scholarly journals Mechanical Behaviour of Common Bean (cv. Butter) Seeds as Affected by Maturation

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
H. Uguru ◽  
O. I. Akpokodje ◽  
S. V. Irtwange
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Rupture Force ◽  
Maturity Stages ◽  
Rupture Energy ◽  
Mechanical Behaviours ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Least Energy

In this study, the effects of maturation of bean seeds on some mechanical behaviours of common bean (cv. Butter) were investigated. The bean seeds were harvested at three maturity stages (15 DAPA, 22 DAPA and 29 DAPA), and their rupture force, rupture energy, specific deformation, toughness and rupture power were test. The bean seeds were quasi-statically loaded in along their three main axes (X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis), at a loading speed of 25 mm/min. The results obtained revealed that the maturity stage and loading orientation had significant (p ≤0.05) effect on all the mechanical parameters investigated in this study. According to the results, all the parameters investigated increased linearly as the bean seeds matured from 15 DAPA to 29 DAPA. For all the mechanical parameters, the highest values were obtained when the seeds were compressed along the Z-axis, while the least values were obtained when the seeds were compressed along the Y-axis. The highest rupture energy (0.064 Nm) was obtained for bean seeds (harvested at 29 DAPA) loaded along the Z-axis, while the bean seeds harvested at 15 DAPA and loaded along the Y-axis required the least energy to rupture (0.028 Nm). From the results, at 29 DAPA, the mean rupture power of 0.277 W, 0.212 W, and 0.314 W were recorded, when the seeds were compressed along the X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis respectively. These results will be useful in the design and development of bean seeds processing and handling equipment.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF STORAGE DURATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BELLO EGGPLANT FRUIT UNDER QUASI COMPRESSION LOADING

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 311-320
Author(s):  
Umurhurhu Benjamin ◽  
Uguru Hilary
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Rupture Force ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Compression Loading ◽  
Universal Testing ◽  
Rupture Energy

The mechanical properties of eggplant fruit (cv. Bello) harvested at physiological maturity stage were evaluated in three storage periods (3d, 6d and 9d). These mechanical parameters (rupture force, rupture energy and deformation at rupture point) were measured under quasi compression loading, using the Universal Testing Machine (Testometric model). The fruit’s toughness and rupture power were calculated from the data obtained from the rupture energy and deformation at rupture point. Results obtained showed that mechanical properties of the Bello eggplant fruit exhibited strong dependence on the storage period. The results showed that as the Bello fruit stored longer, its rupture force and rupture energy decreased from 812 N to 411 N, and 5.58 Nm to 3.11 Nm respectively. While the rupture power decreased from 1.095 W to 0.353 W. On the contrary, the toughness and deformation at rupture increased from 0.270 mJ/mm3 to 0.403 mJ/mm3, and 16.99 mm to 25.22mm respectively during the 9 days storage period. The knowledge of the mechanical properties of fruits is important for their harvest and post-harvest operations, therefore, information obtained from this study will be useful in the design and development of machines for the mechanization of eggplant production.

scholarly journals Compression loading behaviour of sunflower seeds and kernels

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thasaiya A. Selvam ◽  
Musuvadi R. Manikantan ◽  
Tarsem Chand ◽  
Rajiv Sharma ◽  
Thirupathi Seerangurayar
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Rupture Force ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Compression Loading ◽  
Rupture Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effect Of Moisture

Abstract The present study was carried out to investigate the compression loading behaviour of five Indian sunflower varieties (NIRMAL-196, NIRMAL-303, CO-2, KBSH-41, and PSH- 996) under four different moisture levels (6-18% d.b). The initial cracking force, mean rupture force, and rupture energy were measured as a function of moisture content. The observed results showed that the initial cracking force decreased linearly with an increase in moisture content for all varieties. The mean rupture force also decreased linearly with an increase in moisture content. However, the rupture energy was found to be increasing linearly for seed and kernel with moisture content. NIRMAL-196 and PSH-996 had maximum and minimum values of all the attributes studied for both seed and kernel, respectively. The values of all the studied attributes were higher for seed than kernel of all the varieties at all moisture levels. There was a significant effect of moisture and variety on compression loading behaviour.

scholarly journals A Study on Rupture Resistance of Groundnut (cv. SAMNUT 22) Kernel

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Hilary UGURU ◽  
Ovie Isaac AKPOKODJE ◽  
Ebubekir ALTUNTAS
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Rupture Force ◽  
Kernel Size ◽  
Small Kernel ◽  
Large Kernel

This study was done to assess the influence of compression loading rate and kernel size on the rupture resistance of groundnut (cv. SAMNUT 22) kernel. These groundnut kernel mechanical parameters (rupture force, deformation at rupture, rupture power, firmness and toughness) were evaluated under three loading rates (15 mm min-1, 20 mm min-1 and 25 mm min-1), and three size categories (small, medium and large). The groundnut kernels were harvested at peak maturity stage, and tested in accordance to ASTM International standards. Results obtained from the tests showed that the rupture resistance of SAMNUT 22 kernel was highly dependent on its size and the loading rate. Generally, as the loading rate increases, the mechanical parameters values declined significantly (p ≤ 0.05). Rupture force, deformation at rupture point, rupture power and the firmness increased as the kernel size increases; but in contrast, the kernel toughness decreases as its size increased. An average force of 57.96 N ruptured the large kernel, while a lower force of 27.35 N ruptured the small kernel. Moreover, the large kernel recorded the highest firmness (59.03 N mm-1), when compared to the medium (51.69 N mm-1) and small (44.98 N mm-1) size kernel. In terms of rupture power, the small kernel power ranged from 0.1002 W (15 mm min-1) to 0.084 W (25 mm min-1); medium size kernel ranged from 0.115 W (15 mm min-1) to 0.074 W (25 mm min- 1); while the large size kernel ranged from 0.135 W (15 mm min-1) to 0.104 W (25 mm min-1). These results portrayed importance of sorting of the groundnut kernels before processing unit operation, as it will help to conserve power and energy during the processing operation.

scholarly journals Mechanical behaviour of Ostrich’s eggshell at compression

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Šárka Nedomová ◽  
Jaroslav Buchar ◽  
Jana Strnková
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Fracture Behaviour ◽  
Rupture Force ◽  
Compression Force ◽  
Static Stiffness ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
Deformation And Fracture ◽  
Rupture Energy ◽  
Chicken Eggs

The deformation and fracture behaviour of Ostrich’s eggs at the static compression has been investigated. The mechanical properties of egg to compression were determined in terms of average rupture force, specific deformation and rupture energy along X and Z axes. Exact description of the eggshell counter shape has been used for the verification of a common accepted theory of the compression of bodies of convex form. The eggshell strength seems to be an unique function of the static stiffness. The greatest amount of force required to break the eggs was required when eggs were loaded along the X axis and the least compression force was required along the Z axis. The specific deformation and rupture energy required for the eggs tested was lower along the X axis than the Z axis. The highest measure of firmness in the eggs tested was found to be along their X axis. Young’s modulus of the elasticity, E, has been also evaluated. Its value is independent on the direction of the egg compression. The value of E is approximately two times higher that of the chicken eggs.

scholarly journals Genetic gain in the breeding program of common beans at IAC from 1989 to 2007

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisson Fernando Chiorato ◽  
Sérgio Augusto Morais Carbonell ◽  
Roland Vencovsky ◽  
Nelson da Silva Fonseca Júnior ◽  
José Baldin Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
The State ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Common Beans ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Period

The goal of the present work was to evaluate the genetic gain obtained in grain yield for the common bean genotypes from 1989 until 2007, at the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, in the state of São Paulo. Genetic gain has been separated into two research periods; the first, from 1989 to 1996, and the second, from 1997 to 2007. In the first period, a genetic gain of 1.07 % per year was obtained, whereas for the second period, the gain was zero. However, the mean yield of the evaluated lines was approximately 1000 kg ha-1 superior to the figures obtained in the first period. The main cause for the absence of genetic gain in the second period is that the focus of the breeding program was changed to grain quality. The individualized analysis of the genotypes with carioca grains in the second period indicated the lack of genetic gain during the investigated period.

Sample size for postharvest quality traits of ‘Palmer’ mangoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Claudio Vilvert ◽  
Sérgio Tonetto de Freitas ◽  
Maria Aparecida Rodrigues Ferreira ◽  
Eleonora Barbosa Santiago da Costa ◽  
Edna Maria Mendes Aroucha
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the most efficient sample size required to estimate the mean of postharvest quality traits of ‘Palmer’ mangoes harvested in two growing seasons. A total of 50 mangoes were harvested at maturity stage 2, in winter (June 2020) and spring (October 2020), and evaluated for weight, length, ventral and transverse diameter, skin and pulp L*, C* and hº, dry matter, firmness, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA) and the SS/TA ratio. According to the results, the coefficient of variation (CV) of fruit quality traits ranged from 2.1% to 18.1%. The highest CV in both harvests was observed for the SS/TA ratio, while the lowest was reported for pulp hº. In order to estimate the mean of physicochemical traits of ‘Palmer’ mangoes, 12 fruits are needed in the winter and 14 in the spring, considering an estimation error of 10% and a confidence interval of 95%. TA and the SS/TA ratio required the highest sample size, while L* and hº required the lowest sample size. In conclusion, the variability was different among physicochemical traits and seasons, implying that different sample sizes are required to estimate the mean of different quality traits in different growing seasons.

scholarly journals Analysis of variance of partial diallel tables

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Marcelo Soriano Viana ◽  
Cosme Damião Cruz ◽  
Antonio Américo Cardoso ◽  
Adair José Regazzi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Diallel Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Dominance Testing ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Partial Diallel

The theory of variance analysis of partial diallel tables, following Hayman's proposal of 1954, is presented. As several statistical tests yield similar inferences, the present analysis mainly proposes to assess genetic variability in two groups of parents and to study specific, varietal and mean heteroses. Testing the nullity of specific heteroses equals testing absence of dominance. Testing equality of varietal heteroses of the parents of a group is equivalent to testing the hypothesis that in the other group allelic genes have the same frequency. Rejection of the hypothesis that the mean heterosis is null indicates dominance. The information obtained complements that provided by diallel analysis involving parents and their F1 hybrids or F2 generations. An example with the common bean is included.

scholarly journals Ripening of "Pedro Sato" guava: study on its climacteric or non-climacteric nature

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Azzolini ◽  
Angelo Pedro Jacomino ◽  
Ilana Urbano Bron ◽  
Ricardo Alfredo Kluge ◽  
Marlene Aparecida Schiavinato
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Maturity Stages ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
Light Green

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a tropical fruit exhibiting rapid post-harvest ripening. However, the physiological basis involved in the ripening process of guava is not totally clear, which makes it difficult to develop technologies to enhance fruit storability. Two experiments were carried out with the objective of determining the ripening behavior of 'Pedro Sato' guavas. In the first experiment, guava fruits at three maturity stages (I - dark green, II - light green and III - yellow-green) were stored at room temperature (23 ± 1°C and 85 ± 5 % RH). The respiratory rate, ethylene production, pulp and skin colours, and firmness were evaluated. In the second experiment, ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) were applied to guavas at the light green maturity stage and the ripening behaviour during storage at room temperature was studied. Fruits from all maturity stages showed a gradual increase in the respiratory rate and ethylene production. The intense changes in pulp and skin colours and in firmness preceded the maximum respiratory rate and ethylene production. 1-MCP reduced the rate of ripening, while the application of ethylene did not promote this process. These results do not permit the classification of 'Pedro Sato' guava as a traditional climacteric fruit.

scholarly journals Mechanical behaviour under compression loading and some physical parameters of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 50-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Polat ◽  
S. Tarhan ◽  
M. Çetin ◽  
U. Atay
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Compressive Force ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Rupture Force ◽  
Mean Diameter

Technical information and data on the physical and mechanical properties of agricultural and animal products are necessary to design various equipments for agriculture and industry. In this study some physical properties such as mass, length, diameter, geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume, coefficient of friction and packaging coefficient were determined for Japanese quail eggs. Furthermore, the mechanical behaviour of Japanese quail eggs was determined in terms of average rupture force, deformation and toughness (energy absorbed by the Japanese quail eggs per unit volume). Egg samples were compressed along their <i>X</i> and <i>Z</i>-axes. The average values of their mass, length, width, shell thickness, geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume and packaging coefficient were measured to be 12.69 g, 34.87 mm, 26.20 mm, 0.27 mm, 28.82 mm, 2 608.5 mm<sup>2</sup>, 1.10, 359.17 mm<sup>3</sup>, 0.469, respectively. The values of the coefficient of friction for quail eggs on the surfaces of plywood, glass, galvanized steel and fibreglass were 0.301, 0.282, 0.274 and 0.266, respectively. The highest rupture force, deformation and toughness were obtained when Japanese quail eggs were loaded along their X-axis. Compression along the <i>Z</i>-axis required the least compressive force to break the eggs as compared to the other compression axes. Rupture force, deformation, absorbed energy and toughness for the <i>X</i>-front axis were determined to be 10.51 N, 1.5 mm, 7.88 Nmm and 0.219 Mj/mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively.

Physical Properties of Upper Midwest U.S.-Grown Hybrid Hazelnuts

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1087-1102
Author(s):  
David R. Bohnhoff ◽  
Kenneth Scott Lawson ◽  
Jason A. Fischbach
Keyword(s):  
Shell Thickness ◽  
Applied Load ◽  
Initial Crack ◽  
Rupture Force ◽  
Shell Mass ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Line Parallel ◽  
Rupture Energy ◽  
Nut Cracking ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract. Nuts from F1 hybrid hazelnuts grown in Wisconsin were harvested and dried to eight different moisture contents. Nut dimensions and mass were recorded. Nuts were then subjected to uniaxial compression to determine total deformation required for rupture, rupture force, and rupture energy for each of the three major nut axes. Kernel dimensions, shell thickness, shell mass, and kernel mass of each nut were recorded after rupture. Hybrid hazelnuts and kernels were found to be smaller than European varieties. Nut geometry was found to change with nut size. When a nut is loaded, an initial crack forms along a longitudinal line parallel to the direction of applied load and then rapidly propagates until it has extended along two longitudinal lines (both parallel to the applied load), causing the shell to split into two pieces. Under lateral (Y-axis and Z-axis) loadings, the shell is split into nearly identical halves. Loading along the X-axis required the lowest rupture force, rupture energy, and rupture strain of all loading axes. Rupture force, rupture energy, and stiffness were shown to be highly correlated with moisture content. At lower moisture contents, shells fractured into more pieces. Keywords: Hazelnut, Nut cracking, Nut geometry, Nut rupture force, Shelling, Shell thickness.

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