended that massive enlightenment and effective mitigation program should be conducted, youth who are not in school should be convinced to embrace education. Also measures and projects to re-engage the youths back to agriculture should be promoted.

scholarly journals Impactos das mudanças climáticas na demanda hídrica e duração do ciclo do sorgo forrageiro e feijão-caupi no estado de Pernambuco

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 542
Author(s):  
José Edson Florentino de Morais ◽  
Thieres George Freire da Silva ◽  
Marcela Lúcia Barbosa ◽  
Wellington Jairo da Silva Diniz ◽  
Carlos André Alves de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
The State ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Forage Sorghum

O aumento na ocorrência de eventos climáticos extremos nas últimas décadas é uma forte evidência das mudanças climáticas. Em regiões Semiáridas, onde a pressão de desertificação tem se intensificado, são esperadas diminuição da disponibilidade de água e maior ocorrência de períodos seca, e, consequentemente, efeitos na resposta fisiológica das plantas. Assim, objetivou-se analisar os impactos dos cenários de mudanças climáticas sobre a duração do ciclo fenológico e a demanda de água do sorgo forrageiro e do feijão-caupi cultivados no Estado de Pernambuco. Foram utilizados os valores mensais da normal climatológica brilho solar, temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar e velocidade do vento de dez municípios. Considerou-se um aumento de 1,8°C (Cenário B2) e 4,0°C (Cenário A1F1) na temperatura do ar e um decréscimo de 5,0% dos valores absolutos de umidade relativa do ar, além do aumento de 22% na resistência estomática e de 4% no índice de área foliar. Com base nessas informações foram gerados três cenários: situação atual e projeções futuras para B2 e A1F1. Os resultados revelaram uma redução média de 11% (B2) e 20% (A1F1), e de 10% (B2) e 17% (A1F1) na duração do ciclo, e de 4% (B2) e 8% (A1F1), e 2% (B2) e 5% (A1F1) na demanda de água acumulada para o sorgo forrageiro e feijão-caupi, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a magnitude das reduções da duração do ciclo e a demanda de água simulada para as culturas do sorgo forrageiro e do feijão-caupi variaram espaço-temporalmente no Estado de Pernambuco com os cenários de mudanças climáticas.ABSTRACT The increase in the occurrence of extreme weather events in recent decades is a strong evidence of climate change. In semiarid regions, where the pressure of desertification has intensified, are expected to decrease in the availability of water and higher occurrence of drought periods, and, consequently, effects on physiological response of plants. Thus, the objective of analyzing the impacts of climate change scenarios on the duration of phenological cycle and water demand of forage sorghum and cowpea, grown in the State of Pernambuco. Monthly values were used normal climatological solar brightness, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed of ten municipalities. It was considered an increase of 1.8° C (B2 Scenario) and 4.0° C (A1F1 Scenario) on air temperature and a decrease of 5.0% of the absolute values of relative humidity, in addition to the 22% increase in stomatal resistance and 4% in leaf area index. Based on this information were generated three scenarios: current situation and future projections for B2, A1F1. The results revealed an average reduction of 11% (B2) and 20% (A1F1), and 10% (B2) and 17% (A1F1) for the duration of the cycle, and 4% (B2) and 8% (A1F1), and 2% (B2) and 5% (A1F1) in accumulated water demand for forage sorghum and cowpea, respectively. It is concluded that the magnitude of the reductions in the duration of the cycle and the simulated water demand for crops of forage sorghum and cowpea ranged space-temporarily in the State of Pernambuco with climate change scenarios.

Institutional Transformation and Changing Networking Patterns in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianjun Zhang ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Yanlong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Firm Growth ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
The State ◽  
Institutional Transformation ◽  
Network Ties ◽  
Institutional Embeddedness ◽  
Network Investment ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTDrawing insights from the institutional embeddedness perspective, this article explores the changing patterns and significance of two types of strategic networking along with the institutional transformation in China. Using two-wave survey data on Chinese private firms, we find that after the state relaxed its control of resources the importance of networking with the state tends to decline, while ties with market actors become increasingly important. Determinants of network investment have shifted from managers’ perceived importance of different types of network ties to a firm's immediate institutional environment. Finally, the impact of networking on firm growth has also altered over time. These findings advance our understanding of the crucial role of the institutional environment in shaping firms’ networking strategies and have important theoretical and practical implications.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Fruit-Picking Tourism: Impact and Adaptation

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Fan Chen ◽  
Quansheng Ge ◽  
Yunyun Li
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Tourism Impact ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Tourism Activity ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this work is to present phenology as a valid indicator and methodology for monitoring and assessing the impact of climate change on plant-based tourist activities. Fruit-picking has become a popular rural tourism activity worldwide. However, fruit maturity dates (FMD) have been affected by climate change (CC), which has in turn profoundly affected fruit-picking tourism activities (FPTA). In this paper, phenological data on the FMD for 45 types of plants in 1980–2012, dates for more than 200 fruit-picking festivals, and data on monthly average air temperature in 1980–2013 were used to assess the impact of CC on FPTA by wavelet and correlation analyses. The findings indicated that the study area had been significantly affected by CC. Prevailing temperatures at one or three months prior have a decisive influence on FMD. Among the 11 plants directly related to FPTA, the FMD of four were significantly advanced, while 6-7 were significantly delayed owning to increased temperature. Of the 11 FPTA, only two had realized the impact of CC and had adjusted festival opening dates based on dynamic changes. However, a considerable number of festival activities remained fixed or scheduled on the weekends.

scholarly journals Modelling the impact of climate change on the distribution and abundance of tsetse in Northern Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Longbottom ◽  
Cyril Caminade ◽  
Harry S. Gibson ◽  
Daniel J. Weiss ◽  
Steve Torr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Catch Data ◽  
Tsetse Population ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Climate change is predicted to impact the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases. Tsetse flies (Glossina) transmit species of Trypanosoma that cause human and animal African trypanosomiasis. A previous modelling study showed that temperature increases between 1990 and 2017 can explain the observed decline in abundance of tsetse at a single site in the Mana Pools National Park of Zimbabwe. Here, we apply a mechanistic model of tsetse population dynamics to predict how increases in temperature may have changed the distribution and relative abundance of Glossina pallidipes across northern Zimbabwe. Methods Local weather station temperature measurements were previously used to fit the mechanistic model to longitudinal G. pallidipes catch data. To extend the use of the model, we converted MODIS land surface temperature to air temperature, compared the converted temperatures with available weather station data to confirm they aligned, and then re-fitted the mechanistic model using G. pallidipes catch data and air temperature estimates. We projected this fitted model across northern Zimbabwe, using simulations at a 1 km × 1 km spatial resolution, between 2000 to 2016. Results We produced estimates of relative changes in G. pallidipes mortality, larviposition, emergence rates and abundance, for northern Zimbabwe. Our model predicts decreasing tsetse populations within low elevation areas in response to increasing temperature trends during 2000–2016. Conversely, we show that high elevation areas (> 1000 m above sea level), previously considered too cold to sustain tsetse, may now be climatically suitable. Conclusions To our knowledge, the results of this research represent the first regional-scale assessment of temperature related tsetse population dynamics, and the first high spatial-resolution estimates of this metric for northern Zimbabwe. Our results suggest that tsetse abundance may have declined across much of the Zambezi Valley in response to changing climatic conditions during the study period. Future research including empirical studies is planned to improve model accuracy and validate predictions for other field sites in Zimbabwe.

scholarly journals Enviromental factors as the elements determing the development of floating homes

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Emilia MISZEWSKA ◽  
Maciej NIEDOSTATKIEWICZ ◽  
Radosław WIŚNIEWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
North America ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The State ◽  
Land Prices ◽  
The Impact

The popularity of Floating Homes in Western Europe and North America is noticeable. The interest in these facilities in Poland is also constantly growing. The popularity of Floating Homes is due to climate change, rising land prices and population density in city centers. However, environmental factors play a significant role in their development. The publication presents the results of research on the impact of environmental factors on the development of Floating Homes in Poland. As part of the research, the most important environmental factors were identified and then, using the State of the Surroundings Scenarios (SSS) method, an initial scenario of their development was developed. The most probable scenario was developed, the purpose of which was to identify the most favorable factors - strengths and unfavorable factors - weaknesses responsible for the development opportunities of Floating Homes in Poland. Additionally, a surprise scenario was prepared, which indicated factors that may unexpectedly accelerate the development of Floating Homes in Poland or slow it down.

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