scholarly journals Thermal Degradation Conditions Effects on Selected Biomass Wastes and Characterization of Their Produced Biochar

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-59
Author(s):  
Taye Stephen Mogaji ◽  
Emmanuel O. Moses ◽  
Emmanuel Tolulope Idowu ◽  
Tien-Chien Jen
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Biomass Waste

Biochar has been proved to be effective in soil amelioration applications, carbon sequestration and also reduce GHG emissions which causes global warming. Biomass stands a greater chance of prevailing as a good source for the production of biochar, which in turn can be a solution for waste management. However, pyrolysis conditions for biochar production, together with feedstock characteristics largely control the physical and chemical properties of the yield biochar product. In this study, investigation on thermal degradation conditions effects on biochar production is carried out. Bio-char was produced using 35.3 litres fixed bed reactor from pyrolysis of Corn Cob (CC), Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) and Sugarcane Bagasse (SB) at temperatures ranging from 100°C to 500°C. The feedstock was also blended in ratio to each other and pyrolyzed to 250°C and 400°C. The analyzed results showed that higher pyrolysis temperatures resulted in lower bio-char mass recovery, higher ash contents, decreased fixed carbon and moisture content. Product characterization also showed that the produced biochar, independent of biomass waste type contained negligible amount of Sulphur (S) and Nitrogen which resulted in lower emission of SO2 and NO2 during the combustion process, this behaviour is observed to be more pronounced with the blended biochar samples investigated in this study as a result, the obtained bio-char product can be used directly for heating purposes. ANOVA test results for both volatile matter and Ash content of the produced biochar revealed that the P-value is greater than 0.01 independent of the biochar samples considered whereas for the fixed carbon of the same bio-char samples, P-value less than 0.01 is attained. These results show how control of biomass pyrolysis conditions can improve biochar chemical properties consequently biochar produced from biomass wastes could be a suitable candidate for alternative energy fuels in terms of quality and environment concern.

scholarly journals Chemical Properties of Charcoal Briquette with Composition Types of Gerunggang (Cratoxylon Arborescens) and Tumih (Combretocarpus Rotundatus) Wood from Tropical Peatlands

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Alpian ◽  
Raynold Panjaitan ◽  
Adi Jaya ◽  
Yanciluk ◽  
Wahyu Supriyati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Pioneer Plants

Charcoal briquettes can be an alternative energy and can be produced from Gerunggang and Tumih types of wood. These two types of wood are commonly found in Kalampangan Village as pioneer plants on burned peatlands. The research objective was to determine the chemical properties of charcoal briquettes produced from biomass waste from land processing without burning with several compositions of Gerunggang wood and Tumih wood. The chemical properties of charcoal briquettes refer to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01-6235-2000) and Standard Permen ESDM No. 047 of 2006. The results showed that all composition treatments in the ash content test, fixed carbon content and calorific value met the standards, while the test for volatile content in all treatment compositions did not meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01-6235-2000). The composition of the most potential chemical properties and following the two standards used is the composition of 100% Tumih with ash content of 7.67%, volatile matter content of 27.23%, fixed carbon of 55.00%, and heating value of 5902.18 cal/g.

Pyrolysis of Palm Pressed Fibre (PPF) towards Maximizing Bio-Oil Yield in a Fixed-Bed Reactor

2014 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 239-242
Author(s):  
K. Azduwin ◽  
Mohd Jamir Mohd Ridzuan ◽  
A.R. Mohamed ◽  
S.M. Hafis
Keyword(s):  
Heating Rate ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Palm Pressed Fibre ◽  
Increasing Demand

Increasing demand of fossils fuel for many purposes has cause for the limited sources which lead to the finding for new alternative energy based on biomass because of its sustainable properties. Palm-pressed fibre (PPF) is the biomass waste from palm oil processing which has use minimally for boiler to generate heat. The pyrolysis of PPF in a fixed-bed reactor has the potential as an alternative for its conversion into bio-oil, bio-char and gas. The characterization of PPF where involves elemental analysis, proximate analysis, calorific analysis and component analysis. The pyrolysis of the PPF was performed in the fixed-bed reactor at temperature between 300 - 700 °C and heating rate in the range of 10-70 °C/min with constant flow of nitrogen at 100 cm3/min and 30 minutes hold time.The highest bio-oil yield produced was 44.98% at optimum temperature 500°C and heating rate 30°C/min. By analysis the bio-oil using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), it was found to contains alkenes, ketones, polymeric hydroxyl compound, carboxylic acid, aldehyde and water.

Chemical Kinetics Modeling on Bio-Oil Production from Pyrolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse

2021 ◽  
Vol 1034 ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
Dewi Selvia Fardhyanti ◽  
Megawati ◽  
Haniif Prasetiawan ◽  
Noniek Nabuasa ◽  
Mohammad Arik Ardianta
Keyword(s):  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Bio Oil

Biomass is a source of alternative energy that is environmentally friendly and very promising as one of the sources of renewable energy at present. The best candidate for the biomass waste for pyrolysis raw material is sugarcane bagasse. The sugarcane bagasse is a fibrous residue that is produced after crushing sugarcane for its extraction. Sugarcane bagasse is very potential to produce bio-oil through a pyrolysis process. The advantage of utilizing sugarcane bagasse is to reduce the amount of waste volume. Pyrolysis is a simple thermochemical conversion that transforms biomass with the near absence of absence of oxygen to produce fuel. Experiments were carried out on the fixed bed reactor. The analysis was carried out over a temperature range of 300-500 °C under atmospheric conditions. Products that are usually obtained from the pyrolysis process are bio-oil, char, and gas. Product analysis was performed using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) analysis. This research is aimed to study the kinetics of the sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis process to produce bio-oil. Three different models were proposed for the kinetic study and it was found that model III gave the best prediction on the calculation of pyrolysis process. From the calculation results, kinetic parameters which include activation energy (Ea) and the k factor (A) at a temperature of 300 °C is 2.4730 kJ/mol and 0.000335 s-1, at a temperature of 400 °C is 3, 2718 kJ/mol and 0.000563 s-1, and at a temperature of 500 °C is 4.8942 kJ/mol and 0.0009 s-1.

Effects of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals on NOx Reduction in Coke Combustion

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 522-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Guang Chen ◽  
Hong Jing Han ◽  
Jia Lu ◽  
Dan Dan Li ◽  
Jin Lian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Alkaline Earth Metals ◽  
Reduction Ratio ◽  
Nox Emission ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Loading Amount

A series of coke samples with loading alkali and alkaline earth metals were prepared by the impregnation method, the NOx emission were investigated in a silica fixed bed reactor in the combustion process of raw coke and coke modified by Na, K, Ca and Mg. The results show that Na, K, Ca and Mg play in-situ catalytic effects on the NOx reduction reactions. When the loading amount of Na2CO3 is 2.0%, the NOx reduction ratio was around 17.4%, when the loading of K2CO3 is 2.0%, the amount of NOx emission is reduced by 26.5%. When the loading of CaCl2 is 2.0%, the amount of NOx emission is reduced by 22.3%. When the loading of MgCl2 is 2.0%, the NOx reduction ratio is about 10.9%.

scholarly journals Rice husk as an alternative energy for cement production and its effect on the chemical properties of cement

2018 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 01009
Author(s):  
Agus Maryoto ◽  
Gathot Heri Sudibyo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
The Impact

Production of rice husk in Central Java province is around 2,825,000 tonnes annually. It can be used as an alternative energy source to substitute coal in combustion during cement production. This study was conducted to determine the impact of rice husk as a substitute energy source in cement production. The observations of rice husk comprised calorimetric tests, physical and chemical tests, and percentage rice husk substitution for coal as firing energy. The chemical properties of the cement tested include the chemical content, MgO and SO3 contents, loss on ignition, insoluble residue, and total alkali. The results show that the chemical content of cement which is produced using rice husk as a substitute for coal in the combustion process still meets the Indonesian National Standard.

Ignition by Thermal Radiation of Polyethylene and Human Feces Combustible Wastes: Time and Temperature to Ignition

2014 ◽  
Vol 911 ◽  
pp. 373-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Arthur Firmino Monhol ◽  
Marcio Ferreira Martins
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
Radiative Heat ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Radiative Heat Flux ◽  
Human Feces ◽  
Combustible Wastes ◽  
Over The Top

Due to the growing energy demands of the world and the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, it is necessary to study new energy sources. The waste have a great potential to be tapped, as besides being a raw material abundant, their use helps in reducing the level of environmental pollution and curbing the volume of waste in cities. However, one should know well the combustion process these waste before using them as fuel. Thus, Ignition behavior of combustible wastes was studied in a built fixed bed reactor. To provide a controlled thermal radiation for the ignition instant, a radiative heat flux is generated by a metal surface called a cone heater calibrated to establish the radiative heat flux density provided by a thermal resistance of 2 kW. The heat flux was 25 to 30 kWm2 over the top surface of the fuels. To validate the process, experiments with charcoal were performed varying the diameter of particles and air flow. After this, the polyethylene and human feces were analyzed. Their effects were investigated on the ignition time.

Study on NO Emission during Co-Combustion of PVC and Biomass

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 2423-2427
Author(s):  
Yan Fen Liao ◽  
Guang Yang ◽  
Xiao Qian Ma
Keyword(s):  
No Reduction ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Rice Hull ◽  
No Emission ◽  
Experiment Data ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Reducing Substances ◽  
Good Agreement

In this work, some combustion experiments on PVC, rice hull, and their mixture were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor to obtain the influence of temperature, oxygen concentrations on the emission of NO. The NO emission during the co-combustion of PVC and rice hull had the same tendency as the rice hull combustion had, and it increased slowly along with the rising of temperature and oxygen concentration. The experiment results also indicate the co-combustion leaded to lower NO concentration, and it was considered that some reducing substances existed in co-combustion process leaded to a certain reduction in NO emission. The FactSage and Chemkin simulation results have a good agreement with the experiment data, and reveal that the main production reactions are: NO2+ONO+O2, NO2+HNO+OH. In addition, large amounts of volatile released by PVC in co-combustion process formed strong reducing atmospheres, which acted the major roles in the NO reduction.

scholarly journals TINJAUAN PEMANFAATAN SLUDGE CAKE PABRIK PULP KRAFT SEBAGAI ENERGI ALTERNATIF MELALUI PROSES GASIFIKASI

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syamsudin Syamsudin
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Steam Gasification ◽  
Gaseous Fuel ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Lime Kiln ◽  
Sludge Cake

Kraft pulp mills generate large amounts of sludge cake with typical calorific value of 24 MJ/kg (dry and ash-free basis). Sludge cake could be utilized as an alternative energy through gasification to produce medium gaseous fuel. Sludge cake has a high moisture content and low dewaterability, probably due to biomass from the microbial growth in the wastewater treatment by activated sludge. These problems could be overcome by the addition of filtration aid utilizing biomass waste from pulp mill and dewatering processes by TAMD method. Drying was continued by utilizing hot flue gas from the boiler or lime kiln. Steam gasification of sludge cake by allothermal model could produce a gaseous fuel with a calorific value of 11 MJ/Nm3. Allothermal gasification model of two reactors was able for handling sludge cake with a moisture content of <55%, but produce gas with a high tar content.Gasification or combustion of sludge cake on this model should be performed at temperatures >1200°C to prevent slagging and fouling problem. In contrast, allothermal gasification model of three reactors could produce gas with a low tar content. Heat of gasification reaction might be supplied from thecombustion of volatile gas. Pyrolysis could be performed at temperatures <500oC to permit adequateheat supply for gasification and high char yield. Substitution of natural gas with producer gas need topay attention to the redesign of the combustion process associated with the lower heat of combustion.Keywords: sludge cake, dewatering, gasification, steam, CO2, medium gaseous fuelABSTRAK Pabrik pulp kraft menghasilkan sludge cake dalam jumlah besar dengan nilai kalor tipikal 20 MJ/kg (dasar kering dan bebas abu). Sludge cake dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai energi alternatif melalui gasifikasi untuk menghasilkan bahan bakar gas medium. Sludge cake memiliki kadar air tinggi dan dewaterability rendah, disebabkan adanya biomassa hasil pertumbuhan mikroba pengolahan air limbahsecara lumpur aktif. Kendala ini diatasi dengan penambahan media bantu  filtrasi memanfaatkan limbah biomassa pabrik pulp dan proses dewatering dengan metode TAMD. Pengeringan dilanjutkan dengan memanfaatkan gas panas dari boiler atau lime kiln. Proses gasifikasi-kukus allothermal terhadap sludge cake dapat menghasilkan gas bakar dengan nilai kalor 11 MJ/Nm3. Gasifikasi allothermal model dua reaktor mampu menangani sludge cake dengan kadar air <55%, namun menghasilkan gas dengan kadar tar yang tinggi. Gasifikasi atau pembakaran sludge cake pada model ini sebaiknya dilakukan pada suhu di bawah 1200oC untuk menghindari terjadinya slagging dan fouling. Sebaliknya, gasifikasi allothermal model tiga reaktor dapat menghasilkan gas dengan kadar tar rendah. Panas reaksi gasifikasi mungkin dapat dipenuhi dari pembakaran gas volatil hasil pirolisis. Pirolisis dapat dilakukan pada suhu <500ºC dengan mempertimbangkan kecukupan suplai panas gasifikasi dan yield arang tinggi. Penggantian gas bumi dengan gas produser perlu memperhatikan redesign proses pembakaran terkait dengan panas pembakaran yang lebih rendah.Kata kunci: sludge cake, dewatering, gasifikasi, kukus, CO2, bahan bakar gas kalor medium

Effect of particle size and temperature on gasification performance of coconut and palm kernel shells in downdraft fixed-bed reactor

Energy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 931-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Zubair Yahaya ◽  
Mahendra Rao Somalu ◽  
Andanastuti Muchtar ◽  
Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman ◽  
Wan Ramli Wan Daud
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
Downdraft Fixed Bed ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells

scholarly journals Aldol Condensation of Cyclohexanone and Furfural in Fixed-Bed Reactor

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1068
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Tišler ◽  
Pavla Vondrová ◽  
Kateřina Hrachovcová ◽  
Kamil Štěpánek ◽  
Romana Velvarská ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Mixed Oxides ◽  
Aldol Condensation ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Molar Ratio

Aldol condensation reaction is usually catalysed using homogeneous catalysts. However, the heterogeneous catalysis offers interesting advantages and the possibility of cleaner biofuels production. Nowadays, one of the most used kinds of heterogeneous catalysts are hydrotalcites, which belong to a group of layered double hydroxides. This paper describes the aldol condensation of cyclohexanone (CH) and furfural (F) using Mg/Al mixed oxides and rehydrated mixed oxides in order to compare the catalyst activity after calcination and rehydration, as well as the possibility of its regeneration. The catalysts were synthesized by calcination and subsequent rehydration of the laboratory-prepared and commercial hydrotalcites, with Mg:Al molar ratio of 3:1. Their structural and chemical properties were determined by several analytical methods (inductively coupled plasma analysis (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT), specific surface area (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), temperature programmed desorption (TPD)). F-CH aldol condensation was performed in a continuous fixed-bed reactor at 80 °C, CH:F = 5:1, WHSV 2 h−1. The rehydrated laboratory-prepared catalysts showed a 100% furfural conversion for more than 55 h, in contrast to the calcined ones (only 24 h). The yield of condensation products FCH and F2CH was up to 68% and 10%, respectively. Obtained results suggest that Mg/Al mixed oxides-based heterogeneous catalyst is suitable for use in the aldol condensation reaction of furfural and cyclohexanone in a fixed-bed reactor, which is an interesting alternative way to obtain biofuels from renewable sources.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document