scholarly journals Biocontrol of Fungi Associated with Onion (Allium cepa) Bulb Rot during Post Harvest

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Theresa E. Omara- Achong ◽  
Peggy A. Okey ◽  
Edward N. Okey ◽  
Patience M. Ukpong
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Onion Bulb ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
In Vitro Testing ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Bulb Rot

Post-harvest deterioration is a major problem of onions (Allium cepa) in Nigeria. The use of chemicals has been the main control measure. Chemicals are hazardous and environmentally unfriendly. There is therefore, a need for search for effective bio-pesticides as alternatives. A survey of fungal onions diseases was conducted in two markets in Mkpat Enin Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Two hundred onions bulbs (100 from each market) were collected separately from the two markets. The collected bulbs were put into separate polythene bags before taken to the laboratory for macroscopic and microscopic examinations. Fungal isolates were obtained from naturally infected bulbs and their pathogenicity confirmed using Kochs’ postulate. In vivo and in vitro testing based on growth inhibition were also carried out to determine the efficacy of the aqueous plant extracts. Phytochemical analysis of alcohol extracts was conducted following standard procedures. Results of market surveys indicated disease incidences of 26% and 23% from Akpaden and Ukam markets, respectively. Three fungal species were isolated and identified as Botrytis allii, Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria porri. Pathogenicity tests confirmed these isolates to be common agents of onion bulb rot. In vitro testing of Chromolaena odorata and Mangiferia indica leaf extracts at 10, 20 and 30% concentrations showed inhibitory effects of both extracts with increasing concentrations on the pathogens. C. odorata extracts indicated significantly higher inhibition, compared to M. indica. In vivo tests of the extracts also showed a significant growth inhibition of the pathogens on onion bulb rot, compared to the control. Phytochemical screening of the extracts indicated the presence of tannins, saponins, polyphenols and flavonoids. The antifungal activities of these extracts and their availability makes them potential control agents of fungal onion rot. C. odorata and M. indica plant extracts should therefore, be further explored as alternatives bio-control agents or onions fungal rot.

scholarly journals Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant capacities of Allium cepa, Allium sativum, and Monodora myristica using in vitro and in vivo models

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Chioma E. Irozuru Irozuru ◽  
Janet O. Olugbodi ◽  
Uche Okuu Arunsi ◽  
Olusola Ladeji
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Monodora Myristica

Background: Allium cepa, Allium sativum, and Monodora myristica are commonly sourced food condiments in every household in Nigeria. In the present study, we investigated the phytochemical compositions, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of these plants. Methods: The aqueous extracts from the A. cepa, A. sativum, and M. myristica were evaluated for phytochemical composition using standard protocols while the antioxidant activities were evaluated using the reducing power assay. Forty-five (45) Male Wistar rats (weighing 185±10 g) were divided into five groups (n=9) and were orally administered with 100 mg/kg BW each of A. sativum, M. myristica, A. cepa, and ascorbic acid while the control group received 0.5 mL/kg BW distilled water alone. Animals (n=3) from each group were sacrificed after the 20th, 25th, and 30th days of oral administration. The blood and tissue samples were collected for the analysis of biochemical parameters. Result: Our results revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and terpenes in the plant extracts. A. sativum had the highest reducing power capacity followed by M. myristica and then A. cepa. The in vitro antioxidants activities demonstrated by the plant extracts were higher than that of ascorbic acid but less than butylated hydroxytoluene. In vivo antioxidant studies showed a marked increase (p<0.05) in the level of catalase with a concurrent decrease (p<0.05) in the levels of MDA and H2O2 in the liver and kidney of rats administered with aqueous extracts of the condiments compared to the normal control and ascorbic acid in the following order control < ascorbic acid < A. cepa < M. myristica < A. sativum. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we infer that the aqueous extracts of A. cepa, A. sativum, and M. myristica are rich in antioxidants and as a result could serve as promising novel functional foods and nutraceuticals

scholarly journals Antiparasitic Activity of Single Solanum ferox Extract and Concoction with Zingiber zerumbet and Boesenbergia pandurata Extracts to Control Argulus sp. on Goldfish (Cyprinus carpio)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esti Handayani Hardi ◽  
Rudy Agung Nugroho ◽  
Irawan wijaya kusuma ◽  
gina Saptiani ◽  
agustina agustina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
In Vitro Testing ◽  
Testing Time ◽  
Antiparasitic Activity ◽  
Zingiber Zerumbet ◽  
High Death Rate ◽  
High Death

Argulus is an ectoparasite that frequently infects goldfish, with severe effects and a high death rate. The use of plant extracts has been widely reported to have antiparasitic activities, including one of the solasodine compounds in sour eggplant extracts. This research evaluated the antiparasitic activities of Compositions A (Solanum ferox and Zingiber zerumbet extract at 400 and 200 ppm, respectively), B (SFE and Boesenbergia pandurata at 900 ppm), and C (single Solanum ferox at 400 ppm). The research stages comprised 1) isolation and analysis of solasodine content in sour eggplant extracts and its extract composition, 2) in vitro antiparasitic activities on Argulus sp. at doses of 50 and 100 ppm with a testing time of 60–240 minutes, and 3) in vivo antiparasitic activities on Argulus sp. on goldfish at a dose of 100 ppm and observation for 2–12 hours of medication. The results showed that sour eggplant extracts had a solasodine concentration of 7.151 mg/L, whereas the derivative compositions A, B, and C were 656, 485, and 295 ppm, respectively. The in vitro testing demonstrated that composition A was effective for killing approximately 80–100% of Argulus, whereas compositions B and C killed 80–90% and 60–70%, respectively. Viewed from the effectiveness for killing parasites, the result was excellent (above 50%). The in vivo medication test was continued using three extract compositions at a dose of 100 ppm. Compositions A, B, and C were found to be capable of releasing 81.33, 75.67, and 71.00 arguli, respectively, per fish. We concluded that the single SFE extract and a concoction with BPE and ZZE had reasonable antiparasitic activity, whereas the concoction of SFE and ZZE killed more Argulus parasites at a higher rate.

Tamarix articulata (T. articulata) - An Important Halophytic Medicinal Plant with Potential Pharmacological Properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah M. Alnuqaydan ◽  
Bilal Rah
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Pharmacological Properties

Background:Tamarix Articulata (T. articulata), commonly known as Tamarisk or Athal in Arabic region, belongs to the Tamaricaece species. It is an important halophytic medicinal plant and a good source of polyphenolic phytochemical(s). In traditional medicines, T. articulata extract is commonly used, either singly or in combination with other plant extracts against different ailments since ancient times.Methods:Electronic database survey via Pubmed, Google Scholar, Researchgate, Scopus and Science Direct were used to review the scientific inputs until October 2018, by searching appropriate keywords. Literature related to pharmacological activities of T. articulata, Tamarix species, phytochemical analysis of T. articulata, biological activities of T. articulata extracts. All of these terms were used to search the scientific literature associated with T. articulata; the dosage of extract, route of administration, extract type, and in-vitro and in-vivo model.Results:Numerous reports revealed that T. articulata contains a wide spectrum of phytochemical(s), which enables it to have a wide window of biological properties. Owing to the presence of high content of phytochemical compounds like polyphenolics and flavonoids, T. articulata is a potential source of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. In view of these pharmacological properties, T. articulata could be a potential drug candidate to treat various clinical conditions including cancer in the near future.Conclusion:In this review, the spectrum of phytochemical(s) has been summarized for their pharmacological properties and the mechanisms of action, and the possible potential therapeutic applications of this plant against various diseases discussed.

Detoxifying Action of Aqueous Extracts of Mucuna pruriens Seed and Mimosa pudica Root Against Venoms of Naja nigricollis and Bitis arietans

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Ameh ◽  
Mamman Mohammed ◽  
Yusuf P. Ofemile ◽  
Magaji G. Mohammed ◽  
Ada Gabriel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Mimosa Pudica ◽  
Health Organization

Background: The World Health Organization included snakebite envenomation among Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2017. The importance of natural products from plants is enormous, given that most prescribed drugs originate from plants. Among this is Mucuna pruriens and Mimosa pudica, with many registered patents asserting their health benefits. Objective: This study investigated the in vitro neutralizing effects of Mucuna pruriens seed and Mimosa pudica root extracts on venoms of Naja nigricollis and Bitis arietans. Methods: In mice, the LD50 and phytochemical analysis of M. pruriens and M. pudica plant extracts were carried out prior to the evaluation of their haemolytic and fibrinolytic effect. Their effects on the activities of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were also assessed. Results: At a concentration of 50 mg/ml, both plant extracts were found to neutralize the fibrinolytic activity of N. nigricollis, but 400 mg/ml was required to neutralize the fibrinolytic activity of B. arietans. In haemolytic studies, 50 mg/ml concentration of M. pruriens extract suppressed haemolysis caused by N. nigricollis venom by 70% but at the same concentration, M. pudica extract reduced haemolysis by 49.4%. M. pruriens, at 50 mg/ml concentration, only inhibited phospholipase A2 activity by 7.7% but higher concentrations up to 400mg/ml had no effect against the venom of N. nigricollis; at 200 mg/ml. M. pudica extract inhibited PLA2 activity by 23%. Conclusion: The results suggest that M. pruriens and M. pudica may be considered as promising antivenom agents for people living in a snake-bite prone environment.

scholarly journals Stage-dependent effect of deferoxamine on growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro

Blood ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1250-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Whitehead ◽  
TE Peto
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Clinical Malaria ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
And Control ◽  
Speed Of Onset

Abstract Deferoxamine (DF) has antimalarial activity that can be demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. This study is designed to examine the speed of onset and stage dependency of growth inhibition by DF and to determine whether its antimalarial activity is cytostatic or cytocidal. Growth inhibition was assessed by suppression of hypoxanthine incorporation and differences in morphologic appearance between treated and control parasites. Using synchronized in vitro cultures of Plasmodium falciparum, growth inhibition by DF was detected within a single parasite cycle. Ring and nonpigmented trophozoite stages were sensitive to the inhibitory effect of DF but cytostatic antimalarial activity was suggested by evidence of parasite recovery in later cycles. However, profound growth inhibition, with no evidence of subsequent recovery, occurred when pigmented trophozoites and early schizonts were exposed to DF. At this stage in parasite development, the activity of DF was cytocidal and furthermore, the critical period of exposure may be as short as 6 hours. These observations suggest that iron chelators may have a role in the treatment of clinical malaria.

scholarly journals Regeneration linked miRNA modify tumor phenotype and can enforce multi-lineage growth arrest in vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siamak Salehi ◽  
Oliver D. Tavabie ◽  
Augusto Villanueva ◽  
Julie Watson ◽  
David Darling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Tumor Aggressiveness ◽  
Novel Treatment ◽  
Tumor Phenotype ◽  
Aggressive Tumor ◽  
In Vivo Growth ◽  
Regulation Of Regeneration

AbstractRegulated cell proliferation is an effector mechanism of regeneration, whilst dysregulated cell proliferation is a feature of cancer. We have previously identified microRNA (miRNA) that regulate successful and failed human liver regeneration. We hypothesized that these regulators may directly modify tumor behavior. Here we show that inhibition of miRNAs -503 and -23a, alone or in combination, enhances tumor proliferation in hepatocyte and non-hepatocyte derived cancers in vitro, driving more aggressive tumor behavior in vivo. Inhibition of miRNA-152 caused induction of DNMT1, site-specific methylation with associated changes in gene expression and in vitro and in vivo growth inhibition. Enforced changes in expression of two miRNA recapitulating changes observed in failed regeneration led to complete growth inhibition of multi-lineage cancers in vivo. Our results indicate that regulation of regeneration and tumor aggressiveness are concordant and that miRNA-based inhibitors of regeneration may constitute a novel treatment strategy for human cancers.

scholarly journals Potential In Vitro Inhibition of Selected Plant Extracts against SARS-CoV-2 Chymotripsin-Like Protease (3CLPro) Activity

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1503
Author(s):  
Carla Guijarro-Real ◽  
Mariola Plazas ◽  
Adrián Rodríguez-Burruezo ◽  
Jaime Prohens ◽  
Ana Fita
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Hydrolysis Product ◽  
Resonance Energy ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Turmeric Extract ◽  
Ic50 Value

Antiviral treatments inhibiting Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication may represent a strategy complementary to vaccination to fight the ongoing Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Molecules or extracts inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 chymotripsin-like protease (3CLPro) could contribute to reducing or suppressing SARS-CoV-2 replication. Using a targeted approach, we identified 17 plant products that are included in current and traditional cuisines as promising inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CLPro activity. Methanolic extracts were evaluated in vitro for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 3CLPro activity using a quenched fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. Extracts from turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizomes, mustard (Brassica nigra) seeds, and wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides subsp. erucoides) at 500 µg mL−1 displayed significant inhibition of the 3CLPro activity, resulting in residual protease activities of 0.0%, 9.4%, and 14.9%, respectively. Using different extract concentrations, an IC50 value of 15.74 µg mL−1 was calculated for turmeric extract. Commercial curcumin inhibited the 3CLPro activity, but did not fully account for the inhibitory effect of turmeric rhizomes extracts, suggesting that other components of the turmeric extract must also play a main role in inhibiting the 3CLPro activity. Sinigrin, a major glucosinolate present in mustard seeds and wall rocket, did not have relevant 3CLPro inhibitory activity; however, its hydrolysis product allyl isothiocyanate had an IC50 value of 41.43 µg mL−1. The current study identifies plant extracts and molecules that can be of interest in the search for treatments against COVID-19, acting as a basis for future chemical, in vivo, and clinical trials.

scholarly journals Chemical and biological control of Fusarium species involved in garlic dry rot at early crop stages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letizia Mondani ◽  
Giorgio Chiusa ◽  
Paola Battilani
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Great Capacity ◽  
Chemical Products

AbstractThe aim of the study was to test in vitro and in vivo the efficacy of triazoles and biocontrol agents (BCAs) against Fusarium proliferatum and F. oxysporum, the former signaled as the main causal agent of garlic dry rot and the latter also involved. In vitro trials were organized using potato dextrose agar with added chemicals or BCAs inoculated with selected F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum. Garlic cloves were dipped before sowing in suspensions prepared with the fungicides showing the best performances in vitro; then they were dipped in Fusaria suspension before sowing. In in vitro trials, the maximum Fusaria growth inhibition was performed by Propiconazole + Prochloraz (100%), followed by Tebuconazole (88.9%). BCAs showed great capacity to control Fusaria, with a maximum growth inhibition of 80% (Trichoderma harzianum + T. gamsii). In vivo bacterial BCAs showed a similar capacity to control F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum compared to chemical products (mean of severity index 18.6% and 11.7%, respectively). In vivo results confirmed the in vitro performances, except for Trichoderma, which had the worst performances in vivo. Therefore, the results are preliminary but promising for future field application.

scholarly journals A non-human primate in vitro functional assay for the early evaluation of TB vaccine candidates

npj Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Tanner ◽  
Andrew D. White ◽  
Charelle Boot ◽  
Claudia C. Sombroek ◽  
Matthew K. O’Shea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Functional Assay ◽  
Intermediate Precision ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Growth Inhibition Assay ◽  
Early Evaluation ◽  
Human Primate

AbstractWe present a non-human primate mycobacterial growth inhibition assay (MGIA) using in vitro blood or cell co-culture with the aim of refining and expediting early tuberculosis vaccine testing. We have taken steps to optimise the assay using cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells, transfer it to end-user institutes, and assess technical and biological validity. Increasing cell concentration or mycobacterial input and co-culturing in static 48-well plates compared with rotating tubes improved intra-assay repeatability and sensitivity. Standardisation and harmonisation efforts resulted in high consistency agreements, with repeatability and intermediate precision <10% coefficient of variation (CV) and inter-site reproducibility <20% CV; although some systematic differences were observed. As proof-of-concept, we demonstrated ability to detect a BCG vaccine-induced improvement in growth inhibition in macaque samples, and a correlation between MGIA outcome and measures of protection from in vivo disease development following challenge with either intradermal BCG or aerosol/endobronchial Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) at a group and individual animal level.

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